1、water 使用复数形式的若干场合本站特约作者 陈根花water 是大家很熟悉的一个词，大家对它的认识是，它的意思是“水”，它是物质名词，所以不可数，不能用复数。但是，使许多初学者感到困惑的是，我们教材上或考试试卷上却经常可以见到 waters 用法。为帮助同学们解决这一困惑，本文特对 water 的复数用法作一归纳。一、表示江河湖海等的“水域”“水体”时，习惯上要用复数。如：They will cross the waters tomorrow. 他们明天要渡海。 The waters of the lake flow out over a large waterfall. 这个湖的水流出后
2、形成一个大瀑布。 This is where the waters of Amazon flow out into the sea. 这就是亚马孙河入海的地方。二、表示某国的“近海”“海域”“领海”时，习惯上要用复数。如：British territorial waters 英国的海域 British waters were a “military area”. 英国领海是“军事区”。The number of fish in coastal waters has decreased. 沿海鱼的数量已减少了。The ship successfully underwent sea trials
3、in coastal waters. 那条船在近海水域试航成功。三、表示“矿泉水”“泉水”“喷泉水花”时，习惯上要用复数。如：We drink table waters. 我们喝瓶装矿泉水。A great poem is a fountain forever overflowing with the waters of wisdom and delight. 一首伟大的诗篇犹如一座喷泉，永远喷出智慧和欢乐的水花。注：take drink the waters 为习语，指喝矿泉水治疗或到矿泉胜地疗养。如：He went abroad to drink the waters 他出国去进行矿泉治疗。
4、He is taking drinking the waters at Bath. 他在巴斯进行矿泉治疗。四、表示“洪水”等大量的水时，习惯上要用复数。如：The flood waters are going down. 洪水渐退。 The dam was not strong enough to hold back the flood waters. 水坝不太坚固，挡不住洪水。 五、表示几条不同河流或海域的水，习惯上要用复数。如：The waters of the two rivers mingled (together) to form one river. 两条河汇合成一条。六、在某些固
5、定表达中，习惯上用复数。如：in smooth water(s) 进展顺利，一帆风顺 fish in troubled waters 混水摸鱼()pour oil on troubled waters 平息风波，作和事佬，调停争端 fish in muddy waters 趁火打劫，混水摸鱼1. 引导非限制性定语从句时，通常要用 which：The current, which is very rapid, makes the river dangerous. 水流湍急，使这条河很危险。He has to work on Sundays, which he doesnt like. 他得在星期
6、天工作，他是不喜欢这样的。The London team, which played so well last season, has done badly this season. 伦敦队上一个季度打得很好，这个季度却打得很差。2. 直接放在介词后作宾语时，通常要用 which：She may be late, in which case we ought to wait for her. 她可能晚到，那样我们就要等等她。The documents for which they were searching have been recovered. 他们找寻的文件已找到了。This morn
7、ing some port wine came, for which I have to thank you. 今天早上送来一些波尔图葡萄酒，为此我得向你道谢。注：有时“介词+which”引导的定语从句可以转换成“介词+which+不定式”结构：He had only the long nights in which he could study. =He had only the long nights in which to study. 他只有漫漫长夜可用来学习。He had a couple of revolvers with which he could defend himself
8、.= He had a couple of revolvers with which to defend himself. 他只有一两把手枪用来自卫。3. 当 先行词是下列不定代词或被它们修饰时 much, little, none, all, few, every(thing), any(thing), no(thing) 等时，通常用 that：All that she lacked was training. 她缺的只是训练。Have you everything that you need? 你需要的东西都有了吗 ?The sleeping mans subconscious mind
9、 retained everything that was said around him. 这位酣睡的人头脑的下意识能记住他周围的人说的话。She would never do anything that was not approved of by her parents. 她父母不赞同的事她绝不会做。4. 当先行词有 the very, the only, the same 等修饰时，通常用 that：This is the only example that I know. 我知道的例子只有这一个。Those are the very words that he used. 那是他的原
10、话。5. 当先行词有形容词最高级或序数词(包括 last, next 等)等修饰时，通常用 that：This is the best dictionary that Ive ever used. 这是我用过的最好的词典。The first thing that you should do is to work out a plan. 你应该做的第一件事是订个计划。6. 当关系代词在定语从句中用作表语时，通常用 that：China is not the country (that) it was. 中国已不是过去的中国了。7. 当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时，通常用 that：The
11、y talked about the persons and things that most impressed them. 他们谈论了使他们印象最深的人和事。8. 当要避免重复时：Which is the course that we are to take? 我们选哪门课程？限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的六点区别区别一：形式不同限定性定语从句主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开，口语中使用时也不停顿；而非限定性定语从句与主句之间通常有逗号隔开，口语中使用时有停顿。区别二：功能不同限定性定语从句用于对先行词的意义进行修饰、限制和识别，如果去掉，就会造成句意不完整或概念不清；而非限定性定语从句用于
12、对先行词起补充说明作用，如果省略，句意仍然清楚、完整。如：People who take physical exercise live longer. 进行体育锻炼的人活得长些。( 若把从句去掉句子就失去意义)His daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next week. 他女儿现在在波士顿，下星期回来。(若把从句去句子意义仍然完整 )区别三：翻译不同在翻译定语从句时，一般把限定性定语从句翻译在它所修饰的先行词之前，而把非限定性定语从句与主句分开。如：He is the man whose car was stolen. 他就是汽车被
13、窃的那个人。Ive invited Jim, who lives in the next flat. 我邀请了吉姆，他就住在隔壁。区别四：含义不同比较下面的两个句子：I have a sister who is a doctor. 我有一个医生的姐姐。(姐姐不止一个)I have a sister, who is a doctor. 我有一个姐姐，她是当医生的。(只有一个姐姐)区别五：先行词不同限定性定语从句的先行词只能是名词或代词，而非限定性定语从句的先行词则可以是名词或代词，也可以是短语或句子；另外，当先行词为专有名词或其他具有独一无二性的普通名词时，通常要用非限制性定语从句，而不用限制性
14、定语从句。如：Peter drove too fast, which was dangerous. 彼得开车很快，这是很危险的。(which 指drive too fast)He changed his mind, which made me very angry. 他改变了主意，这使我很生气。(which 指整个主句 )Mr. Smith, who is our boss, will leave for Japan next week. 我们的老板史密斯先生下周要去日本。(先行词为专有名词，要用非限制性定语从句修饰) Her father, who has a lot of money, w
15、ishes her to study abroad. 她父亲很有钱，希望她出国学习。(先行词为表独一无二意义的普通名词，要用非限制性定语从句修饰)区别六：关系词不同关系词 that 和 why 可用于限制性定语从句中，通常不用于非限制性定语从句；另外，在限制性定语从句中，关系词有时可以省略(参见本章有关内容) ，而在非限制性定语从句中关系词一律不省略。倒装形式 地点状语前置， only，否定副词前置，非谓语动词前置， SO 前置。 AS, THOUGH 的倒装。虚拟式倒装， HAD,WERE,SHOULD 去掉 IF让步从句，THOUGH AS,前面可接名词，CHILD AS HE IS, 副
16、词，MUCH AS I LIKE HIM,形容词，CAREFUL AS HE IS， 动词，TRY AS HE MAY Search as they would, they would find nobody in the house. 无论怎样搜查，他们在房子里仍然没有找到一个人。Dislike him as we may, we must acknowledge his greatness. 尽管我们不喜欢他，但必须承认他的伟大。Lose money as I did, we got a lot of experience. 钱虽然丢了，我们却得到了许多经验。Fail in the ele
17、ction as he did, he became famous for his fiery speech against slavery非谓语动词，分词Raining hard as it is, Im going out for a walk. 虽然正在下着大雨，我还是要出去散步。Surrounded as we were by the enemy, we managed to march forward. 虽然我们被敌人包围着，但我们还是设法前进了。Munching the apple as he was, he had got an eye for all Johns movemen
18、tsTired as he was, he sat up late studying at night. 昨晚他虽然很疲倦了，但还是学习到很晚才睡。(表让步) Tired as he was, he went to bed early. 因为很累，所以他睡得很早。 (表原因)Young as he was, he was equal to the task. 他虽年轻，却能胜任这项工作。 (表让步) Young as he was, he was not equal to the task. 他因为年轻，所以不能胜任这项工作。( 表原因There are now published thous
19、ands and millions of books every year. 现在每年出版上亿册书。On the following day, there was held a splendid banquet. 第二天举行了盛大的宴会。THERE IS NO DOUBT,NO SENSE,POINT,DIFFICULTY, TELLING,DENYING,THERE 加情态动词，there 加 have，haslike, prefer, hate, want, mean, intend, expect, consider 加 there TO BE 做宾语。there being 为 the
20、re be 的非谓语形式之一，它在句中主要用作状语或作介词宾语。 用作状语There being nothing else to do, we went home. 由于没什么其他的事要干，所以我们就回家了。There having been no rain, the ground was dry. 由于没有下雨，所以地面很干。【注】有时可与状语从句转换：There being no further business , I declared the meeting closed. 由于没有别的事了，我宣布闭会。As there was no further business, I decla
21、red the meeting closed. 由于没有别的事了，我宣布闭会。用作介词宾语There is now some hope of there being a settlement of the dispute. 现在有点希望可以解决这次争端注意，there being 用作宾语时，不能用作动词的宾语，只能用作介词的宾语，并且这个介词不能是“a bit”和“a little”的意思几乎相同，但两者前面若加上 “not”，其意思就完全不同了。 “not a bit”意为“一点也没有；一点也不” ，而 “not a little”意为“很多；非常” 。如： Tom wasnt a bit
22、 surprised. 汤姆一点也不惊讶。 Tom wasnt a little surprised. 汤姆非常惊讶。 “a bit”和“a little” （两者皆当副词用时） 在修饰动词、形容词时可以互换。如： The shirt looks a bit / a little large. 这件衬衫看起来大了一点。 但“a bit”（不可当形容词用）后面不能直接接名词，若要接名词，须使用“a bit of”。如： Give me a bit of water. 请给我一点水。 而“a little” （可当形容词用）后面可以直接接名词（不可数）。如： There is a little f
23、ood in the bowl. 碗里有点食物。 关于“not a little”，我们也可以使用“no little”或“quite a little”来表达相同的意思，这三种表达都与 “much”同义，即：not a little = no little = quite a little = much （很多）它们都接不可数名词。四、why (not)后省略 to 的情况在 why (not)?之后的不定式不能带 to。如：Why go with him? 为什么要同他一起去？Why not ask the teacher? 为什么不去问问老师？Why not try to expand
24、your story into a novel? 你怎么不把你的故事扩展成小说呢?五、动词 know 后省略 to 的情况在“know+宾语+不定式” 中，不定式有时省略 to，有时不省，可分以下两种情况讨论：1. 若 know 为现在式，该结构中的不定式只限于 to be，且其中的 to 不能省略。如：I know him to be ill. 我知道他病了。We knew her to be honest. 我们知道她是诚实的。2. 若 know 为完成式或过去式，则该结构中的不定式可以用除 to be 外的其他动词，且此时其中的 to 可以省留。如：I never knew him (t
25、o) do such a thing. 我从未听说他会干那种事。Weve never known him (to) tell a lie. 我们从未听说他撒过谎。Ive never known it (to) snow in July before. 我从未听说过有七月下雪的事。但在被动语态中不定式前的 to 不能省略。这样用的 know 不仅仅表示一般意义的“知道”，而是表示一种经历，因此常译为“曾过”(用于肯定句时)或“(从来) 没有过”(用于否定句时) 。六、介词 except / but 后省略 to 的情况用作介词 except, but 宾语的不定式有时带 to，有时不带 to。其
26、大致原则是：若其前出现了动词 do，其后的不定式通常不带 to；若其前没有出现动词 do，则其后的不定式通常带 to。如：I had no choice but to wait. 除了等，我没有别的选择。He wanted nothing but to stay there. 他只想留在那儿。 (from )It had no effect except to make him angry. 除惹他生气外，没产生任何效果。She can do everything except cook. 除了做饭之外她什么都会。七、主语带 do 表语省略 to 的情况当主语部分有动词 do 的某种形式时，用
27、作表语的不定式可以省略 to。如：All you do now is (to) complete the form. 你现在要做的只是把这张表填好。The only thing to do now is (to) go on. 前进是现在唯一的出路。What Ill do is (to) tell her the truth. 我要做的就是告诉她真相。八、并列不定式省略 to 的情况当两个或多个作用相同的不定式并列时，通常只需在第一个不定式前用 to，其余不定式前的 to 可以省略。如：He told me to stay there and wait for him. 他叫我在那儿等他。Im
28、 really puzzled what to think or say. 我真不知该怎么想怎么说。It is easier to persuade people than (to) force them. 说服人容易，强迫人难。但是，如果两者有对比关系，则后面不定式前的 to 不可省略。如：To try and fail is better than not to try at all. 尝试而失败总比不尝试好。九、省略不定式是否保留 to在一定的上下文中，为了避免重复，有时不定式可以省略，但通常保留不定式符号 to。如：I shall go if I want to. 如果我想去就去。“D
29、ont be late.” “Ill try not to.” “不要来晚了。”“我尽量不来晚。”Dont go till I tell you to. 等我叫你走你再走。注意：1. 若被省略的不定式为 to be 短语，则通常应保留 to be。如：He is not the man he used to be. 他已不是原来的那个样子了。2. 有时省略不定式时，同时也可省略 to。如：She may go if she likes (to). 她想去就可以去。find 的用法与搭配1. 表示“找到”，其后可接双宾语；若双宾语交换位置用介词 for 引出间接宾语。如：Can you find
30、 me a hotel?=Can you find a hotel for me? 你能给我找一家旅馆吗?We found him a good job.=We found a good job for him. 我们为他找了份好工作。比较下面一句（found 后为复合宾语）：We found him a good teacher. (=We found that he was a good teacher.) 我们发现他是位好老师。2. 表示“发现”时，其后可接各种形式的复合结构：(1) 宾语+名词作宾语补足语。如：Youll find it a difficult book. 你会发现它是
31、一本难懂的书。有时可在宾语补足语前加上 to be。如：Youll find it to be a difficult book. 你会发现它是一本难懂的书。(2) 宾语+形容词作宾语补足语。如：He found the room empty. 他发现房间是空的。I found the book easy. 我觉得这书读起来比较容易。有时可在宾语补足语前加上 to be。如：We find the story (to be) very interesting. 我们发现这个故事很有趣。(3) 宾语+副词作宾语补足语。如：Did you find her in? 你发现她在家吗? I went
32、to her house but I found her out. 我到她家发现她不在家。用作宾语补足语的副词通常只能是 in, out, up, down, upstairs, downstairs 等表示处所的副词小品词，而不能是其他普通副词。(4) 宾语+不定式作宾语补足语。如：He found the patient to be a small boy. 他发现病人是一个小男孩。用作宾语补足语的不定式通常为 to be（且通常可以省略），但当 find 用于被动语态时，可以用其他动词。如：Her blood was found to contain poison. 她的血液里被发现有毒
33、。He was found to have helped himself to public money. 他被发现挪用了公款。(5) 宾语+现在分词作宾语补足语。如：I found him lying on the floor. 我发现他躺在地板上。I found him standing at the door. 我发现他正站在门口。(6) 宾语+过去分词作宾语补足语。如：He found the door locked. 他发现门锁上了。He found the city much changed. 他发现这个城市发生了巨大的变化。(7) 宾语+介词短语作宾语补足语。如：We found
34、 her in tears. 我们发现她在哭泣。We found the map quite out of date. 我们发现这地图已完全过时。另外还要注意“find+形式宾语 it+宾语补足语”结构。如：I find it easy to get on with her. 我发现她很容易相处。He found it easy to earn extra money. 他发现赚点外快很容易。I found it interesting being back at school again. 我发现再次回到学校很有意思。3. 其后有时可接 that 从句。如：I found that the
35、book was very interesting. 我发现这本书很有趣。They found that he was no longer working there. 他们发现他已经不在那儿工作了。He found (that) no one could answer his question. 他发现没有人能回答他的问题。When he arrived, he found that she had gone. 当他到达时，他发现她已经走了。后接 that 从句时，只要句型适合且不影响原意，有时可转换成复合结构，如上面的前面两句可转换为：I found the book very inter
36、esting.They found him no longer working there. 但是，上面的最后两句不适合这种转换，因为从句中用了情态动词或完成时态4. 用于 find oneself, 主要用法：(1) 后接宾语补足语，含有出乎意料的意味，表示（突然）发现自己处于某种状态或来到某地方。如：He woke up and found himself in hospital. 他醒来时发现自己在医院里。He returned to England to find himself famous. 他回到英国，发现自己竟出了名。(2) 表示发现自己的真实能力、性格、愿望等。如：Mary tried several jobs but at last found herself as a teacher. 玛丽试做了几种工作，但最后发现自己还是适合于当老师。(3) 指某人身体方面的自我感觉。如：How do you find yourself today? 今天你觉得身体怎样?
