1、动态性动词与静态性动词（1）Dynamic Verb and Static Verb英语动词按其是否可以用于进行时态的语义特征，可以分为动态性动词和静态性动词。大量的动词是动态性的，可以用于进行时态。有一些动词是静态性的，不能用于进行时态。还有不少动词，兼有动态与静态两种特性，而其含义是不同的。动态性动词与静态性动词的用法有四个不同之处：（1）动态性动词可用于进行时态，而静态性动词则不可。这是两种动词最根本的区别，例如：1）John is writing to his father（约翰正在给他的父亲写信。）2）John resembles his father（约翰长得像他的父亲。）John
2、 is resembling his father（Impossible）3）John is painting his house（约翰正在油漆他的房子。）4）John owns a house（约翰拥有一所房子。）John is owning a house（Impossible）有些动词可兼作两类动词，但意思不同。动词“hold”的句子主语是人，则作“握住”解，是个动态性动同；句子主语是处所，则作“容纳”解，是个静态性动词，例如：5）aJohn is holding a ball in his handsbJohn has a ball in his hands（约翰正用两手握住球。）6）
3、aThe bus holds 50 peopleb50 people can sit in the bus（这辆公共汽车能坐五十人。）动词 have 可兼作两种类型。当作动态性动词用时，表示动作的发生或过程，相当于 take，get，receive，eat，drink 等词，可用于进行时态。当作静态性动词用时，表示“拥有”的概念，相当于 own，possess 等词，没有进行时态，例如：7）aI was having my coffee quietlybI was drinking my coffee quietly（当时我正在默默地喝咖啡。）8）aThe man has a new carb
4、The man owns a new carcThe man possesses a new car（这个人有辆新汽车。）动词 consider 后跟名词作宾语，当“考虑”讲，为动态性动词。后跟 that 从句作宾语，当“认为”讲，为静态性动词。 例如：9）aWe shall consider your applicationbWe shall take your application into considerationcWe shall think over your application（我们将考虑你的申请。）10）aI consider（that）you acted very wi
5、selybI think（that）you acted very wiselycTo my mind，you acted very wisely（我认为你做得非常明智。）在动词词组 apply to 中，如果 apply 当及物动词用，则是动态性动词，意为“应用”。如是不及动物词，则是静态性动词，意为“适用于”。例如：11）aThey are applying the new theory to practicebThey are putting the new theory into practice（他们正在把这个新理论应用于实践。）12）aWhat I have said doesnt
6、apply to youbWhat I have said doesnt concern you（我所说的话对你不适用。）不及物动词 look 后跟具有动态含义的前置词 at，便成为动态性动词。后跟具有静态含义的前置词 like，便成为静态性动词。例如：13）aHe is looking at the picture on the wallbHe is taking a look at the picture on the wall（他正在看墙上的画。）14）aHe looks like his fatherbHe resembles his father（他长得像他的父亲。）有些静态性动词，
7、可以充当动态性动词，用于进行时态，表示委婉的口气。例如：15）aI wonder if I could ask you a questionbIm wondering if I could ask you a question（我不知可否问你一个问题。）16）aI hope to leave as soon as possiblebIm hoping to leave as soon as possible（我希望尽早地离开。）在现代英语中，有种越来越多地使用进行时态的趋势，包括静态性动词用于进行时态，表示“惊讶”、“责备”、“抱怨”、“批评”等感情色彩。例如：17）My grandfathe
8、r is forgetting names nowadays（现在我爷爷老是记不起别人的名字。）18）These old people are all remembering the days of their childhood（这些老人居然都还记得他们的童年往事。）19）The old man is surely imagining things（这位老人肯定是在想什么事情。）Dynamic Verb and Static Verb（2）动态性动词大多可用于祈使句（Imperative Sentence），静态性动词则不可。例如：20）Keep the house clean and ti
9、dy！（要保持房子整齐清洁！）21）Own the house！（Impossible）22）Do as your father does（照你父亲那样做。）23）Resemble your father（Impossible）动词 have 作动态性动词用，可用于祈使句，例如：24）a Have some tea！bDrink some tea！（请喝点茶！）smell 当动态性动词用，表示感觉行为，可用于祈使句；当静态性动词用，表示感觉表现，不可用于祈使句，例如：25）a Smell this meatDoes it smell bad？bTakeHave a smell at this
10、meatDoes it give/have a bad smell？（闻一闻这块肉，看它有没有坏味道？）动词当作动态性动词用于祈使句中，往往表达的是原义。当作静态性动词，往往含有引伸义，但不用于祈使句。试以 hold 为例：26）a Hold the handle very firmlybGrasp the handle！very firmly（请紧紧抓住这个把手。）27）a Hold your head up！bKeep your head up！（仰着脑袋！）28）a Plato held（the view）that the soul is immortalbPlato believedt
11、hought that the soul is immortal（柏拉图认为灵魂是不朽的。）（3）动态性动词可用于内嵌句（Embeded Sentence）中，即充当 Vsb to do sth结构中的复合宾语（Complex Object）部分的 to do；而静态性动词不可。例如：29）a I told him to abandon his attemptbHe was told to abandon his attempt（我叫他放弃尝试。）30）a I told him not to hit a man when he was downbHe was told not to hit a
12、 man when he was down（我叫他不要乘人之危。）31）I told him to act as an interpreter（我叫他充当译员。）32）I told him to look like an interpreter（Impossible）33）I told him to keep the house（我叫他管理这个家。）34）I told him to possess the house（Impossible）（4）动态性动词可用于带有 do 代词形式的假拟分裂句（Pseudocleft Sentence with Do Pro-form）中；静态性动词则不可。
13、例如：35）What I did was（to）solve the problem（我所做的事情是去解决这个问题。）36）What I did was to know the problem（Impossible）A动态性动词：动态性动词大体分为下列五类：（1）活动型动词（Activity Verb ）（2）过程型动词（Process Verb）（3）感觉痛苦型动词（Sense Suffer Verb）（4）过渡型动词（Transitional Verb）（5）瞬时型动词（Momentary Verb ）上述各类动态性动词，用于进行时态，都表示正在进行而尚未结束的动作。除瞬时型动词外，其余各类
14、动词都表示具有一定持续时间的动作。但是，持续时间的长短，取决于多种因素。除了动词本身的语义外，其主语和宾语所用名词的单、复数和含义，也都与持续时间长短有关，例如：37）aMary was asking John a question（玛丽正在问约翰一个问题。）bMary was asking John questions（玛丽正在向约翰问问题。）38）aA car was passing through （一辆汽车正在驶过。）bMany cars were passing through（许多汽车在来来去去。）39）aDick is writing a word on the blackboa
15、rd（狄克正在黑板上写一个字。）bDick is writing a letter to his father（狄克正在给他父亲写信。）cDick is writing a novel about the sufferings of an old woman（狄克在写一部关于一个老妇人的苦难的小说。）（1）活动型动词：英语动词大部分是活动型动词，表明人或物的活动、动作或行为。其主语大多数是有生命的（animate）。ask，call ，drink，eat，help，laugh ，learn ，listen to，look at， play，read，say，smile，walk，work，wr
16、ite 等都属于这个类型，例如：40）aThey were walking around the lakebThey were taking a walk around the lake（他们正绕着湖边散步。）41）aThey were eating supperbThey were taking suppercThey were having supper（他们正在吃晚饭。）42）aThey were talking about their workbThey were having a talk about their work（他们正在谈论工作。）有些动词如 rain，snow，其主语是
17、无生命的（inanimate）。例如：43）aIt is raining heavilybRain is falling heavily （正在下大雨。）44）aIt is blowing hardbThe wind is blowing hard（正在刮大风。）姿势型动词（Posture Verb ），如 sit，stand ，lie，lean，squat，kneel 等，也属于这一类型。例如：45）They were sitting around the table and listening to the radio（他们正在桌子四周坐着听收音机。）46）The teacher was
18、standing in front of her pupils（那老师站在她的学生面前。）47）The boy was lying in bed，reading a novel（这男孩正躺在床上读小说。）（2）过程型动词：过程型动词表示人或物在数量、质量、程度、体积、速度、力量、外观、颜色、方向等各种特征方面变化、发展、增大或减少的过程。这类动词一般都有延续时间，可以用于进行时态，说明延续的过程。这类动词有change，alter，turn，mature，ripen，develop，grow，age，improve，increase，accelerate，decline，decrease，re
19、duce，decelerate，diminish，widen，flatten，deepen，shorten，lengthen，weaken 等，例如：48）aThe leaves are changing from green to brownbThe leaves are turning brown（树叶正在由绿色变成棕色。）49）aThey are changing the appearance of the museumbThe appearance of the museum is being changedcThe appearance of the museum is changi
20、ngdThe museum is changing its appearanceeThe museum is changing in appearance（这座博物馆正在改观。）50）aThe ship was altering coursebThe ship was changing course（这艘船正在改变航向。）51）aMy hair is turning greybMy hair is greying（我的头发逐渐变灰白。）52）aThese apples are maturing fastbThese apples are becoming mature fastcThese a
21、pples are ripening fastdThese apples are becoming ripe fast（这些苹果正在很快地成熟。）53）aAn interest in stamps is developing in the boybThe boy is developing an interest in stampscThe boy is becoming more interested in stampsdStamps are becoming more interesting to the boy（这个男孩对邮票越来越感兴趣。）54）aShanghai is develop
22、ing into one of the greatest cities in the worldbShanghai is turning into one of the greatest cities in the world（上海正在成为世界上最大的城市之一。）55）aHe is growing to be a big boybHe is growing into a big boy（他正在长成一个大小伙子。）56）aHe was aging fastquicklybHe was becominggrowing old fastquickly（他正在迅速地变老。）57）aHis health
23、 is improvingbHe is improving in health（他正在恢复健康。）58）aThe population of the city is increasingbThere is an increase in population in the city（这个城市的人口正在增加。）59）aOur difficulties are increasingbWe are meeting with more difficulties（我们的困难正在增加。）60）aHis weight is increasingbHe is putting on weightcHe is ga
24、ining weight（他的体重在增加。他在发胖。）61）aThe driver was increasing the speed of his carbThe driver was accelerating his carcThe driver was speeding up his car（这司机正在加快车速。）62）aHis health is decliningbHe is getting weaker（他的体质在下降。）63）aThe kings power is decliningbThe king is becoming less powerful（这国王的权力在减少。）64）
25、aThe politicians influence was decliningbThe politician was becoming less influential（这个政客的影响在缩小。）3）感觉痛苦型动词：感觉痛苦型动词是一类特殊的动态性动词，本身具有延续概念，可用进行时态表示，但不用于祈使句中。A感觉能力型动词：感觉能力型动词表示人的视觉、听觉、嗅觉、味觉和感觉能力，即“能看到”、“能听到”、“能闻到”、“能尝出”和“能感到”的意思；也表示人感受外界事物刺激的状态，即“看到”、“听到”、“闻到”、“尝出”和“感到”的意思。这种动词表示的是一种“内在感觉”（inner percept
26、ion）。表示视觉的动词主要是 see，find，notice 等；表示听觉的动词是 hear；表示嗅觉的动词是 smell；表示味觉的动词是 taste；表示感觉的动词是 feel。下面分别叙述这类动词的特点：（1）这类动词既表示感觉能力，又表示感觉状态，而两者意思往往是相同的，因此可以用 can seesee 和 could seesaw 等表达，例如：1）aCan you see the house over there？bDo you see the house over there？（你看见那边的那所房子吗？）2）aI can see the sea from my bedroom
27、windowbI see the sea from my bedroom window（我从卧室的窗户可以看见大海。）3）aWhen you get to the end of the street，you can see a supermarketbWhen you get to the end of the street，youll see a supermarket（你走到这条街的尽头就能看见一个超级市场。）4）aI could see someone through the windowbI saw someone through the window（我从窗户看见有一个人。）5）aI
28、 could hear a knocking at the door bI heard a knocking at the door（我能听见有人敲门。）6）aHe spoke so loudly that even those who sat at the back could hear him clearlybHe spoke so loudly that even those who sat at the back heard him clearly（他讲话声音很大，连那些坐在最后排的人也能听清楚。）7）aCan you smell something unusual？bDo you s
29、mell something unusual？（你闻出有点不寻常的气味吗？）8）aCan you taste anything strange in this soup？bDo you taste anything strange in this soup？（你尝出汤里有点怪味道吗？）9）aI could feel my heart beating wildlybI felt my heart beating wildly（我当时感到心跳得很厉害。）（2）这类动词表示一种能力或状态，因而没有进行时态，例如：10）aI can see a tree in front of the housebI
30、 see a tree in front of the housecI am seeing a tree in front of the house（Impossible）（我看得见房前有一棵树。）11）aI could hear someone laughingbI heard someone laughingcI was hearing someone laughing（Impossible）（我当时听见有人哈哈大笑。）12）aI could smell onions cookingbI smelt onions cookingcI was smelling onions cooking（
31、Impossible）（我当时闻到煮洋葱的味道。）13）aI could taste sugar in the coffeebI tasted sugar in the coffeecI was tasting sugar in the coffee（Impossible）（我尝出了咖啡里已放了糖。）14）aI could feel something soft under my footbI felt something soft under my footcI was feeling something soft under my foot（Impossible）（我当时感到脚底下有个软东
32、西。）15）aI find the bed quite comfortablebI am finding the bed quite comfortable（Impossible）（我发觉这张床相当舒服。）16）aDid you notice her hands shaking？bWere you noticing her hands shaking？（Impossible）（你有没有注意到她的双手在抖动？）（3）这类动词中仅有 see 和 hear 两个动词用于被动语态，表示“能见性”（visibility）或“可听性”（audibility）的概念，也可以用相应的形容词visible 或
33、audible 来表示，例如：17）aYouOne can（still）see the scar on his chinbThe scar can（still） be seen on his chincThe scar is（still） visible on his chindThe scar（still） shows on his chineHis chin（still） showsbears the scar（你可以看到他的下巴有个伤疤。）18）aYouOne can see the fracture quite clearly on the X raybThe fracture can
34、 beis quite clearly seen on the X raycThe fracture is quite visible on the X raydThe fracture showsis shown quite clearly on the X rayeThe X ray shows the fracture quite clearly（在 X 光片上可相当清楚地看见骨折。）19）aMake sure other motorists can see youbMake sure you are visible to other motorists（一定要让其他开车的人都看见你。）
35、20）aThese sounds could be heard clearlybThese sounds were clearly audible（当时可以清楚地听见这些声音。）（4）动词 see 和 hear 的否定被动形式，表示“不能见性”（invisibility）和“不可听性”（inaudibility），也可以用相应的形容词 invisible 和inaudible 来表达，例如：21）aThe aircraft got smaller and smaller in the distance until it could no longer be seen by the people
36、 on the groundbThe aircraft got smaller and smaller in the distance until it was no longer visible to the people on the groundcThe aircraft got smaller and smaller in the distance until it became invisible to the people on the ground（那飞机显得越来越小，直到地面上的人们再也看不见它了。）22）aIn the universe there are a lot of
37、stars that cant be seen by the naked eyebIn the universe there are a lot of stars that are invisible to the naked eye（宇宙间有许许多多肉眼看不见的星星。）23）aThe speaker could be heard only with difficultybThe speaker was scarcely audiblebThe speaker was almost inaudible（这讲话的人让人听得费劲。）24）aThis ultrasonic sound cant be
38、 heard by the human earbThis ultrasonic sound is inaudible to the human ear（这种超声波人耳是听不见的。）（5）动词 seehearfind 的被动形式，有时表示“存在”（existence）的意思，相当于“Therebe”结构，例如：25）aYou can see a man standing near the gatebA man can beis seen standing near the gatecThere is a man standing near the gate（有个人站在大门附近。）26）aPeop
39、le heard an explosion in the vicinitybAn explosion was heard in the vicinitycThere was an explosion in the vicinity（人们听到附近有爆炸的声音。）27）aYou can find a lot of coal in this areabA lot of coal can beis found in this areacThere is a lot of coal in this area（这个地区有许多煤。）28）aYou can find some stamps in that d
40、rawerbSome stamps can beare found in that drawercThere are some stamps in that drawer（那抽屉里有一些邮票。）29）aYou can find pine-trees in most European countriesbPine-trees can beare found in most European countriescThere are pine-trees in most European countries（大多数欧洲国家都有松树。）（6）这类动词中，see， watch， notice， obse
41、rve， feel 后面可跟复合宾语，主要用于 V sb do sth和 Vsbdoing sth两种句型中。前一种句型的复合宾语是非进行时态的，表示在一般时间内全过程的动作或已完成的动作；后一种句型的复合宾语是进行时态的，表示在一特定时刻正在进行而尚未完成的动作，或在一段时间内连续重复的动作，例如：30）aI saw them cross the river yesterday afternoon（ I saw them reach the other side）（昨天下午我看见他们过了河。）bI saw them crossing the river when I passed by at
42、 four yesterday afternoon（ I didnt know if they reached the other side）（昨天下午四点钟我路过时，看见他们正在过河。）31）aI heard him play the violin the whole afternoon（整个下午我听见他都在拉小提琴。）bI heard him playing the violin when I passed by his room（我经过他的房间时，听见他正在拉小提琴。）32）aI heard a door slam（我听见砰的关门声。）bI could hear a door slamm
43、ing（我听见门砰砰作响。）33）aHe felt the house shake during the earth- quake（地震时他感到房子摇动。）bHe felt the house shaking when he went to bed at ten last night（昨晚十点钟他上床睡觉时，感到房子在摇晃。）34）aWe watched the children play in the gar- den all the morning（整个上午我们看着孩子们在花园里玩耍。）bWe watched the children playing in the garden when
44、I arrived（我们到达时看到孩子们正在花园里玩耍。）35）aI noticed the guest leave his home yesterday afternoon（昨天下午我看到这个客人从他家走了。）bI noticed the guest leaving his home when I passed by（我路过时看到那个客人正在告辞。）cI noticed the guests leaving his home one by one（我看到客人们正一个接一个向他告辞。）36）aThe policeman observed the man open the window of t
45、he shop（那警察窥看到这个人撬开了商店的窗户。）bThe policeman observed the man opening the window of the shop（那警察看着这个人在撬商店的窗户。）这类动词中的 taste 后面不能跟复合宾语，而 smell 后跟复合宾语，只能用 V sb doing sth句型，例如：37）aHe smelt something burn in the kitchen（Impossible）bHe smelt something burning in the kitchen（他闻到厨房里有烧糊东西的气味。）这类动词中，只有 see，hear
46、和 observe 具有被动形式，其余的动词没有相应的被动形式，例如：38）aI saw him come up the streetbHe was seen to come up the street（我看见他沿街走来。）39）aI saw him coming up the streetbHe was seen coming up the street（我看见他正沿街走来。）40）aThe policeman observed the man enter the bank together with a womanbThe man was observed to enter the ban
47、k together with a woman（警察看到这男人跟一个女人一起走进银行。）41）aThe policeman observed the man trying to force the lock of the door at midnightbThe man was observed trying to force the lock of the door at midnight（半夜时那警察看到这个人在撬商店的门锁。）有些动词，如 catch， find，也可后跟复合宾语，但只用于 V sb doing sth句型，例如：42）aWe caught the thief steal
48、ingbThe thief was caught stealing（我们抓住这个在作案的小偷。）43）aI found her cooking in the kitchenbShe was found cooking in the kitchen（我见她在厨房里做饭。）此外，动词 see，watch，hear 后跟复合宾语，还可用于 Vsth done 和 V sth being done 句型，例如：44）aHe saw the visiting team beat his teambHe saw his team beaten by the visiting teamcHe saw his team beaten（他看到自己的队被客队击败。）45）aHe saw the visiting team beating his teambHe saw his team being be
