1、1限定词 (1) - 冠词* 限定词(determiner)的类别冠词 the, an 和 a基数词和序数词 one/first, two/second, three/third 等等指示限定词 this, that, these, those物主限定词 my, your, our, his, her, their, its,数量限定词 a few, a little, much, many, a lot of, some, any, enough, several, most, all 等等个体限定词 each, every, either, neither, both 等等名词所有格 Ma
2、rys, Jims, My uncles 等等* 冠词Thats one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.Thats one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind. - Neil Armstrong （美国宇航员，1969 年 7 月 20 日登月）* 冠词的读音a book, a car, an apple, an elephant, an egg, an old man, etc. university, unique person, unkind old lady,
3、hour, honor, SOS sign, _ L letter is in the word “Lady”. _ C letter in the word “cat”.I bought _ MP4 recently. I lost _ MP4 I bought last week. * 冠词用法1) 冠词的使用与名词的可数和不可数密切相关a furniture/one furniture, a stationery/one stationery, a machinery, a document, - 正确判断名词的可数和不可数是使用冠词的前提2）冠词的用法主要是分为“特指”(generic
4、 reference)和“泛指”(specific reference)2“泛指” - 表示一类事物，或某类事物的总称。“特指” - 表示某类事物中的具体的某一个或某一些。冠词中定冠词 the 和不定冠词 a/an, 都具备表示 “泛指” 和“特指”的功能, 但要注意具体的搭配情况。The tiger is becoming almost extinct.The tiger is sleeping in the cage. A tiger is a dangerous animal.The tiger is a dangerous animal.Tigers are dangerous ani
5、mals. The lion is a dangerous animal.A lion is a dangerous animal.The lion we saw has escaped from the zoo. A lion has escaped from the zoo. What makes us different from women of past decades is our range of choices.The women of the other team all came from London. * 不可数名词名词在零冠词的状态表示泛指。Life is hard
6、sometimes. Life is education in itself.The writer is writing a book about the life of blacks in America. I am studying the life of Beethoven. (贝多芬)I love music, poetry and art. I dont like the film, but I like the music (of the film).Air is a colorless and tasteless gas.The air in this room is stuff
7、y. Please open the windows.Sugar isnt very good for you.Can you pass me the sugar, please? Hydrogen is lighter than oxygen. Water is essential for life. Life without music would be nothing.3Necessity is the mother of invention.Happiness is often the product of honesty and hard work. Theory must go h
8、and in hand with practice. * 复数名词在零冠词的状态表示泛指。Books become more and more expensive. Books fill leisure time for many people. Put away the books on your desk.Move the books off that chair and sit down. Tigers are becoming almost extinct.Tigers are dangerous animals.The tigers are sleeping in the cage.
9、Pencils contain lead.Who put the pencils on the table?Bananas are yellow.Cigarettes are bad for your health.Young babies need a lot of sleep.Wolves kill sheep and sometimes even attack men.I am afraid of dogs. I am afraid of the dogs. - 一般来说， “the+复数名词”不用作泛指，而用作特指。例外情况：* the + 国籍名词The Chinese are a
10、great people.The industrious Chinese are admired by their neighbors.(Chinese, Japanese, British, Cornish, Danish, English, Irish, Spanish, Turkish, Welsh, Dutch, French, etc.)* the + 形容词表示一类人The poor are causing the nations leaders great concern. The wise avoid such mistakes. * 单数名词和定冠词连用表示泛指. The t
11、iger is becoming almost extinct.4Tigers are becoming almost extinct. The tiger is sleeping in the cage.The elephant is the largest land mammal. The elephant over there has only one truck. Man (人类) is a social animal. Man has been on this planet for over a million years. Since time begun, man has liv
12、ed in fear of fire. * 单数名词与不定冠词 a/an 连用可以表示泛指。A teacher should be patient with his or her students. A growing child needs more nutrition. A child needs love.Children need love.Any child needs love.练习：_ flowers in that vase are beautiful._ flowers are beautiful._ water consists of hydrogen and oxygen
13、.I dont want to go swimming today. _ water is cold._ health is more important than money.Doctors are concerned with _ health of their patients. _ gold is a precious metal._ gold in Marys ring is 23 karats._ vegetables are good for you._ vegetables we had for dinner last night were overcooked. 5练习： I
14、n 1864 Nevada entered the United States as _ thirty-sixth state._ (apple) are good for you. Look at _ (apple) one that tree! They are very big. We had a very nice meal. _ (vegetable) were especially good. Dont stay in that hotel. Its very noisy and _ (bed) are very uncomfortable. _ (crime) is a prob
15、lem in most big cities.Suddenly _ fire broke out in the warehouse and everything in it was on _ fire. 定冠词 the 的特指用法Have you fed the cat?I went to New York City last week. The traffic is awful. The brick house on the corner is Jims. * 情景或文化特指Have you visited the town?I missed the lectures this mornin
16、g.Lets go to the library.Can you find the page? (A teacher is asking his students.) A: Do you need the car today?B: Yes. I have a lot of things to do. Why dont I drive you to work today?A: OK. But be sure to fill the car up with gas. A: Shut the door, please!B: Which door?A: Wheres the dessert?B: Oh
17、, I am sorry. I totally forgot to bring the dessert.-Albert Einstein, the famous physicist. Albert Einstein, a famous physicist. Liu Xiang, the famous hurdler. Liu Xiang, the 110-meter hurdles world record holder. Yao Ming, the famous basketball player. 6Andy Lau, the famous actor. (面向国内读者)Andy Lau,
18、 a famous Chinese actor. (面向国外读者)A: My name is James Bond.B: What, the James Bond?! He said his name was Yao Ming. I knew he wasnt the Yao Ming, but he was a good basketball player anyway. He lives in Rome, not the Rome, but a little village in Wales.* 上下文共指I had a banana and an apple.I ate the bana
19、na and gave the apple to John.Once upon a time, there was a little girl. The girl lived with her mother and father. I did a grammar course last year. My friend is going to the course next year. Bob lost a gold watch yesterday, and Bill was wearing a gold watch this morning.Bob lost a gold watch yest
20、erday, and Bill was wearing the gold watch this morning.John bought a bicycle, but when he rode it one of the wheels came off. I read a great novel last week. The imagery (人物描写) was fantastic. I went to New York last week. The traffic is awful. The brick house on the corner is mine. People who drink
21、 and drive should go to prison.The people who made this mess should be ashamed of themselves. 练习：A: What did you think of that restaurant?B: I thought _ atmosphere was good, but _ service was slow. It was a most dreadful accident; _ survivors had to spend _ night on a cold mountainside. 7Yesterday I
22、 saw _ dog and _ cat. _ dog was chasing _ cat. _ cat is chasing a mouse. _ mouse ran into _ hole, but _ hole was very small._ cat couldnt get into _ hole, so it ran up _ tree. _ dog tried to climb _ tree, too, but it couldnt. A: I have _ idea. Lets go on _ picnic Saturday.B: Sounds great!A: Did you
23、have fun at _ picnic yesterday?B: Sure I did. A: Where is my blue shirt?B: Its in _ washing machine. Youll have to wear _ different shirt.My grandfather had _ long life.That book is about _ life of Helen Keller. Ill meet you at _ university at three oclock, outside _ room 34._ dog needs to go to _ vet. Can you take him?When I got up, I noticed _ car windscreen was covered in _ ice.
