1、中考冲刺十：词汇种类综合强化撰稿：赵吉存 责编：郭素清一、考试要求：词汇是英语的基础，而弄清每一个词的词类是用词、造句、阅读和写作的基础。词类在中考的考查一般通过在名词、动词、形容词等各种词性的考查中表现出来。如判断各类词在句子中可以作的成分来决定使用哪个词形，词与词之间的搭配关系等。二、知识总结：根据语法功能，词可分为十类：名词、代词、动词、形容词、副词、数词、冠词、介词、连词和感叹词。1. 名词（ n.）：名词用来表示人、事物或抽象概念，如：boy 男孩，morning 早晨，duty 责任；在句子中主要作主语、表语、宾语、补足语、同位语、定语等。例如：The tomatoes on th
2、e table are very fresh. 桌子上的西红柿很新鲜。（作主语）He is a doctor. 他是个医生。（作表语）Well call the baby Mary. 我们要给这个婴儿取名玛丽。（作宾语补足语）2. 代词（ pro.）：代词用来代替名词或数词，如：we 我们，their 他们的， that 那个， several 几个；在句中主要作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等。例如：I know her sister. She is always ready to help others. 我认识她妹妹，她乐于助人。（I 和 she 作主语；her 作定语；others 作宾语）
3、The English teacher is not himself today. 英语老师今天不舒服。（作表语）3. 数词（ num.）数词表示数目和顺序，即基数词和序数词。如：one 一个，thousand 千，twelfth 第十二；在句子中主要作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。例如：Three of us are from Beijing. 我们中有三个人是北京来的。（作主语）You are the second one to come to see me. 你是第二个来看我的人。（作定语）We dont need so many people. We need only five. 我们不
4、需要这么多人，我们只需要五个。（作宾语）4. 形容词（ adj.）形容词表示人或事物的特征，如 big 大的，white 白色的；在句中主要作表语、定语、补足语等。Look! Your bike is bigger than mine. 看，你的自行车比我的大。（作表语）He found the door open. 他发现门是开着的。（作宾语补足语）5. 副词（ adv.）副词表示时间、地点、程度、动作特征等，如：now 现在，often 经常， quietly 安静地；在句中主要作状语，修饰形容词、副词、动词、句子等。例如：She can sing very well. 她歌唱得非常好。（
5、修饰副词 well）He stepped into the room quietly without being noticed. 他悄悄地走进房间，没有人注意到他。(修饰动词 stepped)6. 动词（ v.）动词用来表示动作或状态，如：speak 说，lie 躺，become 成为；在句中主要作谓语或与名词、形容词、实义动词等一起构成复合谓语。例如：He bought a computer yesterday. 他昨天买了一台电脑。(作谓语)Tom was sick at home. 汤姆有病在家。（与形容词一起构成复合谓语）7. 冠词（ art.）冠词用于名词前，对名词起限制作用，包括
6、不定冠词 a/ an 一个，定冠词 the 这/那个，这/那些。There are some vegetables in the basket. 篮子里有些蔬菜。8. 介词（ prep.）介词用于名词或代词前，表示与其他词的关系。如 on 在上面，for 为。I have waited here for three hours. 我在这里等了三个小时了。9. 连词（ conj.）连词用于连接词与词、短语与短语或句子与句子，如 and 和，but 但是，when 当时候。We talked and talked until he came. 我们一直谈到他来。10. 感叹词（ interj.）感
7、叹词用来表示说话时的感情或口气。如：hi 嗨，hello 喂，aha 啊哈，wow 哇。Ah, here is the thing Im after. 啊，我找的东西在这里呢。三、易错点点拨：1. 形容词和副词用法混淆，例如：Children on the playground are playing happy. 操场上的孩子们高兴地玩着。解析happy 是形容词，这个句子应该用副词修饰动词，应改为 happily。When his father heard this, he got angrily. 他爸爸听到这，就生气了。解析get 是系动词，后面要接形容词表示主语的状态，angrily
8、 应改为 angry。Look! It is raining hardly outside. 外面雨下得很大。解析副词 hard（猛烈地）误用为 hardly（几乎不）。再如容易错误的把friendly、lovely 等形容词当作副词来使用。2. 连词和副词用法混淆，例如：We were very tired, however, we felt excited. 我们很累，但是很兴奋。分析however 是副词，不能连接句子，应把 however, 改为 but，或者改为：We were very tired。However, we felt excited.3. 介词和副词用法混淆，例如：H
9、e told me the teacher asked me to come into. 他告诉我老师让我进去。解析into 是介词，应该接宾语，否则就应该用 in 代替 into。也可以改成 come into the classroom。总之，英语的词类在英语应用中起着很大作用，尤其在书面表达中，而且也是中考经常考查的内容，如在用所给词的正确形式填空中就经常出现词类转换的例子。一、考试要求：中考关于构词法的要求是：了解合成词、派生词构成的基本知识，掌握一定的单词转化规则；最经常用到的单词前缀和后缀变化；了解一些合成词的构成及用法等。二、知识总结：1.合成法：合成法是英语单词的最基本的构词法
10、。它通常由两个单词合在一起构成与这两个单词意思有关系和联系的新单词。合成词的特点是：两个单词合在一起构成新的单词，有时要加连字符，有时可能有一些词形方面的变化。例如：class + room classroom 教室 black + board blackboard 黑板bath + room bathroom 浴室 day + dreaming daydreaming 白日梦kind + heart+ed kindhearted 好心的 good + look+ing good-looking 好看的man + made man-made 人造的 well + known well-know
11、n 著名的掌握合成法的构词方法会对单词的记忆和生词的推测有很大帮助，例如：例句Whats the meaning of the underlined sentence?解析这个句子是阅读理解题中经常出现的一个问题，underlined 可能对一些同学来说是个生词。我们可以看出它是由 under 和 line 加上-d 构成的，因此很容易猜出词义是“下面划线的”。2. 派生法派生法是英语构词法最广泛的，也是最常用的方法。派生词包括加前缀和后缀两种形式。前缀：是在单词的前面加的某些固定的字母组合，经常见到的前缀有 im-，un-，dis-，in-，a-，tele-等。其中 im-，un-，dis-
12、，in-，一般构成反义词。例如：honest 诚实的dishonest 不诚实的 possible 可能的impossible 不可能的 happy 高兴的 unhappy 不高兴的 polite 有礼貌的impolite 没有礼貌的 例句It is _ (possible) for you to write such a long novel in an hour. It may take you one day.解析答案是 impossible。从后面句子的意思“可能要花一天时间”理解一个小时写如此长的小说是不可能的，所以加前缀构成反义词 impossible，表示“不可能的”，这样前后句
13、子的意思保持一致。例句They dont like your brother because he is a very _ (honest) boy.解析答案是 dishonest。从前面句子的意思“他们不喜欢你的弟弟”可以理解后面的句子是加前缀构成的 dishonest 表示“不诚实”的意思，表示不喜欢的原因。后缀：后缀是在单词的后面加的某些固定的字母组合。经常见到的后缀有：（1）名词后缀：-er，-or，-tion，-ian，-ment，-ness 等。例如：art 艺术artist 艺术家 move 移动 movement 运动 educate 教育education 教育teach 教
14、teacher 教师 act 表演 actor 男演员 translate 翻译translation 翻译例句Three _ (visit) will come to our village and teach us English.解析 答案是 visitors。从句子的意思可以理解是三个“参观者”，所以在 visit的后面加后缀变为名词 visitors。（2）副词后缀：一般由形容词ly 或-ward(s)等后缀变为副词。例如：easy 容易的easily 容易地 heavy 大的、重的heavily 沉重地、很重地例句Look! It is raining _ (heavy) outs
15、ide now.解析答案是 heavily。从句子的结构可以看出应该用副词修饰动词 rain，heavy的副词是变 y 为 i，加后缀-ly 构成。（3）形容词后缀：一般由名词-y，-able，-ful，-ive，-less，-al 等后缀构成形容词。如表示天气的名词加后缀-y 构成形容词： rain 雨rainy 有雨的 wind 风windy 有风的 cloud 云cloudy 多云的例句Whats the weather like today? Its _ (fog).解析答案是 foggy。从句子的意思可以理解是用形容词表示“天气是多雾的”，fog 是名词，它的形容词是在名词后双写 g
16、 再加后缀-y。例句We can eat this kind of plants. They are _ (harm) to our health.解析答案是 harmless。从句子的结构可以理解应该用形容词作表语，从上下文中看出应该用 harmless，表示“无害的”。3. 转化法有一些单词词形没有变化，但词性发生变化，这种构词法叫词的转化。例如：Lets have a swim after school. （swim 在此句中是名词）I can swim now.（此句的 swim 是动词）。再如：Look! Your mother is cleaning your room. (cle
17、an 是动词) Oh, how clean your room is now.（clean 是形容词）三、易错点点拨：1. 合成词容易出现的错误：一般是句义和词义判断不够准确，忘记用连字符等。如Who is the _ (中年的) woman over there?解析易误用 middleage。要注意有些合成词是需要在词形上作一些改变，更要注意有些合成词需由连字符“-”连接。在此句中用合成词 middle-aged。The nine-years-old girl can sing twelve English songs.解析数词+名词+形容词构成的合成词时名词要用单数，所以 nine-ye
18、ars-old 应改为 nine-year-old。2. 派生词容易出现的错误：单词的前缀或后缀记忆不清；不能从句子的意思准确判断出用哪一个派生词。如：The boy became _ (home) after his parents died two years ago.解析易误用 inhome。出现错误的原因是随便给 home 加了表示否定的前缀。在此句中应该用派生词 homeless 表示“无家可归”的意思。Your teacher was very _ (happy) because you forgot your homework.解析易误用 happily。出现错误的原因是不能理解
19、某些后缀或前缀的作用和意义。在此句中派生词 unhappy 表示“不高兴”的意思，而 happily 是副词“高兴的”，只有用unhappy 才能和整个句子的意思保持一致。The radio says it will be _ (rain) this afternoon. Youd better take your raincoat.解析易错用 raining。出现错误的原因是认为 be 后面用现在分词构成现在进行时，在此句中用派生词 rainy 和 be 连用构成系表结构表示“下雨的天气”。 中考真题单项选择(2010 重庆市)1.There is a picture_ my family
20、on the wall.A.of B.up C.after D.to【答案与解析】答案是 A。本题考查名词所有格。 a picture of my family 一张我家的照片。英语名词所有格有两种：s 所有格和 of 所有格。由介词 of 加名词构成，多用来表示无生命的物体。2.Something is wrong with my_.I cant see anything around me.A.nose B.ears C.eyes D.mouth【答案与解析】答案是 C。 本题考查名词辨析。由下句：“我看不清周围的东西。 ”可知“我的眼睛有问题。 ”故选 C。3.Alice,is this
21、 your dictionary？Let me see.Oh,no. _is in my school bag.A.Myself B.Me C.My D.Mine【答案与解析】答案是 D。 本题考查代词。由句意可知，此处要用名词性物主代词，故选 D。形容词性物主代词+名词名词性物主代词。4.Last Sunday my aunt _at home with me.We were watching TV all day.A.was B.were C.is D.are【答案与解析】答案是 A。本题考查动词的时态。由时间状语 last Sunday 及主语 my aunt 可知此处用was。故选 A
22、。5.Must I clean the room now？No, you_.You can do it tomorrow.A.mustnt B.must C.neednt D.need【答案与解析】答案是 C。本题考查情态动词的用法。在回答由 must 引起的问句时，如果是否定的答复，可用 dont have to 或 neednt（不必） ，但不能用 mustnt（必须不，不允许） 。（2010 山东潍坊市）6.Avatar（阿凡达）is such_wonderful science fiction movie that I want to see it_second time.A.a, a
23、 B.a, the C. , the D. , a【答案与解析】答案是 A。根据考查冠词的用法。第一空根据 such+a/an+adj.+n.+that 结构可知此处应用冠词 a；第二空指“又一，另一” ，应用冠词 a，所以答案为 A 项。7.Michael Jordan has failed over and over again in his life.And thats_he succeeds.A.what B.when C.why D.where【答案与解析】答案是 C。本题考查疑问词的辨析。句意为：迈克尔乔丹在生活中反复失败。那就是他成功的原因。what 表示疑问“什么” ；when
24、 表示“时间” ；why 表示“原因” ；where 表示“地点” 。8.Im expecting a pet dog for long,but mom has no time to buy_for me.A.it B.one C.this D.that【答案与解析】答案是 B。本题考查代词用法。 it“与前文说的是同一个事物” ；one“与前文中说的是同类中的一个” ；this 和 that 不符合题意。9.At least 300 million people are using QQ_by Ma Huateng to chat on line.A.create B.creates C.c
25、reating D.created【答案与解析】答案是 D。本题考查过去分词短语作后置定语的用法。句中 created by Ma Huateng 修饰 QQ，creat 与 QQ 之间为被动关系，故用 creat 的过去分词形式。10.The cookies_good.Could I have some more?A.taste B.smell C.feel D.sound【答案与解析】答案是 A。本题考查系动词的辨析。根据句意 “这些甜饼尝起来很好吃。我可以再多吃一些吗？”可知，此处指“品尝起来。 ”taste 表示“品尝起来” ；smell 表示“闻起来” ；feel 表示“感觉到” ；
26、sound 表示“听起来” 。（2010 黄冈市）11.Well be back for our schools_anniversary ceremony.I see. That means youll have a get-together with your classmates in_years.A. fifteen ；seven B. fifteenth；sevenC. fifteen；seventh D. fifteenth；seventh【答案与解析】答案是 B。本题考查数词。句意为：我们将回去参加我们学校的周年校庆。我知道了，那意味着你将在七年后与你的同学们有个聚会。所以第一个空
27、用序数词，第二个空用基数词。12. I joined the League_May, 2008. What about you?Ive been a League member_three years.A. in；for B. on；in C. on； for D. in；since【答案与解析】答案是 A。本题考查介词。一段时间（包括月份、年份） 、不确指的某天的早中晚或季节前用 in；完成时态中表示持续的一段时间用 for。13. Wang Jinquan, a teacher from Qichun, has supported many poor students to college
28、._he himself lives a plain （朴素的) life.A. So B. But C. Because D. Though【答案与解析】答案是 B。考查连词。本题上下句之间有明显的转折关系。14. What s the low-carbon life style like? .Save_energy, produce_carbon.A. more ；more B. less；moreC. less, less D. more；less【答案与解析】答案是 D。本题考查形容词的比较级。句意为：低碳的生活方式是什么样子的？节约更多的能量，产生更少的碳。15. How many
29、students like this song?_of us likes it. It sounds terrible.A. None B. Nobody C. Everyone D. All【答案与解析】答案是 A。考查不定代词。根据 “It sounds terrible.”可推断没有人喜欢这首歌，排除C。根据句中 likes 的形式可排除 D。而 nobody 后不能跟 of 短语，故选择 A。自我检测一、单项选择1. My little sister has _ e-dog and his name is Hobo.A. a B. an C. the D. /2. Its Sunday
30、 tomorrow. Why not go and play _ football with us?A. a B. / C. an D. the3. Where is your father? Look! He is playing _ guitar with his friends over there.A. the B. a C. an D. / 4. Your brother wants to eat three _ for dinner.A. ice cream B. egg C. tomatoes D. chicken5. There _ some rice and two eggs
31、 on the table. Thats your lunch.A. is B. are C. am D. be6. Can you bring _ some books tomorrow?A. I B. my C. me D. your7. You must finish your homework all by _.A. you B. your C. yourself D. myself8. Do you know that English is _ than computer games?A. important B. more important C. as important D.
32、much important9. The more carefully you drive, the _ you will be.A. dangerous B. safe C. more dangerous D. safer10. The movie is so _ that all of the boys are _ in it.A. interest; interest B. interesting; interestedC. interested; interesting D. interest; interesting11. Which do you like better, the
33、Chinese tea _ coffee?A. and B. but C. or D. with12. - Which floor does your teacher live? - He lives on _ floor.A. five B. the fifth C. second D. the two13. We think _ of the students in your class can pass the exam.A. two thirds B. two three C. second third D. second three14. Would you please buy s
34、ome salt for me? There is _ left.A. little B. few C. a little D. a few15. I am sure I can improve _ in spoken English in two weeks time.A. myself B. ourselves C. himself D. themselves16. - Is there _ in todays newspaper? Yes. - Shenzhou VII was sent up into space last night.A. nothing new B. new not
35、hing C. anything new D. new anything17. Usually, students have _ holiday after exam in summer.A. an 8-week B. a 8-week C. an 8 weeks D. a 8-weeks18. The Blue Sky Restaurant is one of _ in our city.A. the bigger restaurants B. the biggest restaurantsC. the bigger restaurant D. the biggest restaurant1
36、9. Your mother looks _. Whats wrong with her?A. worry B. worried C. happily D. worrying20. This kind of T-shirt looks _ and sells _ in the shop.A. nice; good B. well; well C. nice; well D. good; nice21. - My bike is broken. - Why not have it _?A. repair B. repaired C. repairing D. to repair22. Coffe
37、e is ready. How nice it _! Would you like some?A. sees B. smells C. sounds D. feels23. We need some _ for our sons birthday party.A. egg B. tomatoes C. meats D. flower24. Some students in our class go to school _ a bike _ times.A. by; on B. in; in C. on; at D. with; to25. Japan lies _ the east of Ch
38、ina.A. to B. at C. in D. on26. If it is _ tomorrow, we will stay at home and watch TV.A. rain B. rainy C. to rain D. raining27. Why are you going to Qingdao for your summer vacation? I think it is _ than Harbin.A. interesting B. the most interestingC. much interesting D. much more interesting28. Do
39、you know there is _ “f” and _ “b” in the word “football”?A. a; an B. an; a C. a; a D. an; an29. I dont know if your mother _. I will tell you if your mother _ back.A. comes; will come B. will come; comes C. comes; comes D. will come; will come30. There was a strange voice outside. My mother went out
40、 and _ around but she _ nothing.A. looked; saw B. saw; looked C. looked; looked D. saw; saw二、单词填空 用括号中所给的词的适当形式填空。1. His fathers _ (die) is as heavy as Mount Tai. We are all proud of him.2. China is one of the developing _ (country) in the world.3. The harder you study, the _ (good) grade you will g
41、et.4. Our new neighbour is very _ (friend). They have invited everyone to their house.5. It is _ (polite) to speak to the old man in that way. You must be polite to them next time.6. More and more _ (visit) come to our village in summer vacation.7. There are _ (hundred) of people injured during the
42、accident.8. About two _ (three) of the students in our class are boys.9. Because you are very _ (honest), nobody wants to make friends with you.10. We saw many _ (foreign) in our city yesterday. Whats the matter?三、完形填空Have you seen the videos on TV? Do you wear large T-shirts 1 baggy jeans? Or have
43、you heard someone rap? Hip-Hop is very 2 now.Hip-Hop music was started in the middle of the 1970s by African Americans in New York. The music, break-dancing (霹雳舞) and graffiti (涂鸦) 3 Western Hip- Hop culture. Most of the Hip-Hop songs are 4 love, jobs or even games.Usually in rap, singers speak word
44、s very 5 to a certain beat. Most of the works are fun. Singers play off words to make fun of 6 or others. Hip-Hop music has 7 rules. Singers just do 8 they think and rap it out in a clever or creative way. The freedom (自由) makes a lot of teenagers fall in love with the music. Many of them like 9 lar
45、ge T-shirts and baggy jeans. Famous rap and Hip-Hop stars include Eminem in the U.S. and Jay Chou from China.Today Hip-Hop is 10 popular across most of the world.( ) 1. A. or B. but C. so D. and( ) 2. A. cold B. hot C. good D. large( ) 3. A. make up B. make of C. make from D. get out( ) 4. A. in B.
46、about C. of D. for( ) 5. A. soon B. slowly C. quickly D. slow( ) 6. A .them B. you C. yourself D. themselves( ) 7. A. few B. much C. many D. little( ) 8. A. what B. how C. why D. where ( ) 9. A. wear B. putting C. to put D. wearing( ) 10. A. much B. more C. much and much D. more and more四、阅读理解There
47、is a serious problem to our earth. Thats global (地球) warming. No doubt the tons of carbon dioxide (二氧化碳) being thrown up into the air are dangerously warming the earth. It is clear that average (平均的) temperature has risen during the last century. Not everyone can believe that carbon dioxide is responsible. A new study shows us it is not all the fault of carbon dioxide.Some scientists studied the sun and found that when the sun becom
