1、1第八单元 句子的翻译（4）分译与合译法第一部分：分译法分法译英语句子的修饰语既多且长，句子结构复杂，特别是长句；而汉语句子的修饰语则较少且短。因此，英译汉时不可死译硬译，必须根据汉语的特点，灵活处理。分译就是一种常用的翻译技巧。所谓分译就是指根据汉语的句法特点，把英语的句子分解成两个或两个以上的单位，以求译文在正确传达原文的意思内容的前提下明白晓畅。分译通常包括单词分译、短语分译和句子分译三种情况。单词分译单词分译是指把原文中的一个单词分译成一个句子，使原文的一个句子分译成两个或两个以上的句子。1副词The Chinese seemed justifiably proud of their
2、economic achievement.中国人似乎为他们经济上取得的成就而自豪，这是合乎情理的。They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all.他们根本没有答复，这是不足为奇的。2形容词George nodded, thankful that his wife was not the talkative kind.乔治点点头，他妻子不是那种絮絮叨叨的人，对此他心存感激。3名词At present people have a tendency to choose the safety of the middle-ground reply.现在，人们
3、都倾向于采取不偏不依的态度回答问题，因为它安全，不招风险。The inside of each tent depended on the personality of its occupants.每个帐篷内怎样布置，这就要看各个使用者的性格了。二、短语分译短语分译是原文中的一个短语译成句子，使原文的句子分译成两个或两个以上的句子。1分词短语Built in 1192, the bridge is over 700 hundred years old.这座桥是 1192 年修建的，已经有七百多年的历史了。She sat with her hands cupping her chin, stari
4、ng at a corner of the little kitchen.她坐在那儿双手托着下巴，眼睛凝视着小厨房的一角。2名词短语I wrote four books in the first three years, a record never touched before.我头三年写了四本书，打破了以往的记录。Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, a universally accepted law.能量既不能被创造也不能被消灭，这是一条普遍公认的规律。3介词短语2Their power increased with their nu
5、mber.他们人数增加了，力量也随之增加。He arrived in Washington at a ripe moment internationally.他来到华盛顿，就国际形式来说，时机正合适。三、句子分译句子分译可分为简单句的分译、并列句的分译、主从复合句的分译和长句的分译。1简单句的分译His wealth enables him to do everything.他有钱，什么事都能干。The wonderful purity of nature at this season is a most pleasing fact.大自然在这个季节里显得特别纯洁，令人特别赏心悦目。2并列复合
6、句的分译Helen March picked up the telephone seconds after the first ring and she sounded puzzled when Alan asked for June.第一声电话铃响过几秒钟之后，海伦 玛琦拿起电话筒。听到艾伦找琼接电话，她的声音流露出迷茫。It is very easy to bring some books from the bookstores and libraries, but to learn the knowledge in the books and put the knowledge into
7、 practice is by no means an easy job.从书店和图书馆带一些书回来是轻而易举的。然而，从书中学得知识并把这些知识运用到实践中去就决不是那么简单的事情。The shark swung over and the old man saw his eye was not alive and then he swung over once again, wrapping himself in two loops of the rope.鲨鱼在海里翻滚过来。老头儿看见它的眼珠已经没有生气儿了，但是它又翻滚了一下，滚得自己给绳子缠了两道。3主从复合句的分译A bankabl
8、e actor is one with whose name a producer can raise enough money to make a film.所谓“摇钱树”的演员就是指这样一种演员：制片人只需抬出其大名来就可以筹措到足够摄制影片的经费。On December 31, 2001 a dozen members of the European Union switched to the euro a change which affects 300 million people.2001 年报 12 月 31 日，12 个欧盟成员国决定起用欧元这个变化会影响三亿人的生活。Thre
9、e rains had passed, and it was that lean season when the villages store of grain and other dried foods from the last harvest was almost gone.三个雨季已经过去，正到了青黄不接的时节。村子里上一季收成之后储存的粮食和其它干果杂品差不多已食用一空了。Because the young man frequently came to the ladys house, he was regarded as the mistresss lover.这个小伙子经常来太太
10、家。因此，别人都以为他是这个女主人的情人。3Kunta was so worn out, slumped in his rocking chair, staring vacantly at the fire, that he didnt even notice Bell feeling his forehead and taking off his shoes.昆塔累积了，他颓然倒在他的摇椅中，凝视着火光发呆。他甚至没有感到贝尔用手摸了摸他的前额，并替他脱了鞋。4长句的分译长句的翻译得视具体情况，结合意群的分布等因素来考虑，通过进行合理的切分，从而使译文层次分明，观点明确，语言规范。The p
11、resident said at a press conference dominated by questions on yesterdays election results that he could not explain why the Republicans had suffered such a widespread defeat, which in the end would deprive the Republican Party of long-held superiority in the House.在一次记者招待会上，问题集中于昨天的选举结果，总统就此发了言。他说他不
12、能解释为什么共和党遭到了这样大的失败。这种情况最终会使共和党失去在众院中长期享有的优势。 （一句译为三句）Men with an intolerable air of condolence have appeared, as though drawn by the smell of death, dressed comfortably, speaking a manipulated tongue, terminally evil.人们出现了悲哀的样子，这是令人难以忍受的。似乎是死亡的气息把他们引出来的。他们穿着宽松舒适的衣服，说话字斟句酌，十分谨慎，最后仍然露出险恶的用心。（一句译为三句）SE
13、NTENCE TRANSLATION1. They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all.2. At present people have a tendency to choose the safety of the middle-ground reply.3. Built in 1192, the bridge is over 700 hundred years old.4. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, a universally accepted law.5. Their powe
14、r increased with their number.6The wonderful purity of nature at this season is a most pleasing fact.7. Helen March picked up the telephone seconds after the first ring and she sounded puzzled when Alan asked for June.8. A bankable actor is one with whose name a producer can raise enough money to ma
15、ke a film.9. The president said at a press conference dominated by questions on yesterdays election results that he could not explain why the Republicans had suffered such a widespread defeat, which in the end would deprive the Republican Party of long-held superiority in the House.10. The Chinese s
16、eemed justifiably proud of their economic achievement.第二部分：长句的翻译长句的翻译长句指的是字数较多、结构较复杂、含有多层意思的句子。汉语和英语都有长句，4但在句子结构上的差异很大。所以，在翻译时要讲究方法，否则就难以准确清晰地传达原文的各层意思。在处理长句时，要注意如何断句和如何区分主从，正确运用合并法，倒置法和插入法。一、断句所谓断句，就是把原文的一句话译作两句或更多句。大凡长句多为复句，而汉语复句和英语复句往往在结构上不同。汉语的一个复句有时需要断作几句来译，才能使意思清晰，结构利落，合乎英语的表达习惯。另外，现代英语的句子结构也趋
17、向简短，文章中非限制性的关系子句用得越来越少。为此，翻译汉语长句时也常常采用断句手法。一般来说，在以下几种情况下都可以断句：1. 汉语句子较长，内容较复杂这种句子如果同样译作一个长句，在结构上有困难，语境也不清楚；断句则便于清晰地表达原意，又符合英语的表达习惯。历来只有真正老实的劳动者，才懂得劳动生产财富的道理才能排除一切想入非非的发财思想，而踏踏实实地用自己的辛勤劳动，为社会也为自己创造财富和积累财富。Throughout the ages only honest laboring people see the truth that wealth is created through lab
18、or. Only they can free their minds of any fantastic ideas of getting rich. And only they create and accumulate wealth for both society and themselves through hard practical work.如今没奈何，把你雇在间壁人家放牛，每月可以得他几钱银子，你又有现成饭吃，只在明日就要去了。Theres no way out but to set you to work looking after our neighbors buffalo.
19、 Youll make a little money every month, and youll get your meals there too. You are to start tomorrow.2. 汉语的总分复句汉语的总分复句都包括总说和分述两个部分。英译时通常是，先总说后分述的句子，可在句子的开头部分断句，即将最前面的总说或概括部分单独译成一句；先分述后总说的句子，可在句子的结尾部分断句，即将最后的总结或判断部分断开，单独译作一句。人民的觉悟是不容易的，要去掉人民脑中的错误思想，需要我们做很多切切实实的工作。The political awakening of the peopl
20、e is not easy. It requires much earnest effort on our part to rid their minds of wrong ideas.这些国家的共产党和进步党派，正在促使它们的政府和我们做生意，以致建立外交关系，这是善意的，这就是援助。The Communist Parties and Progressive groups in these countries are urging their governments to establish trade and even diplomatic relations with us. This
21、is goodwill, this is help.二、区分主从汉语复句中往往不用关联词，分句之间的逻辑关系在很多情况下主要依靠排列顺序5来表示，即采用所谓“意合法” 。同时，汉语动词又没有英语动词那样的词形变化。汉语复句里接二连三出现的动词，从形式上看，它们都是等立的，没有主从、偏正之分。因此，在翻译时，汉语复句的处理，必须首先从逻辑上仔细分析，弄清各分句间的关系，区分开哪个分句为主，哪个分句为从，然后按照英语表达习惯，适当加以处理。一般来说，应该是：凡是为主的从句，即正句，用英语限定式动词结构来表达；从属的分句，即偏句，则可采用各种非限定式动词短语或介词短语来表达，或增加从属关联词或通过各
22、种从句形式来处理。错误和挫折教训了我们，使我们比较地聪明起来了，我们的事情就办得比较好一些。Taught by mistakes and setbacks, we have become wiser and handle our affairs better.“我们聪明起来了”是主要部分， “错误和挫折教训了我们”是“聪明起来了”的原因，是从属部分。我们用自己动手的方法，达到了丰衣足食的目的。By using our own hands we have attained the objective of “ample food and clothing”.这些错误都应该向他们去进行教育，加以纠
23、正，而不是简单地去进行斥责。These mistakes should be corrected by educating the cadres and peasants and not by simply dressing them down以上两例的译文中，在表示目的的部分用动词，而在所使用的手段部分用动名词，和介词一起构成介词短语，作状语，使整个句子主从分明。三、合并法合并法是把若干个短句合并成一个长句，一般用于汉译英。汉语强调意合，结构较松散，因此简单句较多；英语强调形合，结构较严密，因此长句较多。所以汉译英时要根据需要注意利用连词、分词、介词、不定式、定语从句、独立结构等把汉语短句连
24、成长句。 中国是个大国，百分之八十的人口从事农业，但耕地只占土地面积的十分之一，其余为山脉、森林、城镇和其他用地。 China is a large country with four-fifths of the population engaged in agriculture, but only one tenth of the land is farmland, the rest being mountains, forests and places for urban and other uses. 农民缺乏培训，许多农场生产效率低，使得绝大多数农村人口在国内处于不利的地位。Inade
25、quate training for farmers and the low productivity of many farms place the vast majority of country dwellers in a disadvantageous position in their own country.没有农业，人类便不能生存，社会生产也就不能继续下去。But for agriculture, man could not exist, nor could social production proceed四、倒置法在汉语中，定语修饰语和状语修饰语往往位于被修饰语之前；在英语中
26、，许多修饰语常常位于被修饰语之后，因此翻译时往往要把原文的语序颠倒过来。倒置法通常用于英译汉, 即对英语长句按照汉语的习惯表达法进行前后调换，按意群或进行全部倒置，6原则是使汉语译句安排符合现代汉语论理叙事的一般逻辑顺序。有时倒置法也用于汉译英。 改革开放以来，中国发生了巨大的变化。 Great changes have taken place in China since the introduction of the reform and opening policy.我原来计划今年二月访问美国，后来不得不推迟，这使我感到很扫兴。It was a keen disappointment w
27、hen I had to postpone the visit which I had intended to pay to U.S. in February. 五、插入法指把难以处理的句子成分用破折号、括号或前后逗号插入译句中。这种方法主要用于笔译中。偶尔也用于口译中，即用同位语、插入语或定语从句来处理一些解释性成分。如果说宣布收回香港就会像夫人说的“带来灾难性的影响”，那我们要勇敢地面对这个灾难，做出决策。 If the announcement of the recovery of Hong Kong would bring about, as Madam put it, “disast
28、rous effects,” we will face that disaster squarely and make a new policy decision. SENTENCE TRANSLATION1. 近来人们很重视语言的功能意念，很多作家和教师提出这些功能意念是构成语言学习大纲的基础，而不是例如象一般现在时、现在进行时和一般过去时等传统的语法项。2. 在保险中，万一发生损失时，保证他人免受损失或破坏 并承担赔偿付款的一方叫做保险人；得到保证并接受损失赔偿的一方叫做被保人。 III. PASSAGE TRANSLATION加强和改善金融调控，取消对国有独资银行的贷款限额控制，逐步实行
29、资产负债比例管理，优化贷款结构。继续实行适度从紧的货币政策，搞好适时适度微调。在稳定银行居民储蓄存款，坚持以间接融资为主的同时，积极发展股票、债券等直接融资，加强对证券市场的监管。第三部分：合译法合译法合译是把英语的复合句译成一个汉语单句。由于英汉两种语言句子结构不完全相同，有时套用原文的句式往往是行不通的。当原文句子的表层结构与汉语的表达方式不一致时，需要进行句子结构的调整，使译文和原文的内容相一致。将原文中的复合句译成一个汉语单句可以使译文紧凑、简练、语气连贯，合乎汉语的表达习惯。一、把原文中两个或两个以上的简单句译成一个单句。He was very clean. His mind was
30、 open.他为人单纯而坦率。There are men here from all over the country. Many of them are from the South.7从全国各地来的人中有许多是南方人。These trains had beautiful bedrooms, bathrooms, dining rooms, and sitting rooms. They were like little palaces, really fit for a king.这种火车上有华丽的卧室、浴室、餐厅和起居室，宛如小型宫殿，真是可供国王使用。 Youve probably s
31、een freight trains. There are many kinds. There are trains to carry logs, refrigerator trains to carry food, tank trains to carry fuel, even trains to carry cars.你可能见过货运列车吧。其种类繁多，有运载木材的列车，运载食品的冷藏列车，运油的油罐列车，甚至还有运载小轿车的列车。The building has 36 barn-size bins. The temperature and the amount of water in th
32、e air are recorded in the bins. There are machines to heat or cool the air.这座建筑物有三十六件如谷仓大小的库房，在这些库房里，空气的温度和湿度都作了记录，还配有给空气加温或降温的机器。Its good there. Quiet, fresh-aired. White swans swam around whitely.那儿景色宜人，环境幽静，空气清新，白天鹅游来荡去，一片洁白。I pulled up a chair and sat down. I sat with my legs wide apart at first
33、. But this struck me as being irreverent and too familiar. So I put my knees together and let my hands rest loosely on them.我把椅子挪过来坐下，起初两腿分开，但我突然觉得这样显得不太尊重，太不拘礼节，便把两膝并拢，把双手随便地放在膝盖上。The young man was very miserable. He had no money about him. All his savings had been stolen.这个年轻人很惨，已落到身无分文的地步，因为他所有的积
34、蓄都被窃了。Darkness fell. An explosion shook the earth. It did not shake his will to go to the front.夜幕降临时，一声爆炸震动了大地，可并没动摇他上前线的决心。That day, the President had an interview with her father. Her father was going to the moon by spaceshuttle.那天，总统会见了她的父亲，因为她的父亲即将乘航天飞机去登月。She is very busy at home. She has to t
35、ake care of the children and do the kitchen work.她在家很忙，又要看孩子，又要下厨房。二、把原文中的复合句译成一个单句。When I negotiate, I get nervous. When I get nervous, I eat.我在谈判时总是有些紧张。紧张时我就吃东西。If we do a thing, we should do it well.我们要干就要干好。I dont care if at first they look dismayed. As long as they discover there is help.我不在乎他
36、们起初会不会感到惊愕，只要他们能发现这病是有办法可治愈的就行了。三、把原文中的并列句译成一个单句。8The time was 10:30, and the traffic on the street was light.10 点 30 分的时候，街上来往的车辆稀少了。In 1884 Engels met Marx, and they became friends.在一八四四年恩格斯与马克斯相遇并成了朋友。四、把简单句与复合句或并列句合译成一个句子。The monorail is another kind of train used in busy places. The train hangs
37、 from a rail high above the streets and it carries people quickly in and out of the city.单轨火车是交通繁忙地区所使用的另一种火车，它在街道上空的高架铁轨上行使，迅速地将人们运送进城来或送出城去。There are trains to carry people, trains to carry animals, and trains to carry things. There are fast trains, slow trains, trains that go under the ground, tr
38、ains that go through mountains.有运送旅客的火车，运载动物的火车，还有运载货物的火车；有快车，慢车；还有地下火车和穿山火车。I seem to have been only like a boy playing on the seashore. I have amused myself by now and then finding a smooth pebble or a pretty shell, but the great ocean of truth still lies before me unknown and unexplored.看来我只像个在海边
39、玩耍的孩子，不时拣起一块小小的光滑卵石，或是一片美丽的贝壳，自娱自乐，而横在我面前的真理的海洋，却还有待于发现和探索。A year later, in 1996, I had the operation on my left hand. Now, although my fingers arent perfectly straight, theyre supple and work wonderfully. And theres no more pain.一年以后，也就是在 1990 年，我的左手动了手术。虽说现在我的 10 个手指还不能完全挺直，但已能伸屈自如、行动灵活了，而且也不再感到疼痛
40、。One may have to learn to live with pain, but theres one thing you never have to live without. Hope.一个人可能必须学会忍受痛苦活下去，但有一样东西是你活着决不能缺的，那就是希望。SENTENCE TRANSLATION1It was on the early morning of April 2, 1971. The pilots were briefed in the ready room.2Im blest if I know.3When we praise the Chinese lead
41、ership and the people, we are not merely being polite.4From Florence the river Arno ran down to Pisa, and then it reached the sea.5There are many people who want to see the film.6Oxygen is a gas which unites with many substances.7When I negotiate, I get nervous. When I get nervous, I eat.8If we do a
42、 thing, we should do it well.9The time was 10:30, and the traffic on the street was light.10In 1884 Engels met Marx, and they became friends.9答案：第一部分：分译法1他们根本没有答复，这是不足为奇的。2现在，人们都倾向于采取不偏不依的态度回答问题，因为它安全，不招风险。3这座桥是 1192 年修建的，已经有七百多年的历史了。4能量既不能被创造也不能被消灭，这是一条普遍公认的规律。5他们人数增加了，力量也随之增加。6大自然在这个季节里显得特别纯洁，令人特别
43、赏心悦目。7第一声电话铃响过几秒钟之后，海伦 玛琦拿起电话筒。听到艾伦找琼接电话，她的声音流露出迷茫。8所谓“摇钱树”的演员就是指这样一种演员：制片人只需抬出其大名来就可以筹措到足够摄制影片的经费。9在一次记者招待会上，问题集中于昨天的选举结果，总统就此发了言。他说他不能解释为什么共和党遭到了这样大的失败。这种情况最终会使共和党失去在众院中长期享有的优势。10中国人似乎为他们经济上取得的成就而自豪，这是合乎情理的。长句的翻译A1. With Steven Chu and Cui Qi receiving the Nobel Prize in the last two years, here h
44、as been much discussion in the newspapers and magazines on why there hasnt been any prizewinning work done on Chinese soil. 2. This is an important issue to be discussed.3. However, china then was isolated from the rest of the world, thus it did not receive the Nobel Prize for this feat. 4. I am of
45、the view that this is only a matter of time.5. I believe that there will be a Chinese Nobel Prize winner in biology and medicine within the next decade.6. Modern biology and medicine are vast fields of knowledge with many avenues to explore. It is not easy to break into these fields.7. In the near f
46、uture, I believe we would be elated by the news of an ethnic Chinese scientist being awarded a biology or medical Nobel Prize.8. Development in the basic sciences is extremely rapid, but to catch up with and surpass the world-class research institutes is a difficult task.9. However, from the history
47、 of the development has been achieved in a very short period of time. With such rapid pace of development, I believe that there will be a Nobel Prize winning work on Chinese soil within the next 20 years. 1010. I hope I will live to see that day.B1. Recently a lot of emphasis has been placed on the
48、functions (功能意念) of language and many writers and teachers have suggested that they should form the basis for a language learning syllabus(大纲) rather than the traditional grammatical item such as the present simple, present continuous and past simple, for example.2. In insurance, the party who insur
49、es others against loss or damage and undertakes to make payment in case of loss is called the insurer; the party who is insured against loss and to whom payment covering the lose will be made is the insured.第二部分：合译法1一九七一年四月二日清晨，飞机驾驶员都在待命室接受飞行任务。2我一点也不知道。3我们对中国领导人和中国人民的赞扬不仅仅是出于礼貌。4阿诺河从佛罗伦萨流经比萨人海。5有很多人想看这部电影。.6氧是一种能和许多物质化合的气体。7我在谈判时总是有些紧张。紧张时我就吃东西。8我们要干就要干好。910 点 30 分的时候，街上来往的车辆稀少了。10在一八四四年恩格斯与马克斯相遇并成了朋友。
