1、考研系列讲义 之 长难句突破 12012 考研英语长难句突破讲义第一部分 方法论讲解 引子 阅读的分类 阅读的实际过程是什么 阅读在句子层面的障碍 英语句子的分类简单句：非简单句： 简单句的障碍 简单句没有障碍的情况:1、 主+谓2、 主+谓+宾3、 主+谓+宾 +宾124、 主+谓+宾+宾补5、 主+系+表 简单句的障碍来源：定语、同位语、插入语、状语 简单句的障碍识别及处理方法 定语 作用：修饰和限定名词 前置定语 adj. 后置定语 1、adj 短语：adj+介+名2、V-ing 短语：V-ing+名；V-ing+介+名3、V-ed 短语：V-ed+介+名；V-ed+to do+名n.
2、+ 4、to do 结构：to do+名5、介词短语：介+名6、表语形容词7、不定代词+后置定语笔记区考研系列讲义 之 长难句突破 2定语从句（不属于简单句范畴）定语从句的作用： 常见：I have three books of which the red is my favorite.粘合：I have three books. The red of those three books is my favorite. ( 什么是过渡_? )定语从句的连接词n.+连接词+句子 定语从句的处理方法： _ Eg1.A poem line describes a fight between a Tu
3、rkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river.Eg2. Man is born as a blank sheet of paper on which each culture writes its text.同位语 作用：1、对名词进行补充说明；2、使句子简洁，增加表达多样性普通同位语:（A，B=n.）Eg1. Robots will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least
4、 a few decisions for themselvesgoals that pose a real challenge.同位语从句n.+连接词（that）+完整句 插入语 作用：( )任何一个成分都可充当插入语。同位语和插入语的处理方法：_ 状语 作用：1、修饰和限定形容词，动词；2、修饰整个句子状语的识别：状语在句子中的位置不确定考研系列讲义 之 长难句突破 3状语的处理方法：剥离（删除）例 1：Using techniques developed for the offshore oil and gas industry, the DSDPs drill ship, the Glo
5、mar Challenger, was able to maintain a steady position on the oceans surface and drill in very deep waters, extracting samples of sediments and rocks from the ocean floor.例 2：A few art collectors-James Bowdoin of Boston, William Byrd of Virginian, and the Aliens And Hamilton of Philadelphia-introduc
6、ed European art traditions to those colonists privileged to visit their galleries, especially aspiring artists, and established in their respective communities the idea of the value art and the need for institutions devoted to its encouragement. 非简单句的障碍来源1、 _2、 _ 非简单句的障碍解决方案 关联词和主句专一原则 关联词：主句专一原则： 句
7、子之间的关联方式 1.并列 并列联词的用法结构上的并列：连接前后功能、性质、用法上完全一致的成分，从后往前寻找并列成分（句中并列）语义上的并列：连接前后语意相同或相反的句子（句间并列）并列连词表示并列的终结 2. 主从复合 常见的复杂句形式名词性从句：主语、宾语、表语、同位语从句三大从句： 定语从句状语从句常见的关联词：名词性从句：关系代词：what关系连词：when,where,why,how,that定语从句: 状语从句：见后表格； 区分几个句式：考研系列讲义 之 长难句突破 4状语从句种类 常用连接词 特殊连接词时间状语从句 When, while, as, before, since,
8、 till, until, as soon as1. 一些时间名词：the moment, the instant, the minute, the day, next time, every time2. 一些副词：instantly, immediately, directly3. 固定搭配的连词：no sooner-than, hardly-when, scarcely-when.地点状语从句 Where Wherever, anywhere, everywhere原因状语从句 Because, as, for, sinceSeeing that, considering that, n
9、ow that, given that, in that, inasmuch as, insomuch as目的状语从句 So that, in order that, thatLest, for fear that, in case, in the hope that, on purpose that, for the purpose that, to the end that结果状语从句 So-that, so that, such-thatSuch that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that, t
10、o such an extent that条件状语从句 If, unless Suppose, supposing, providing, provided(特别关注：supposed, provide 不用作条件从句的连词）on condition that, so long as, as long as让步状语从句 Although, though, even though, even ifWhile(一般用在句首), as(用于倒装结构),whatever, whoever, whichever, however, whenever, wherever, whether - or-, a
11、s adj. as +主谓结构用在句首比较状语从句 As, than The more-, the more-; just as-, so-;A is to B what/as C is to D; no more-than;not A so much as B/not so much A as B方式状语从句 as, the way 考研系列讲义 之 长难句突破 5 层次化句子阅读方法 1.层次化结构的表示形式 2.括号匹配原则（保证每个括号当中都是完整的简单句；括号要成对出现）画左括号的条件画右括号的条件笔记区例 1：However, for many years, physicists
12、thought that atoms and molecules always were much more likely to emit light spontaneously and that stimulated emission thus always would be much weaker.例 2：It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families that occurred through all the Western world since t
13、he time of the Industrial Revolution.例 3：The history of clinical nutrition or the study of the relationship between health and how the body takes in and utilizes food substances, can be divided into four distinct eras: the first began in the nineteenth century and extended into the early twentieth c
14、entury when it was recognized for the first time that food contained constituents that were essential for human function and that different foods provided different amounts of these essential agents. 例 4：The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact that reconstruction had to be undertaken
15、 also in the North, though less spectacularly.考研系列讲义 之 长难句突破 6小结区 阅读句子时，要对动词和关联词非常敏感。笔记区非谓语动词的作用：定语：非谓语动词和独立主格做状语：前后两个句子主语相同的时候，可以去掉其中一个主语，动词作以下的变化： am/is/are beingwas/were having beendo/does doingdid having donebe done done例 1.The impressive gain in output stemmed primarily from the way in which No
16、rth American entrepreneurseven without technological improvementshad broadened the scope of the outwork system that made manufacturing more efficient by distributing materials to a succession of workers who each performed a single step of the production process.例 2 Tracking whales is but one example
17、 of an exciting new world just opening to civilian scientists after the cold war as the Navy starts to share and partly uncover its global network of underwater listening system built over the decades to track the ships of potential enemies. 例 3. The fact that artisans, who were looked on as mechani
18、cs or skilled workers in the eighteenth century, are frequently considered artists today is directly attributable to the Arts and Crafts Movement of the nineteenth century.例 4：Anyone who has handled a fossilized bone knows that it is usually not exactly like its modern counterpart, the most obvious
19、difference being that it is often much heavier.考研系列讲义 之 长难句突破 7独立主格：主语不同的两个句子，保留主语，动词变化如上。P.S. 独立主格和非谓语动词中，being 都可以被省略独立主格中还可以加上 with非正常语序之倒装句 倒装句的分析方法倒装句的定义：动词在句子中的位置出现改变，或其相对位置发生改变倒装句的分类：部分倒装和完全倒装倒装句的处理流程： 部分倒装： 1. 部分倒装的定义：_2. 部分倒装的识别和还原：识别：_还原：_ 完全倒装： 1.完全倒装定义：_2.完全倒装的存在环境:_常见系动词：be，look ，feel，s
20、mell，taste，sound，seem，appear，prove，become，grow，go，come ，get，lie ，stand，run，keep，continue 3.完全倒装的判断流程（3 点）1.2.3.笔记区例 1：Herein lay the beginning of what ultimately turned from ignorance to denial of the value of nutritional therapies in medicine.例 2：Surrounding the column are three sepals and three pe
21、tals, sometimes easily recognizable as such, often distorted into gorgeous, weird, but always functional shapes.例 3：With the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War and the economic boom that followed it, young people married and established households earlier and began to raise larger
22、 families than had their predecessors during the Depression.考研系列讲义 之 长难句突破 8笔记区basic to B is A . A 是 B 的基础例 4：Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the countrys impressive population growth.例 5：Among the species of seabirds that use the windswept cliffs o
23、f the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young are common murres, Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, and northern gannets.例 6：Most important, perhaps, was that they had all maintained with a certain fidelity the technique and composition consistent with
24、those of Americas first popular landscape artist, Thomas Cole, who built a career painting the Catskill Mountain scenery bordering the Hudson River. 例 7：Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”, the film has never been real silent.例 8：Coincident with concerns ab
25、out the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity, the number of species in a particular ecosystem, to the health of the Earth and human well-being.例 9：Matching the influx of foreign immigrants into the larger cities of the Un
26、ited States during the late nineteenth century was a domestic migration from town and farm to city, within the United States.例 10：Indeed, had it not been for the superb preservation of these fossils, they might well have been classified as dinosaurs.例 11: All would be well ,were reason the only judg
27、e in the creationism and evolution debate.考研系列讲义 之 长难句突破 9 强调句的分析方法 1.强调句的构成It is(was)+被强调部分+that/who+ 句子其他成分时间 除谓语外 人：that/who 正常语序任何成分 物：that 2.强调句的处理方法笔记区 小结区1、对句子的完整处理流程例 1：It was just a decade before this that many drug companies had found their vitamin sales skyrocketing and were quick to supp
28、ly practicing physicians with generous samples of vitamins and literature extolling the virtue of supplementation for a variety of health-related conditions.例 2：It was she, a Baltimore printer, who published the first official copies of the Declaration, the first copies that included the names of it
29、s signers and therefore heralded the support of all thirteen colonies.例 3：It was in the cities that the elements that can be associated with modern capitalism first appearedthe use of money and commercial paper in place of barter, open competition in place of social deference and hierarchy, with an
30、attendant rise in social disorder, and the appearance of factories using coal or water power in place of independent craftspeople working with hand tools.考研系列讲义 之 长难句突破 102、强调：第二部分 难句解析一 . 隔离结构1. This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led
31、Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.2. It is not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.3Anyone who has
32、 toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether its knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.4. During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by
33、 economic risk and new realities.5. Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as “steering the economy to a soft landing“ of “a touch on the brakes“ , makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth.6. According to their latest paper published in Natu
34、re, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation.7. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to a
35、n underestimate of fish stocks in the past.8. On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.9.The trend was naturally most obvious in t
36、hose areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United kingdom.10.The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $ 22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1
37、998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5% of GDP.11. It identifies the under treatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying“ as the twin problems of end-of-life care.
38、12. The notion that learning should have in it an element of inspired play would seem to the greater part of the academic establishment merely silly, but that is nonetheless the case.13. The findings add weight to the theory that large areas of the Amazon have recovered so well 考研系列讲义 之 长难句突破 11from
39、 past periods of agricultural use that the regrowth has been mistaken by generations of biologists for “virgin” forest.14. An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students“ career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader
40、 reasons of radical education reform.二.并列结构：1.Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time.2. Many things make people think artists are weird and the
41、 weirdest may be this: artists only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad.3. And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel bette
42、r.4. But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least“ a few decisions for them- selves-goals that pose a real challenge.5. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disr
43、egard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.6. A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the prima
44、cy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper.8.I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phase
45、s of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools.11.But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river-and then to find that the line consists o
46、f the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers, “Pluff! Pluff!“ A hundred and eighty-five kilograms.“三同位语：1. They gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers.2.During
47、 the discussion of rock singing verses at last months “stockholders“ meeting, Levin asserted that “music is not the cause of societys ills“ and even cited his son, a teacher in the 考研系列讲义 之 长难句突破 12Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students.3. Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect“, a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects-a good one that is intended and a harmful one tha
