1、句子的成分: 构成句子的基本成分叫做句子成分。句子成分可分为主语 ,谓语, 宾语,表语,定语,状语,同位语。它们可以由单词来担任,也可以由词组, 以及句子来担任。 句子是阅读理解和听力理解的最基本的单位。主语:是一个句子中所要表达,描述的人或物，是句子的主体。主语可以由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、分词、主语从句和短语等来担任。 Two and two are/is four.二加二等于四。 Smoking is bad to health. =吸烟对身体有害。 The wounded has been taken to the hospital.伤员已经送到医院。 When to beg
2、in is not known yet.什么时间开始还不知道。 What I know is important.我所知道的很重要。 谓语:是用来说明主语做了什么动作或处在什么状态（系表结构） 。谓语可以由动词来担任,一般放在主语的后面。 We dont know him very well.我们不太了解他。 She speaks English fluently.她英语讲得很流利。 Betty stayed awake at night on purpose.表语:是用来说明主语的性质, 身份, 特征和状态。表语须和连系动词一起构成句子的复合谓语。表语一般放在系动词之后。表语可以由名词, 形
3、容词或起名词和形容词作用的词和短语或者表语从句来担任。 I am all right.我没事。 Its over.时间到了。 She is ten.她十岁了。 My work is teaching English.我的工作是教英语。 The dictionary is in the bag.词典在书包里边。 My question is how you knew him.我的问题是你如何认识他的。 宾语:是谓语动作所涉及的对象, 它是动作的承受者, 宾语可以由名词或起名词作用的成分担任，宾语一般放在及物动词或介词之后。 I saw a cat in the tree.看见树上有一只猫。I w
4、ant to go shopping. He said that he could be here. 他说他会来的。 Im concerned about my friends safety.有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，即双宾语 ,其中一个宾语多指人, 另一个宾语指物,指人的宾语叫做间接宾语,指物的宾语叫做直接宾语, 可以带两个宾语的动词有 offer, bring, give , show, send, pass, tell, lend, 等。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面,如果强调直接宾语可把直接宾语放在间接宾语的前面 ,但间接宾语前须加 “ to “。 My father bought
5、me a book.我父亲给我买了一本书。 Give the rubber to me.把橡皮给我。 有些及物动词除跟一个宾语外，还需要加上宾语补足语,否则意思不完整, 它们一起构成复合宾语,复合宾语中宾语和后面的宾语补足语有一种逻辑上的主谓关系，是判断是两个宾语还是复合宾语的依据, 宾语可以由名词或起名词作用的词担任。 We all call him Lao Wang.我们都叫他老王。 Please color it red.请给它涂上红颜色。 定语:用于描述名词,代词,短语或定语从句的性质,特征范围等情况的词叫做定语, 定语可以由名词,形容词和起名词和形容词作用的词 ,短语担任。如果定语是
6、单个词,定语放在被修饰词的前面,如果是词组或短语,定语要放在被修饰词的后面。 That is a beautiful flower.那是一朵漂亮的花。 The TV set made in that factory is very good. This is my book, not your book.这是我的书, 不是你的书。 I have a lot of things to do.我有好多要做的事情。 Our country is a developing country.我们的国家是一个发展中的国家。 状语: 说明事物发生的时间,地点,原因,目的,结果、方式, 条件或伴随情况, 程度
7、等情况的词叫状语。状语可以由副词、分词、短语及状语从句来担任。 We went to the countryside last year.去年我们去了乡下。 We study hard for our country.我们为我们的国家而努力学习。 Im late because I missed the bus.由于误了车,所以我迟到了。简 单 句简单句可分为下列五种形式： 1) 主语 + 系动词 + 表语。 I am a student.我是一名学生。 2) 主语 + 不及物动词+ 状语。 The sun rises in the east.太阳从东方升起。 。 3) 主语 + 及物动词 +
8、 宾语 We help each other.我们互相帮忙。 4) 主语 + 及物动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 I gave him a book last week.上周我给了他一本书。 5) 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语. I heard him singing in the hall.我听见他在大厅里唱歌。 并 列 句并列句: 用并列连接词把两个或两个以上的简单句连接在一起的句子叫并列句.常用的连接词如下: also, and, but, either . or, however, not only.but also, or, or else, so, still,
9、yet, neither.nor. 并列句的构成: 简单句 + 连接词 + 简单句。 He studied hard and he passed the examination. Lets hurry, or well be late.咱们赶紧点,要不就迟到啦。 I have been to Beijing many times but my parents have never been there. 复 合 句复合句是由两个或两个以上的有主谓结构的句子用从属连词连接起来的句子。其中一个句子是主体,叫做主句,而其他的句子叫做从句。 从句由连接词引导, 它们是: that, before, w
10、hether, if, although, because, as long as, as soon as, since, after, who, which, whom, what, whose, why, where, how, when 。从句尽管有主谓结构,但不能单独成为一个句子,在句中, 从句仅担任某个成分,根据担任的成分从句可分主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,定语从句, 状语从句。 主语从句：在句中起主语作用的句子叫做主语从句. 主语从句一般放在句首。引导主语从句的词有下列: that, who, whether, if, what, which, when, where, how,
11、 why. Who cleaned the blackboard is not known yet.谁擦的黑板还不知道。 Its very good that he has passed the exam.他通过了考试太好了。 宾语从句：在句中起宾语作用的句子叫做宾语从句，宾语从句放在动词后面。引导宾语从句的词有下列。 that, if, whether, what, which, when, where, how, why, I didnt expect that he had broken the glass. Could you tell me who is your teacher?你
12、能告诉我谁是你的教师吗？ 表语从句 在句中起表语作用的句子叫做表语从句，表语从句放在系动词的后面。引导表语从句的词有下列。 that, if, whether, what, which, when, where how, why 等. The question is whether he will join us next time.同位语从句：位于同位名词之后，说明同位名词的内容的从句。Do you know the news that the Chinese Womens Volleyball Team has won the world championship?定语从句:在句中起定语作
13、用的句子叫做定语从句，定语从句放在被修饰的名词后面。 引导定语从句的词有下列。 who, whose, that, which, whom, when, where why. Do you know the man who is in the car.你认识坐在汽车里的人吗？ This is the place where I was born.这就是我出生的地方。 状语从句:在句中起状语作用的句子叫做状语从句，状语从句一般放在句后, 强调时放在句首。 He opened the windows since it was hot.When he was young, he couldnt go
14、 to school。 【方法诀窍】 无论句子多么复杂，先找到主谓结构，忽略插入成分及次要成分。 分析句子成分，判断被选项是什么成分。一般疑问句是疑问句的一种。它是指用 yes 或 no 来回答的句子。其结构是：系动词 be/助动词/情态动词主语其他成分如: Are you from Japan？Yes I am No Im not 以特殊疑问词开头，对句中某一成分提问的句子叫特殊疑问句。常用的疑问词有：what who whose which when where how why 等。可先分为3种:疑问代词：what，who，which，whose，whom疑问副词：when，where，w
15、hy，how疑问形容词：what（which，whose）+ 名词回答特殊疑问句时，不能用 yes no，即问什么答什么特殊疑问句一般读降调以疑问词 who，what，when，which，why，where，whose ，how 等引导的问句都叫特殊疑问句，也叫疑问词疑问句，有时还被称为 wh-问句（wh-question） 。结构一般为：疑问词+助动词+ 主语+主动词等。作为疑问词的what 可以用来询问名字、国籍、工作、颜色、型号等。推荐答案1、主语 主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物，一般由名词，代词，数词，不定式等充当。He likes watching TV.他喜欢看电视。 2、谓语
16、谓语说明主语的动作，状态或特征。 一般可分为两类： 1)，简单谓语 由动词(或短语动词) 构成。 可以有不同的时态，语态和语气。 We study fo rthe people.我们为人民学习。 2)，复合谓语：情态动词不定式 I can speak al ittle English.我可以说一点英语。 3、表语 表语是谓语的一部分，它位于系动词如 be 之后，说明主语身份，特征，属性或状态。一般由名词，代词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词短语等充当。 My sister is a nurse.我姐姐是护士。 4、宾语 宾语表示动作行为的对象，跟在及物动词之后，能作宾语的有名词，代词，数词，动词不
17、定式等。 We like English.我们喜欢英语。 有些及物动词可以带两个宾语，往往一个指人，一个指物，指人的叫间接宾语，指物的叫直接宾语。 He gave me some ink.他给了我一点墨水。 有些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语，意思才完整，宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。如： We make him our monitor.我们选他当班长。 5、定语 在句中修饰名词或代词的成分叫定语。 用作定语的主要是形容词，代词，数词，名词，副词，动词不定式，介词短语等。形容词，代词，数词，名词等作定语时，通常放在被修饰的词前面。 He is a new student.他是个新生。 但
18、副词，动词不定式，介词短语等作定语时，则放在被修饰的词之后。 The bike in the room is mine.房间里的自行车是我的。 6、状语 修饰动词，形容词，副词以及全句的句子成分，叫做状语。用作状语的通常是副词，介词短语，不定式和从句等。状语一般放在被修饰的词之后或放在句尾。副词作状语时可放在被修饰的词前或句首。 He lives in London.他住在伦敦。adj 形容词adv 副词v 动词（分 vi 不及物动词和 vt 及物动词）n 名词prep 介词pron 代词英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解初中语法 2010-10-08 23:05:03 阅读333 评论0 字号：
19、大中小 一、英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解：主语（subject）: 句子说明的人或事物。主语可以由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、分词、主语从句和短语等来担任。The sun rises in the east. （名词） He likes dancing. （代词）Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词) Seeing is believing. （动名词） To see is to believe. （不定式） What he needs is a book. （主语从句）It is very clear that the elepha
20、nt is round and tall like a tree. （It 形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）谓语（predicate ）: 说明主语的动作、状态和特征。We study English. He is asleep. 表语（predicative）: 系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。He is a teacher. （名词） Seventy-four! You dont look it. （代词）Five and five is ten. （数词） He is asleep. （形容词） His father is in. （副词） The picture is on
21、 the wall. ( 介词短语)My watch is gone / missing / lost. （形容词化的分词）To wear a flower is to say “Im poor, I cant buy a ring. （不定式）The question is whether they will come. （表语从句）（常见的系动词有: be, sound（听起来）, look（看起来）, feel(摸起来，smell （闻起来）,taste（尝、吃起来）, remain（保持，仍是）, feel（感觉） .It sounds a good idea. The sound s
22、ounds strange.Her voice sounds sweet. Tom looks thin.The food smells delicious. The food tastes good.The door remains open. Now I feel tired.宾语：1）动作的承受者 -动宾I like China. （名词） He hates you. （代词）How many do you need? We need two. （数词）We should help the old and the poor. I enjoy working with you. （动名词）
23、I hope to see you again. （不定式） Did you write down what he said? （宾语从句）2） 介词后的名词、代词和动名词- 介宾Are you afraid of the snake? Under the snow, there are many rocks.3） 双宾语 -间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）He gave me a book yesterday. Give the poor man some money.宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。We elected him monitor. （名词） We all think it a
24、 pity that she didntcome here. （名）We will make them happy. （形容词） We found nobody in. ( 副词 )Please make yourself at home. 介词短语） Dont let him do that. （省 to 不定式）His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. （带 to不定式）Dont keep the lights burning. （现在分词） Ill have my bike repaired. （过去分词） 主补：对主语
25、的补充。He was elected monitor. She was found singing in the next room.He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher.（名词） He is our friend. （代词）We belong to the third world. （数词） He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容词）The man over there
26、 is my old friend.(副词) The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词)The boys playing football are in Class 2. （现在分词）The trees planted last year are growing well now. （过去分词） I have an idea to do it well. （不定式）You should do everything that I do. （定语从句）状语：用来修饰 v., adj., adv., or 句子。表示时间、地点、原因、结果
27、、程度、条件、方式和让步。 （以下例句按上述顺序排列）I will go there tomorrow. The meeting will be held in the meeting-room.The meat went bad because of the hot weather. He studies hard to learn English well.He didnt study hard so that he failed in the exam. I like some of you very much. If you study hard, you will pass the
28、exam. He goes to school by bike. Though he is young, he can do it well. 句子结构简单句的五个基本句型主语 不及物动词 She came/ My head aches. 主语 及物动词宾语 She likes English.主语 系动词 主语补语 She is happy主语 双宾动词间接宾语 直接宾语 She gave John a bookShe bought a book for me.主语 宾补动词 宾语 宾语补语She makes her mother angryThe teacher asked me to r
29、ead the passage.（ There +be There lies a book on the desk. ）Exercises ： 分析下列句子成分1. Our school is not far from my home. 2. It is a great pleasure to talk with you3. All of us considered him honest. 4. My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes.5. He broke a piece of glass. 6. He made it clear th
30、at he would leave the city翻译练习：主谓结构 （ 主语 不及物动词 ）1、You should study hard.2、She went home very late yesterday evening.练习：1、This box weighs five kilos. 这个盒子重五公斤。2、I lived in Beijing five years ago. 五年前我住在北京。主谓宾结构 （主语 及物动词 宾语 ） 1、I wrote a letter last night. 2、I want to talk with you this afternoon.练习：1
31、、All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy. 我们大家都相信 Jack 是一个诚实男孩。2、He did not know what to say. 他不知道说什麽好。主系表结构 （主语 系动词表语 ）1.My brothers are all college students. 2In winter, the days are short and the nights are long.2. Mrs Brown looks very healthy. 4At the age of fifteen he became a famous piani
32、st.练习：1、树叶已经变黄了。 The leaves have turned yellow.2、这个报告听起来很有意思。The report sounds interesting.双宾语结构 （主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语）1.Mr Johnson taught us German last year.2.Grandma told me an interesting story last night.练习：1、 请你给我弄一本新的，好吗？ Will you please get me a new copy?2、 我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗？ Shall I call you a taxi?复合宾
33、语结构 （主语 动词 宾语 宾语补足语 ）1.We call her Alice. 2.His parents named him John.练习：1、学校定了一条规则，开始上课时学生要起立。 The school made it a rule that the students should stand up when class begins.2、我认为与那个人谈话是无益的。I thought it no use talking with that manThere be 句型1.There isnt going to be a meeting tonight.2.There was on
34、ly a well in the village.练习：1、铃响了。 2、二月份有二十八天。 二、英语句子种类讲解：【考点直击】按照句子的用途，英语句子可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。按照句子的结构，英语句子可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。中考对句子的考查主要集中在以下几个方面：1. 陈述句的构成形式及基本用法；2. 祈使句的构成形式及基本用法；3. 一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句的构成形式及基本用法；4. 由 what, how 引导的感叹句的构成形式、用法及区别对于各种从句的用法我们在后面分别论述。【名师点睛】一. 陈述句的构成形式及基本用法1. 陈述句：陈述句是用来陈
35、述一个事实或表达说话人看法（包括肯定和否定）的句子。通常用降调，句末用句号“.”。Tom has a new car.The flower isnt beautiful.2. 陈述句否定式的构成(1) 如果肯定陈述句的谓语部分含有助动词、情态动词或连系动词be，则只需在这些动词后加 not 即可构成否定式。He is playing the guitar.（肯定）He is not playing the guitar.（否定）We can get there before dark.（肯定）We cant get thee before dark.（否定）(2) 如果陈述句的谓语动词是实义动
36、词，而其中又没有情态动词或助动词时，则需根据人称和时态在该实义动词前加 dont, doesnt 或 didnt。同时把该实义动词变为原形。He plays the violin well.（肯定）He doesnt play the violin well.（否定）She won the game.（肯定）She didnt win the game.（否定）(3) 如果句子是 there be 结构或谓语动词是 have（有） ，除了 be 和 have之后加 not 之外，句中如果有 some 要变为 any。例如：There is some water in the cup. Ther
37、e is not any water in the cup.He has some books. He has not any books.(4) 除 not 以外，否定词 no, never, nothing, nobody, few 等也可构成否定句。例如：There is something wrong with his bike. There is nothing wrong with his bike.I have seen the film. I have never seen the film.二. 祈使句的构成形式及基本用法祈使句是用来表示命令、请求、建议、号召等的句子，谓语动
38、词用原形，句末用感叹号“！”或句号“.”。朗读时一般用降调。1. 肯定的祈使句：（1）祈使句主语是 you 时，you 常省略，但如果要特别强调对方或表达某种强烈的情绪时可以有主语或称呼语。Be quiet.You be quiet!（2） “Do+祈使句”表示一种强烈的感情或请求， do 起强调作用。Do come back at once!Do be careful.（3）please 用在祈使句中可以表示一种客气的语气，但 please 用在句末时，必须用逗号与其余部分分开。Open the window, please.（4）Let 引导祈使句时，后面需跟上人称代词或称呼语，人称代词一
39、般只用第一、第三人称。Let Jack wait a minute.Lets go to school.（5）在祈使句中， Lets 和 Let us 是有区别的。Lets 包括说话者，而Let us 不包括听话者在内。这点从反意疑问句时可明显看出。Lets go skating, shall we?（表示内部的建议）Let us try again, will you?（表示向别人发出请求）2. 否定祈使句通常以 Dont 或 Never 开头。其结构通常是： “Dont(Never)+动词原形 +其他成分” 例如：Dont do that again!Never leave todays
40、work for tomorrow!Dont be late next time!三. 一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句的构成形式及基本用法1. 一般疑问句：（1）一般疑问句的肯定形式一般疑问句一般是指以助动词、情态动词、be 动词或 have（有）开始，通常要求以 yes，或 no 来回答的疑问句，一般疑问句读时通常用升调。Do you know Mr. Smith?Can you swim?（2）一般疑问句的否定结构 在一般疑问句的否定结构中，把副词 not 放在一般疑问句的主语之后。但如果用 not 的简略形式-n t，则须将-n t 与一般疑问句句首的 be, have，
41、助动词或情态动词写在一起。在实际运用中，一般都采用简略式。Are you not a football fan?Arent you a football fan?Will she not like it?Wont she like it? 与汉语不同的是，英语一般疑问句否定结构的答语是否定还是肯定，全由答语的否定或肯定来决定。若答语是肯定的，则用 yes 加肯定结构；若答语是否定的，则用 no 加否定结构。Arent you a football fan? 你不是足球迷吗？Yes, I am. No, I am not.Wont she like it?Yes, she will. No, s
42、he wont.2. 特殊疑问句特殊疑问句由“疑问代词或疑问副词+一般疑问句”构成，句子一般用倒装语序，但如果主语是疑问代词或由疑问代词修饰时，用陈述句的语序。特殊疑问句不能用 yes 或 no 回答，读时用降调。例如：Who is on duty today?How long have you been in Beijing?What time do you get up every morning?What must I do now?常用的特殊疑问句询问内容疑问词或句型 例 句 回 答职业，身份whatWhat is your father? He is a doctor.姓名或关系wh
43、o Who is that boy?He is Jack.He is my brother相貌特征whatlike?What is she like?What does she look like?She is beautiful.目的 whatfor?What did they come here for?To attend a meeting.原因 why Why did they come Because here? they have a meeting to attend.天气howwhatlike?How is the weather today?What is the weath
44、er like today?Its fine.颜色 what color？What dolor is her skirt?Its red.服装尺寸what sizeWhat size does he wear?He wars 40.几点钟what time What time is it? Its 7:30.星期几what day What day is today?Its Tuesday.几号，日期what is the date?What is the date today?Its May 2.年龄（多大）how old How old is he? He is 38.持续多长时间（多久）
45、how longHow long have you been here?For five months.长度（多长）how longHow long is the bridge?Its 500 metres.距离（多远）how farHow far is it from here to the zoo?Its 6 kilometres.频度（多经常） how oftenHow often do you come back?Once a week.时间经过（多快）how soonHow soon will she arrive?In an week.数量（多少）how many（可数名词）how
46、 much（不可数名词）How many jackets do you have?How much coffee do you want?Three.Two cups.价格 how muchHow much is it?How much does it cost?Five dollars.高度（多高）how tall（人，树）how high（山，建筑物）How tall is she?How high is the tower?Shes 1.73 metres.Its 450 metres.3. 选择疑问句：选择疑问句是说话者提出两种或两种以上的不同情况，让对方选择回答的疑问句。其结构是“疑
47、问句+选择部分”。选择部分由 or 连接，or 前面的部分读升调，or 后面的部分读降调。选择疑问句不能用 yes 或 no 回答，而必须具体的选择答复。Is your bag yellow or black? Its black.。Would you like some tea or coffee? Either will do.。Which do you like better, singing or dancing? I like dancing better.4. 反意疑问句：反意疑问句(tag question)又叫附加疑问句，是在陈述句后，对陈述句所叙述的事提出的疑问。其基本结构有
48、两种：一 “肯定陈述句+简略否定问句”；二 “否定陈述句+简略肯定问句”。反意疑问句的前后两部分在时态，人称和数上都要保持一致。It looks like rain, doesnt it?He doesnt need to work so late, does he?（1）肯定的陈述句后跟否定的附加问句，否定的陈述句后跟肯定的附加问句。I am your teacher, arent I?He didnt study hard, did he?（2）当反意疑问句是 “否定陈述句 +肯定附加问句”时，英语与汉语的回答习惯存在差异。英语回答时只看实际情况，若答语的具体内容是肯定的就用“Yes+肯定结构”，答语的具体内容是否定的就用“No+否定结构”，而译成汉语时，则必须把 yes 译“不是 ”，把 no 译成“是的”。-You wont be away for long, will you? 你不会离开太久，是吗？-Yes, I will.不，我会离开很久。 -No, I wont.是的，我不会离开很久。-I dont think shell come by bike, will she? 我认为她不会骑自行车，会吗？-Yes, she will.不，她会骑自行车来。 -No, she wont.是的，她不会骑自行车来。即：对反意疑问句的回答，是根据事实，而不是根据问题的提法。H
