1、Mba,mpa,mpacc 联考英语词汇动词【mba 加油站】一、动词的定义和分类动词是表示动作或状态的词。动词按意义和句法功能可分为实义动词、助动词和情态动词。实义动词按词汇意义，可分为动态动词和静态动词，按与主语的关系可分为谓语动词和非谓语动词，按构成可分为简单动词、复合动词和短语动词。1.实义动词、助动词和情态动词(1) 实义动词实义动词根据能否接宾语或表语，分为及物动词、不及物动词和系动词。1) 及物动词及物动词之后必须带宾语，有些及物动词可以带双宾语或宾语补足语。She can speak English.He gave her a book.We proved him innoce
2、nt.2) 不及物动词不及物动词之后不带宾语。Its raining hard.My head ached.Leaves fall when fall comes.3) 系动词系动词要接形容词、副词、名词、介词短语或相当于名词短语的结构作表语。常见的系动词有 be， become, grow; get, turn, look, smell, sound, feel, seem, appear， remain, prove,fall， keep, stay 等。It is getting dark.I must be off now.She doesnt look her age.The sma
3、ll town remained unchanged.【注意有些动词和形容词构成固定搭配，这类搭配被视为系表结构，常见的有 go wrong/sour, come true, fal1 ill/asleep, run short, stand firm, turn yel1ow, turn out successful 等。(2) 助动词和情态动词2. 动态动词和静态动词(1) 动态动词动态动词表示运动的状态，可分为延续性动词和非延续性动词。1) 延续性动词延续性动词表示各种持续的活动，如: walk, sleep, work, do, play, run, rain, wait, read
4、等，这些动词可用于进行时态。The boys are playing football on the playground.It has been raining the whole moming.I wil1 wait until you come back.2) 非延续性动词非延续性动词，又称瞬间动词，表示暂短的动作，没有持续性，如: open knock, begin,join， marry，go， come, arrive, leave, become，get，turn， grow 等，这些动词一般不能同表示一段时间的状语连用。Someone is knocking at the do
5、or.The old man has died.The leaves are turning yellow.(2) 静态动词静态动词表示静止的状态，可分为感官动词、心理状态动词、拥有或存在关系动词。这些动词一般不用于进行时态，但如果转义成动态动词，又可以用于进行时态。1) 感官动词感官动词表示不自觉的、无意识的活动，如 see， hear, watch, smell, taste, feel 等。I hate to see you so unhappy.These oranges taste nice.They are seeing sights in the Eastem Suburb. (
6、see 为动态动词，意为“ 游览“)2) 心理状态动词心理状态动词表示的是人的心理活动，如 believe，think， suppose, consider, hope,want, wish, understand, know, assume, love, like, hate, mind, remember，forget， regret, fear，doubt, desire, miss 等。I understand him to be honest.I think she is right.I am thinking about your plan. (think about 构成短语，为
7、动态动词，意为“ 思考，)3) 拥有、存在关系动词拥有、存在关系动词包括 have， possess, own, owe, include, involve, concem, belong to,consist of, contain, hold, cost, exist, resemble, matter，deserve， remain, depend on 等。The book belongs to her.The matter concerns your friend.The watch costs ten dollars.They are holding a meeting. (hol
8、d 为动态动词，意为 “召开“)3. 谓语动词和非谓语动词(1) 谓语动词谓语动词在句中作谓语，可与助动词和情态动词连用，也可单独使用，但必须与主语在人称和数上保持一致。She practices on the piano for an hour a day.You must be tired after the long walk.The weather is getting colder and colder.(2) 非谓语动词非谓语动词包括不定式、动名词和分词三种形式。它们在句中不起谓语作用，可担当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等，在人称和数上不受主语的制约。We wamed her no
9、t to do that again. ( 不定式作宾语 )Do you mind my smoking here? ( 动名词作宾语)Hearing the news, he burst into tears. (现在分词作状语)4. 简单动词、复合动词和短语动词(1) 简单动词 :由一个单词构成，如 begin， catch, sit, en1arge, weaken 等。(2 )复合动词 :通常由 “名词+动词“构成，如 day-dream， baby-sit, brain-wash,sleep-walk 等。(3) 短语动词短语动词是由动词加介词、副词或其他词类构成的固定短语。有些短语
10、动词相当于及物动词，有些相当于不及物动词。1) 动词+副词动词与 away， back, out, ahead, forward, aside 构成的短语总是“动一副型“ 的。这类短语动词一部分相当于及物动词，如 think over, bring up, carry out, give up, make out, put off 等;另一部分相当于不及物动词，如 break out, give in, grow up, run out 等。如果这类短语动词的宾语是人称代词或反身代词，要将宾语放在动词和副词之间。如果宾语是名词，则既可以放在副词之前，也可以放在副词之后。Youve got a
11、few weeks to thinkthe matter over.He turned on the radio to listen to the midday news.The apple tree was dead and he cut it down.The war broke out in 1937 and lasted eight years.2) 动词+介词动词与 at，for，from， into, of, to, with 构成的短语总是“动一介型“ 的。这类动词短语相当于一个及物动词，其后必须有宾语，宾语只能放在介词之后，不能放在动词和介词之间。常见的这类短语动词有 look
12、 into, think of, rely on, believe in, deal with, 0bject to， look after, care for 等。We objected to leaving in such a hurry.Shes never had to deal with an emergency before.When he was a child, he often dreamt oftraveling round the world.3 )动词+副词+介词这类动词短语相当于一个及物动词。常见的这类短语动词有 catch up with, look forward
13、 to， make up for, run out of, come up with, cut down on, look down on 等。The old should learn from the young and keep up with the times.I am lookingforward to seeing you again.I don t know how she puts up with him.4) 动词+名词+介词这类动词短语相当于一个及物动词。常见的这类短语动词有 pay attention to, keep an eye on, make use of, pu
14、t an end to, make a fuss over, take part in 等。The baby stopped crying when she caught sight of her mother.Could you take care of my dog when I am away?Her sudden arrival put an end to their meeting.常用短语动词的意义break away 离开、逃脱 break down 出毛病、身体垮了break in 打断、插嘴 break in(to) 破门而入break off 中断、突然停止 break o
15、ut 爆发break through 突破、冲破 break up 破裂、散开、放假bring about 引起、造成、导致 bring back 使回忆起bring down 减价、降低 bring forward 提出bring in 挣、得、收人 bring up 抚养、养育cal1 by(at) 顺道拜访 call for 需要，要求call in 召来、请来 call off 取消call on/upon 探望、访问、号召carry away 痴迷、迷住 carry on 继续进行carry out 执行、完成 carry through 使度过难关come about 发生 com
16、e across 偶然碰到come down 物价下降 come out 出现、出版、生产出来come round/to 苏醒、恢复知觉 come through 经历(手术、危险）所活着come up 意外出现 come up with 提出cut across 取捷径 cut down 削减、减少cut off 切断、隔离 cut out 不吃(喝)、戒除、删去get across 被理解 get along on/with 和睦相处、进步get away 离开、逃脱 get out 泄露get over 恢复、克服、使人明白 get through 通过、完成give away 出卖、泄
17、露、告发 give in 让步、屈服give off 发出(气昧、气体、热量 ) give out 分发give up 戒除、放弃、辞职hand down 传下去、传给 hand in 上交、呈递hand out 分发、散发 hand over 移交look after 照看，照顾 look down on 轻视look for 寻找 look into 调查、研究look on 旁观 look out 当心、留神look over 仔细查看 look through 浏览look up (在词典、参考书中)查找make for 向走去 make nto 使成为make out 辨认出、理解，
18、明白 make up 组成、编造、化装make up for 弥补、补偿put aside 留出、储存 put down 写下、记下put forward 提出 put off 推迟、延期put on 穿、戴、(体重)增加 put out 扑灭(火灾)run across 偶然遇到 run away 逃跑、私奔run down 撞倒 run into 偶然遇到run out 用完、耗尽 run over 碾过、压死set about 开始、着手 set aside 留出、拨出set back 阻碍、耽搁 set down 记下、写下set off/out 出发 set in 开始发生、流行(
19、疾病等)set up 建立、创立take after 长得像 take apart 拆开take away 减去 take back 收回take down 记下、写下 take in 理解，领会、欺骗take off (飞机)起飞 take on 呈现、承担take out 带出去、领取 take over 接收、接管take to 养成某种爱好 take up 占用、吸收、接受turn away 拒绝帮助 turn down 调低(音量) 、拒绝turn in 呈上、交上 turn off 关掉turn on 打开 turn out 关掉、生产、结果是、出来turn over 移交、送交、
20、翻了 turn up 调高(音量)、突然出现二、动词的基本形式动词有五种基本形式:动词原形、动词单数第三人称形共、动词过去式、动词的过去分词、动词的现在分词。这五种形式和助动词(情态动词)一起构成动词的各种时态、语态和语气。1.动词单数第三人称形式2. 动词过去式和过去分词(1) 规则变化的动词过去式和过去分词(2) 不规则变化的动词过去式和过去分词不规则变化的动词过去式和过去分词的构成没有固定的规则。3. 动词的现在分词三、常用动词用法辨析1. lie,lay( 1) lie: 躺、位于There is a book lying on the table.He lay on the floo
21、r reading a book.The university lies in the east of the city.(2) lie: 说谎He said he had never been there, but he was lying.She lied (to them) about her age to get the job.(3)lay: 放置、产卵He laid his hand on my shoulder.He laid his coat over the chair.The cuckoo lays its eggs in other birds nests.2. aris
22、e, rise, arouse, raise( 1 ) arise: 出现Some unexpected difficulties have arisen.Use the money when the need arises.(2) rise: 上升，起身The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.He rose to welcome me.(3) arouse: 唤醒，引起He was aroused from his nap by the doorbell.Her behavior aroused the suspicions of the
23、 police.(4) raise: 举起，提高Raise your hand if you have any questions.The employees salary was raisedby 30%.3.hanged, hungHe hung his clothes on the wall.He was hanged for murder.She hanged herself from the rafters.4. say，tell ， speak，talk(1) say 为及物动词，意为 “说，讲飞指用语言表达思想，着重指说话的内容。He said something nice ab
24、out you.She said that she wouldnt agree with you.She said goodbye to her teacher then went home.He said to me, “See you later.“(2) tell 为及物动词，意为“ 告诉，讲诉“接双宾语、复合宾语或 the truth, lies, a secret,a story， a joke 等名词作宾语。He often tells lies.Did she tell you her name?Theyve told us that theyre not coming.She
25、told me to wait for her at the bus stop.(3) speak 和 talk 用作不及物动词，可以互换使用，意为“ 讲话“。作及物动词时，speak 接表语言的名词作宾语，而 talk 接 business， nonsense 等名词作宾语。He was talking/speaking to/with a friend.What are they talking/speaking of/about?She can speak English.He is always talking nonsense.5. sit, seatHe sat at his de
26、sk working.Please sit down.Seat the boy next to his mother.She seated herself on the sofa.Please be seated. (=Please sit down.)6. fit, suit, match这三个词都表示“适合 “，但用法有所不同。( 1 ) fit 指的是形状、大小的“适合“。These shoes dont.fit (me).Her coat fit (her) exactly.(2) suit 指款式、发型等的“适合“ 。Casual clothes really dont suit h
27、er.That new haircut suits you!(3) match 指两物在颜色或样式上“ 相配“。The color of the shirt does not match that of the coat.The curtains and carpet match perfectly.7. cost, take, spend, pay( 1 ) cost 意为“花费“主语通常是物，可接双宾语。The dictionary cost me 10 dollars.How much does it cost?These chairs cost thirty dollars each.
28、(2) take 指花费时间，主语通常是某件事，常常用 it 作形式主语。The journey takes almost 6 hours.It took him five days to finish the work.It will take time for her to recover from his illness.(3) spend 指花费时间或金钱，主语一般是人，用于 spend.on sth.或spend. (in)doing sth.结构。She spent too much money on clothes.Hes spent all his money.He spent
29、 five years (in) writing the novel.(4) pay 指支付金钱，主语一般是人。Her parents paid for her to go to America.Have you paid the milkman this week?I paid five dollars for the book.You havent paid me the money you owe me.8. assure, insure, ensure( 1 ) assure 意为“ 使相信 “。He assured us ofhis ability to solve the prob
30、lem.I can assure you that the medicine is perfectly safe.(2) ensure 意为“确保，保证 “。Please ensure that a11 the lights are switched off at night.This book ensured his success.These pills will ensure you a good nights sleep.(3) insure 和 ensure 实际上是一个词，但 insure 还有“ 保险“的意思。She has insured her life.She insure
31、d the house for 2000 dollars.He has insured the factory against fire.9. appear, seem, look这三个词都表示“看起来，好像 “的意思。seem 多用来表示有一定根据的判断，该判断往往与事实接近 appear 和 look 表示根据外表判断，含有事实并非如此之意。( 1 )后接 as if 从句或“to be+形容词“ 时，这三个词可以互换使用。It seems/appears/looks as ifhe were trying his best.He seems/appears/looks to be ver
32、y strong.Everything seemed/appeared/looked possible.(2) 后接不定式、 that 从句或用于 there 引导的存在句型时， seem 和 appear 可以互换使用，不能用 look。The boy seems/appears to cry.There seems/appears to be a mistake in his report.It seems/appears that it will rain this evening.(3) 后接 like 时， seem 和 look 可以互换使用，不能用 appear。Nancy se
33、ems/looks like her mother.10. beat, defeat, win, earn( 1) beat 和 defeat 用法相同，表示比赛或战斗中“打败“，后接指人的名词或代词。Our team was easily beaten/dfeated.He beat/defeated me at chess.Our men were heavily defeated/beaten in the battle.(2) win 意为“打赢，获胜“，后接比赛、辩论或战斗等名词。Which team won the game?She was determined to win th
34、e race.I never win at cards.(3) earn 意为“赢得，挣得“ 后接金钱、地位或荣誉等名词。His victory in the toumament earned him $500,000.She earned a living as a part-time secretary.As a teacher, shes earnedthe reputation and admiration of her students.11. dress, wear，have on, put on, pull on(1)wear 表示“穿戴”时，着重于状态，与 have on 同义
35、，但 have on不能用于进行时态。On Christmas Day Mary had on/was wearing a red dress.She has on/is wearing sun-glasses.Jimmy had nothing on except his socks.(2) dress 表示“穿戴“时，着重于动作。I dressed in a hurry, and my wife dressed the children.Is she old enough to dress herself?She (was) dressed io red.(3) puton 与 pull
36、on ，均表示“ 穿戴“的动作，但 pull on 通常表示“迅速地穿或戴“。What dress shall I put on for the party?Ill have to put my glasses on; I cant see the sign from here.She put/pulled on her coat and went out of the room hurriedly.12. adapt, adoptadapt 意为“适应，改写“；adopt 意为“采纳，接受;收养“ 。Our eyes slowly adapted to the dark.She adapte
37、d (herself) quicldy to the new climate.Three of her novels have been adapted for TV plays.We adopted his production method.Having no children of their own，they decided to adopt an orphan.13. damage, ruio, destroy, spoil(1) damage 意为“损害，损坏“含有可修补、弥补的意思， ruin 的毁坏程度强于 damage。The building was damaged/rui
38、ned by the fire.Smoking can damage/ruin your health.The frost damaged/ruined the crops.He damaged/ruined his prospects by carelessness.(2) spoil 意为“ 破坏，糟蹋 “含有失去完美性的意思，语气弱于 ruin。另外 spoil 还有 “ (把孩子) 宠坏“ 的意思。The tall building has spoiled/ruined the view.The bad news has spoiled/ruined my day.That littl
39、e girl is terribly spoiled-her parents give her everything she asks for.(3) destroy 意为“摧毁 “指彻底地毁掉，无法恢复，也可以指希望、计划等破灭。The bomb destroyed the whole building.They have destroyed all the evidence.His hope of being a writer was destroyed.14. hurt, injure, wound(1 ) hurt 和 injure 的意思相同，指在某次意外的事故或事件中“受伤“，多用
40、于被动语态。He was badly hurt/injured in the accident.Did you hurt/injure yourself?He hurt/injured his foot when he fell.The injured man is unconscious but still alive.(2) wound 多指在战争中 “受伤“如刀伤或枪伤等。The bullet wounded him in the shoulder.The wounded man was taken good care of.Ten soldiers were killed and th
41、irty were seriously wounded.(3) hurt 和 wound 还可以表示对某人感情的伤害。What he said hurthvounded me deeply.He was so hurt/wounded that he could not say a word.15. remember，recall， memorize， remind( 1 ) remember 和 recall 意义相同，意为吨己得，记起，回忆“，所记起的是以前知道或经历过的事，但 recall 不能接动词不定式作宾语。I cant remember/recall her name.I rem
42、ember/recall seeing him before.Remember to post the letter for me.( 2) memorize 意为“熟记，记住“ 指有意识地把某事的整个细节都记在脑子里。She can memorize facts very quickly.An actor must be able to memorize his lines.Try to memorize the words you have learnt.(3) remind 意为“使想起 “指经某人或某事的提醒而回忆起某个人或某件遗忘之事。You remind me of my ex-g
43、irlfriend.The photos remind me of my childhood.16. happen, take place, occur，chance( 1 ) happen 和 occur 的用法相同，指“ 偶然或意外的发生“但 occur 还有“ 突然产生某种想法“ 的意思。What happened/occurred next?Eight frres happened/occurred this month in the city.A new idea suddenly occurred to him.(2) take place 指“按预定计划发生“。Great cha
44、nges have taken place since the liberation.When wil1 the wedding take place?(3) chance 指“极为巧合或偶然的发生“。The man he killed chanced to be his long lost brother.She chanced to be in when he called.17. treat, cure, heal( 1) treat 意为“治疗“，指医治的过程。Last year the hospital treated forty cases of AIDS.Some skin di
45、seases are difficult to treat.(2) cure 意为“治愈“ 指医治的结果。The doctor cured her of lung cancer.This illness cannot be cured easily.(3) heal 意为“康复“指伤口或烧伤愈合。The wound healed slowly.The wound is not yet healed.This will help to heal your cuts and scratches.18. refuse, reject, decline( 1 ) decline 表示“婉言拒绝“ 语气
46、委婉客气，主要指谢绝别人的邀请、帮助或服务等。I offered to give them a lift but they declined.I declined her invitation because I had a prior appointment.(2) refuse 和 reject 均表示“肯定元疑地拒绝(接受 ) “，主要指拒绝邀请、申请、提议等。reject 比 refuse 的语气更坚决。Go on, ask her; she can hardly refuse.He flatly refused to discuss the matter.She refused/re
47、jected his marriage proposal.Sarahn refused/rejected her brothers offer of help.19. enlarge, expand, extend( 1) enlarge 主要指尺寸的咱大，放大，扩大“。I want to enlarge the lawn.We are going to have this picture enlarged.Reading will enlarge your vocabulary.(2) expand 主要指体积、数量或(企业)规模的“膨胀，变大“。Metal expands when the
48、y are heated.Student numbers are expanding rapidly.A childs vocabulary expends through reading.His small factory eventually expands ina large company.(3) extend 主要指事物在空间或时间上直线状的“伸展“ 。They extend the railway to the next town.Can you extend your visit a few days longer?The company plans to extend its
49、operations into Europe.( 4) enlarge, expand, extend 有时可以互换使用。There are no plans to enlarge/expand/extend the airport.20. choose, select, pick( 1) choose 为“选择“ 的普通用语，表示从两者或众多的对象中自由地选取一个。She chose a book from among those on the bookshelf.She chose the red sweater rather than the pink one.We had to choose between leaving early and paying for a taxi.(2) select 意为“精选 “为正式用语，表示在众多同一种类的东西中，经过慎重考虑，认真仔细地选择。He selected a tie to match his shirt.Which of them did you select for the job?(3) pick 不如 select 正式，表示仔细、苛刻地选择，多指挑选
