1、1动词1) 表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。2) 根据其在句中的功能, 动词可分为四类 ,分别是:实义动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词。说明:有些情况下,有些动词是兼类词,例如:We are having a meeting. 我们正在开会。 (having 是实义动词。 )He has gone to New York. 他已去纽约。 (has 是助动词。 )3) 动词根据其后是否带有宾语,可分为两类,分别是:及物动词(Vt) 、不及物动词(vi) ,同一动词有时可用作及物动词,有时可用作不及物动词。例如:She can dance and sing. 她能唱歌又能跳舞。 (sing 在此用作不及
2、物动词。 )She can sing many English songs.她能唱好多首英文歌曲。 (sing 用作及物动词。 )了解 4) 根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制,可分两类,分别是:限定动词、非限定动词,例如:She sings very well.她唱得很好。 (sing 受主语 she 的限制,故用第三人称单数形式 sings。 )She wants to learn English well.她想学好英语。 (to learn 不受主语 she 的限制,没有词形变化,是非限定动词。说明:英语中共有三种非限定动词,分别是:动词不定式、动名词、分词。了解 5) 根据动词的组成形式,
3、可分为三类,分别是:单字词、短语动词、动词短语,例如:The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases. 英语里有许多短语动词和动词短语。 (contains 是单字动词。 )Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries.学生们学会查字典。 (look up 是短语动词。 )The young ought to take care of the old.年轻人应照料老人。 (take care of 是动词短语。 )6)动词有五种形态,分
4、别是:原形、第三人称单数形式、过去式、过去分词、现在分词系动词 1系动词亦称联系动词(Link Verb) ,作为系动词,它本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语(亦称补语) ,构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。说明:有些系动词又是实义动词,该动词表达实义时,有词义,可单独作谓语,例如:He fell ill yesterday. 他昨天病了。 (fell 是系动词,后跟补足语,说明主语情况。 )He fell off the ladder. 他从梯子上摔下来。fell 是实义动词,单独作谓语。1)状态系动词用来表示主语状态,只有 be 一词,例如:He is a teac
5、her. 他是一名教师。 (is 与补足语一起说明主语的身份。 )2)持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如:He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。3)表像系动词用来表示“看起来像“这一概念,主要有 seem, appear, look, 例如:He looks tired. 他看起来很累。He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。4)感官系动词感官
6、系动词主要有 feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如:This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很软。This flower smells very sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香。5)变化系动词这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词主要有 become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.例如:He became mad after that. 自那之后,他疯了。She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。6)终止系动词表示主语已终止动作,主要有
7、 prove, trun out, 表达“证实“,“变成“之意,例如:The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。2 The search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难。His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。 (turn out 表终止性结果)助动词 21)协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词。被协助的动词称作主要动词。助动词自身没有词义,不可单独使用,例如:He doesnt like English. 他不喜欢英语。(doesnt 是助动词,无词义;like 是主要动词,有词义)了解 2) 助动词协助主
8、要动词完成以下功用,可以用来:a. 表示时态,例如:He is singing. 他在唱歌。He has got married. 他已结婚。b. 表示语态,例如:He was sent to England. 他被派往英国。c. 构成疑问句,例如:Do you like college life? 你喜欢大学生活吗?Did you study English before you came here? 你来这儿之前学过英语吗?d. 与否定副词 not 合用,构成否定句,例如:I dont like him. 我不喜欢他。e. 加强语气,例如:Do come to the party tomo
9、rrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。He did know that. 他的确知道那件事。3) 最常用的助动词有:be, have, do, shall, will, should, would助动词 be 的用法 1) be +现在分词,构成进行时态,例如:They are having a meeting. 他们正在开会。English is becoming more and more important. 英语现在越来越重要。2) be + 过去分词,构成被动语态,例如:The window was broken by Tom 窗户是汤姆打碎的。English is t
10、aught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英语。3) be + 动词不定式,可表示下列内容:a. 表示最近、未来的计划或安排,例如:He is to go to New York next week 他下周要去纽约。We are to teach the freshpersons. 我们要教新生。说明: 这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。b. 表示命令,例如:You are to explain this. 对此你要做出解释。He is to come to the office this afternoon. 要他今天下午来办公室。c. 征求意见,例如:How
11、 am I to answer him? 我该怎样答复他?Who is to go there? 谁该去那儿呢?d. 表示相约、商定,例如:We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 我们明天早晨 7 点在校门口集合。助动词 have 的用法 1) have +过去分词,构成完成时态,例如:He has left for London. 他已去了伦敦。By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work. 上月未为止,他们已经完成工作的一半。2)
12、 have + been +现在分词,构成完成进行时,例如:I have been studying English for ten years.我一直在学英语,已达十年之久。3) have+been +过去分词,构成完成式被动语态,例如:English has been taught in China for many years.中国教英语已经多年。助动词 do 的用法 1) 构成一般疑问句,例如:Do you want to pass the CET? 你想通过大学英语测试吗?Did you study German? 你们学过德语吗?2) do + not 构成否定句,例如:I do
13、not want to be criticized. 我不想挨批评。He doesnt like to study. 他不想学习。In the past, many students did not know the importance of English. 过去,好多学生不知道英语的重要性。3) 构成否定祈使句,例如:Dont go there. 不要去那里。Dont be so absent-minded. 不要这么心不在焉。说明: 构成否定祈使句只用 do,不用 did 和 does。4) 放在动词原形前,加强该动词的语气,例如:Do come to my birthday part
14、y. 一定来参加我的生日宴会。I did go there. 我确实去那儿了。I do miss you. 我确实想你。5) 用于倒装句,例如:3 Never did I hear of such a thing. 我从未听说过这样的事情。Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English.只有在开始大学生活时我们才认识到英语的重要性。说明: 引导此类倒装句的副词有 never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well 等。6) 用作代动词,例如:- Do
15、you like Beijing? -你喜欢北京吗?- Yes, I do. -是的,喜欢。 (do 用作代动词,代替like Beijing.)He knows how to drive a car, doesnt he?他知道如何开车,对吧?助动词 shall 和 will 的用法 shall 和 will 作为助动词可以与 动词原形一起构成一般将来时 ,例如:I shall study harder at English. 我将更加努力地学习英语。He will go to Shanghai. 他要去上海。了解)说明:在过去的语法中,语法学家说 shall 用于第一人称,will 只用于
16、第二、第三人称。现在,尤其是在口语中,will 常用于第一人称,但 shall 只用于第一人称,如用于第二、第三人称,就失去助动词的意义,已变为情态动词,试比较:He shall come. 他必须来。 (shall 有命令的意味。 )He will come. 他要来。 ( will 只与动词原形构成一般将来时。 )助动词 should,would 的用法 1) should 无词义,只是 shall 的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,只用于第一人称,例如:I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week.我昨天给他
17、打电话,问他我下周干什么。比较:“What shall I do next week?“ I asked. “我下周干什么?“我问道。 (可以说,shall 变成间接引语时,变成了 should。 )2) would 也无词义,是 will 的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,用于第二、第三人称,例如:He said he would come. 他说他要来。比较:“I will go,“ he said. 他说: “我要去那儿。“变成间接引语,就成了:He said he would come. 原来的 will 变成 would, go 变成了 come.。短语动词 动词加小品构成的起动
18、词作用的短语叫短语动词。例如:Turn off the radio. 把收音机关上。 (turn off 是短语动词)短语动词的构成基本有下列几种:1) 动词+副词,如: black out;2) 动词+介词,如: look into;3) 动词+副词 +介词,如:look forward to。构成短语动词的副词和介词都统称为小品词(Particle) 。非谓语动词 在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式: 不定式,动名词,和分词 (分词包括现在分词和过去分词 )。1)不定式时态语态 主动 被动 一般式 to do to be done完成式 to
19、have done to have been done2)动名词时态语态 主动 被动 一般式 doing being done完成式 having done having been done3)分词时态语态 主动 被动 一般式 doing being done完成式 having done having been done 否定形式: not +不定式, not + 动名词, not + 现在分词3 情态动词1. 弄清基本语法特点情态动词就是表示说话的语气或情态的动词。常见的情态动词有 can, may, must, need, dare, shall, will, should, ought
20、 to, have to, used to, had better, would rather 等。情态动词具有以下 3 个特点:(1) 情态动词后面接动词原形并与动词原形一起构成谓语。(2) 情态动词虽有时态的变化,但却没有人称和数的变化,即情态动词不会因为主语的人称或单复数的不同而用不同的形式。(3) 变为疑问句或否定句时不需要助动词,而是将4情态动词移至主语前变为疑问句,直接在情态动词后加 not,构成否定句。2. 弄清表示能力的 can / could 和 be able to 的用法(1) can 表示具有某种能力或技能,意为“能,会”。如:Who can answer this q
21、uestion? 谁能回答这个问题?(2)can 的过去式为 could,但它通常只表示过去一般性能力,不表示过去特定场合下的能力,遇此情况要用 was were able to。如:I could run faster then. 我那时能跑得更快一些。They were able to jump into the sea before the boat was blown up. 他们在船爆之前跳入海里。3. 弄清表示许可的 can / could / may / might / must 的用法can / could / may / might 均可表示许可,只不过may 较侧重讲话人的
22、许可,而 can 较侧重客观情况的许可;could / might 的语气比 can / may 更委婉、客气;在答语中表示允许别人做某事要 can / may,不能用 could / might。如: Could Can, May, Might I use it? 我可以借用它吗? Yes, you can may. 可以。(不用 could / might)must 表示必须作某事,其否定式 mustnt 表示“ 不可以”。如:We must not speak of it again. 我们再也不要谈这事了。4. 弄清表推测的 can / may / could / might / sh
23、ould / must 的用法(1) 从所用句型来看: can 用于否定句和疑问句,may用于肯定句和否定式,两者均可用于否定句,但是含义不同(cannot=不可能,may not=可能不) ;could, might 和 should 可用于肯定句、否定句和疑问句;must 表示推测通常只用于肯定句。如:She cant be in the office now. 她现在不可能在办公室。She may not be free tonight. 她今晚可能没空。He may might come tonight. 他今晚可能会来。Might he know this? 他会知道这事吗?(2)
24、从语气上看,can / may / could / might 的语气较不确定,尤其是 might, could,其意很不肯定;should 表示推测时,其语气比较肯定,它通常指非常可能的事,并暗示其推测有一定的事实依据或者合乎常理;must 表示推测的语气最肯定。注意有时高考也会对这种语气上的差异命题,如下面这道高考题:“When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon.” “They _ be ready by 12:00.”A. can B. should C. might D. need在四个选项中,首先可排除
25、 A 和 D,因为它们通常不用肯定句中;而 B 和 C 均可用于肯定句表示推测,但根据句意:顾客下午要照片,此时店主显然应用语气较肯定的 should,而不宜用语气很不肯定的 might,否则顾客是不会满意的。5. 弄清 shall 与 will 的用法(1) shall 除用于第一人称表示单纯将来外,还可用于陈述句第二、三人称, 表示说话者的意图、警告、命令、决心等。如:You shall have an answer by tomorrow. 到明天你可以得到答复。He shall have a bicycle for his birthday. 他可以得到一辆自行车作为生日礼物。5(2)
26、 will 可以表示习惯和倾向性,意为“惯于, 老是, 终归是”如:The door wont open. 这门打不开。Matches will not strike if they are damp. 火柴潮湿就擦不着。(3) Shall I (we)? 可用于征求意见等,Will you?可用于表示请求或邀请等。如:Shall I turn on the light? 要不要把灯打开?Will you join us for dinner? 你可否和我们一道去吃晚饭?6. 弄清 must 表示“偏偏”的用法情态动词 must 有时可以表示固执、偏激或碰巧,通常可译为“ 偏偏” 。如:Aft
27、er I gave her my advice, she must go and do the opposite. 在我给她出主意之后她偏反着干。The car must break down just we were starting our holidays. 我们刚刚开始休假,汽车偏偏坏了。7. need 和 dare 的用法要点need 和 dare 可用作实义动词和情态动词,用作实义动词时,后接动词要用不定式,有人称和数的变化,可用肯定句、否定句和疑问句;用作情态动词时,主要用于否定句和疑问句中,没有人称和数的变化,后接动词要用动词原形。如:You need not payit is
28、 free. 你不必付钱,这是免费的。We need to have lots of patience. 我们需要有很大的耐心。Who would dare to tell him? 谁会敢告诉他? He dared not go there at night. 晚上他不敢到那里去。How dare you ask me such a question? 你怎么敢问我这样的问题? 注:need 表示“ 需要” ,其后可接动名词,且要用主动形式表示被动意义。如:The room needs cleaning. 这房间需要打扫了。8. 弄清“情态动词+完成式”的用法(1) must + have
29、done:用于肯定句,表示推测,意为“一定(已经)”。(2) can + have done:用于否定句或疑问句,表示推测,意为“可能(已经)” 。(3) could + have done:可用于肯定句、否定句或疑问句,表示推测、责备或遗憾等,意为“可能”“本来可以”“本来应该”等。(4) should ought to + have done:可用于肯定句、否定句或疑问句,表示责备或遗憾等,意为“本来应该”。(5) need + have done:用于否定句或疑问句,用于否定时意为“ 本来不必” ,用于疑问句时意为“ 有必要吗”。(6) may + have done:用于肯定句或否定句
30、,表示推测,意为“可能(已经)” 。(7) might + have done:用于肯定句或否定句,表示推测,意为“可能(已经)( 此时 might 可换为 may);另外还可以表示过去可能发生的事结果未发生,意为“本来会”(此时 might 不能换为 may)。He cant have left so soon. 他不可能走得这么早。I should have thought of it. 我本应想到这一点的。You neednt have mentioned it. 你没有必要提及此事的。You must have mistaken my intention. 你一定是误会了我的意图。I
31、might have come to a wrong conclusion. 我或许得出了错误的结论。6You could have helped mewhy did you just sit and watch? 你本可帮助我的,为什么只坐在一旁瞧着 ?9. 弄清“情态动词+进行式”的用法这类结构主要用于对一个正在进行的动作进行推测、责备、描述等。如:He might be waiting for you. 他可能在等你()。You should be wearing your sunglasses. 你应当戴着你的太阳镜。He must be joking, or else hes mad
32、. 他一定在说笑话,要不就是疯了。10. 弄清 may might as well 和 may might well 的用法(1) may might as well 可用来提出建议等,可译为“不妨”(用 might 时口气更委婉一些) 。如:Catherine, you may as well come too. 凯瑟琳,你不妨也去。If thats the case, I may as well try. 如果情况如此,我不妨试一试。(2) may might well 可表示比较有把握的推测,意为“很可能”。如:You might well be right. 你很可能是对的。A may
33、 ,B must C will答案:A动词的特殊词精讲1 stop doing/to dostop to do 停止,中断做某事后去做另一件事。stop doing 停止做某事。They stop to smoke a cigarette. 他们停下来,抽了根烟。I must stop smoking 我必须戒烟了。典型例题 She reached the top of the hill and stopped _ on a big rock by the side of the path. A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest答案:C
34、。由题意可知,她到了山顶,停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此,应选择“stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事“。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止,所以 stop doing sth.不正确。2 forget doing/to do forget to do 忘记要去做某事。 (未做)forget doing 忘记做过某事。 ( 已做)The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off.办公室的灯还在亮着,它忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作)He forgot turning the light off. 他忘记他已经关了灯
35、了。 ( 已做过关灯的动作)Dont forget to come tomorrow.别忘了明天来。 (to come 动作未做)典型例题- The light in the office is still on.- Oh,I forgot_. A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off答案:C。由 the light is still on 可知灯亮着,即关灯的动作没有发生,因此用 forget to do sth.而 forget doing sth 表示灯已经关上了,而自己忘记了这一
36、事实。此处不符合题意。3 remember doing/to do remember to do 记得去做某事 (未做)remember doing 记得做过某事 (已做)Remember to go to the post office after school.记着放学后去趟邮局。Dont you remember seeing the man before? 你不记得以前见过那个人吗?4 regret doing/to do regret to do 对要做的事遗憾。 ( 未做)regret doing 对做过的事遗憾、后悔。 (已做)I regret to have to do thi
37、s, but I have no choice.我很遗憾必须这样去做,我实在没有办法。I dont regret telling her what I thought. 我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。典型例题-You were brave enough to raise objections 7at the meeting. -Well, now I regret _ that.A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done答案:D。regret having done sth. 对已发生的事感到遗憾。regret to do sth
38、. 对将要做的事感到遗憾。本题为对已说的话感到后悔,因此选 D。5 cease doing/to do(cease vi. 1. 停止,终止(+from) vt. 1. 停止,结束+to-v+v-ing n. 停息cease to do 长时间,甚至永远停做某事。cease doing 短时停止做某事,以后还会接着做。That department has ceased to exist forever. 那个部门已不复存在。 The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by.姑娘们在老师走过时,停了会聊天。
39、6 try doing/to do try to do 努力,企图做某事。try doing 试验,试着做某事。You must try to be more careful.你可要多加小心。I tried gardening but didnt succeed.我试着种果木花卉,但未成功。7 go on doing/to do go on to do 做了一件事后,接着做另一件事。go on doing 继续做原来做的事。After he had finished his maths,he went on to do his physics.做完数学后,他接着去做物理。Go on doing
40、 the other exercise after you have finished this one.作完这个练习后,接着做其他的练习8 be afraid doing/to do be afraid to do 不敢,胆怯去做某事,是主观上的原因不去做,意为“怕“;be afraid of doing 担心出现 doing 的状况、结果。 doing 是客观上造成的,意为“生怕,恐怕“。She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake.她生怕被蛇咬着,而不敢在
41、草丛中再走一步。She was afraid to wake her husband.她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。She was afraid of waking her husband.她生怕吵醒她丈夫。9 be interested doing/to do interested to do 对做某事感兴趣,想了解某事。interested in doing 对某种想法感兴趣,doing 通常为想法。I shall be interested to know what happens.我很想知道发生了什么事。 (想了解)Im interested in working in Switzerland.
42、 Do you have any idea about that?我对在瑞士工作感兴趣。你想过这事吗? (一种想法)10 mean to doing/to do mean to do 打算、想mean doing 意味着I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to.我想去,但是我父亲不肯让我去。To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.赠加工资意味着增加购买力。11 begin(start) doing/to do begin / start to do sth begin / star
43、t doing sth.1) 谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时,使用 doing.How old were you when you first started playing the piano? 你几岁时开始弹钢琴?2) begin, start 用进行时时,后面动词用不定式 to doI was beginning to get angry。我开始生起气来。3) 在 attempt, intend, begin, start 后接 know, understand, realize 这类动词时,常用不定式 to do。 I begin to understand the truth。我开
44、始明白真相。4) 物作主语时It began to melt.12 感官动词 + doing/to do 感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do 表示 动作的完8整性,真实性 ;+doing 表示动作的 连续性,进行性I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调“我看见了“这个事实)I saw him working in the garden yesterday.(强调“我见他正干活“这个动作)昨天
45、我见他正在花园里干活。典型例题 1)They knew her very well. They had seen her _ up from childhood. A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow答案:A。因题意为,他们看着她长大,因此强调的是成长的过程,而非正在长的动作,因此用 see sb do sth 的句型。2) The missing boy was last seen _ near the river. A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play答案 A. 本题强调其动作,正在河边玩,应此用 see sb. doing sth 句型。910A must B may C will答案:B.111213141516