1、Unit 41. There are estimated to be more than 20000 overseas domestic servants working in Britain (p1)译：据估计，在英国工作的外籍家佣有 20000 多人。 句子分析：此句为 there be 句型的变体。该句型是英语中常见句式，称 “存在句”谓语动词一般由 be 充当，但还可以根据句意换成其它动词，如：1). There are a lot of people in the meeting room.2). There will be a meeting tomorrow.3). There
2、used to be a church at the corner of the street.4). There happened to be an old friend of mine in the hotel.5). There is sure to rain tomorrow.6). There stands a bank next to my school.另外，working in Britain 是现在分词作定语，修饰 domestic servants。2. Of these 20000, just under 2000 are being exploited and abus
3、ed by their employers, according to a London-based campaigning group which helps overseas servants working in Britain. (p1)译：根据某个设在伦敦的帮助在英国工作的国外佣人的活动组织声称，在这20000 名佣人中又近 2000 人被他们的雇主剥削和虐待。句子分析：Of these 20000 是状语，under 2000 是数词作整个句子主语，are being exploited and abused 是现在进行时态的被动语态做谓语，剩余的是状语。另外，under 是低于。
4、不到。的意思； -based 设在。的，以。为基础的；3. And they can have their passports removed, making leaving or escaping virtually impossible. (p2)译：他们的护照可能已被拿走，其实际上既不能离开液或不能逃走。句子分析：have their passports removed 是 VOC 结构，使 have sth done 句型的具体使用，表示宾语和动词之间是被动的关系，如：Last week I have my computer repaired. making leaving or es
5、caping virtually impossible 是现在分词作结果状语，其中leaving or escaping 是动名词，做 making 的宾语。virtually 是几乎的意思，相当于 almost.4. In one of them, a Filipino maid was executed in Singapore after being convicted of murder, despite protests from various quarters that her guilt had not been adequately established. (p3)译：其中
6、一个事例就是关于一个菲律宾女佣在被判谋杀罪后，在新加坡被处决，尽管各个地区的人都抗议她的罪行尚未得到充分证实。句子分析：was executed 表被动，after being convicted of murder 是时间状语，请注意：being 动名词，convicted 被判罪，被动，词组：sb is convicted of sth 某人被判有。罪。如：She has twice been convicted of fraud. (她已经两次被判犯有诈骗罪。)despite 尽管，是介词，因此其后只能跟名词，而不能接句子。Protests 是抗议的意思，that her guilt h
7、ad not been adequately established 是 Protests 的同位语从句，具体解释 Protests 的内容。from various quarters= from various places.5. I was supposed to be paid 120 but I never received that amount. (p4)译：我本应该得到 120 英镑的报酬，但我从未得到那个数目。句子分析：词组 be supposed to do sth 应该做某事，如： You are supposed to get there as early as poss
8、ible.be paid 被支付。钱。He is paid 1000yuan for finishing such a task.6. At the end of 1994, the British Government introduced new measures to help protect domestic workers from abuse by their employers. (p7)译：1994 年年底，英国政府引进新的措施来保护家佣们，使其免受雇主的虐待。句子分析：At the end of 1994 时间状语，the British Government 主语，intr
9、oduced 谓语，new measures 宾语，to help protect domestic workers from abuse by their employers是不定式做目的状语。词组：protect sb from sth 保护。使之远离。Each parent should protect their child from TV violence.7. So if they do complain, they risk being deported. (p8)译：所以，如果他们真的抱怨的话，就会冒着被驱逐出境的风险。句子分析：do complain:是谓语动词的强调形式，意
10、思：的确抱怨道的话。前面我们曾经见过 it is/was that/who的强调句型，它不能用来强调谓语，只能强调主语、宾语和状语，而要想强调谓语，只能借助于助动词 do, does, did.For example:1). I do love you!2). He does study very hard.3). I did meet Bill Gates last week. 8. Allowing domestic workers the freedom to seek the same type of work but with a different employer, if the
11、y so choose, is what groups like Anti-Slavery International are campaigning the Government for. (p9)译：给予那些愿意做同类工作但是想更换雇主的家佣们这种自由，这正是国际反奴役组织这样的团体向政府争取的。句子分析：Allowing domestic workers the freedom to seek the same type of work but with a different employer 是动名词短语作主语，其中 to seek the same type of work but
12、 with a different employer 是不定式作定语修饰 the freedom，谓语是 is, 后面的 what groups like Anti-Slavery International are campaigning the Government for 是表语从句。 if they so choose 是条件状语从句，做插入语。9. It is, they say, the right to change employers which distinguishes employment from slavery. (p9)译：他们说，就是更换雇主的权利才能把雇佣同奴役
13、区别开来。句子分析：该句的主要形式是 it is引导的强调句。强调句子的主语 the right to change employers. they say 是插入语。词组：distinguish A from B 将 A 同 B 区分开。The twins are so alike that no one can distinguish one from the otherUnit 51. The new music was built out of materials already in existence (p1)译：新音乐是从已有的三种音乐发展起来的。句子分析：词组 in exist
14、ence 现有的、已有的；out of = from.2. The three forms remained musically and culturally distinct, and even as late as 1965, none of them were expressing any radically new states of consciousness. (p1)译：这三种形式保留着音乐和文化方面的特色，甚至直到 1965 年，这三种音乐没有一种表达出任何激进的新的意识形态。句子分析：主语：The three forms；谓语（系动词）：remained ；表语：distin
15、ct. musically and culturally 是副词修饰 distinct。as late as 1965 时间状语，none 没有一个； new states of consciousness 新的意识状态。Radically 修饰new.3. What happened, as well as it can be put into words, was this. (p2)译：所发生的情况，如果用语言尽可能表达出来是这样的。句子分析：主语：What happened，主语从句；was this 系表结构；as well as 在本句中应理解为：asas ，像。一样好。put i
16、nyo words: 用文字表达4. They freely took over elements from jazz, from American country music, and as time went on from even more diverse sources. (p2)译：他们自由地吸取爵士乐、美国乡村音乐的成分，随着时间的推移甚至从更多的来源中吸取营养。句子分析：本句核心形式：take over sth from sth 从。中吸取。；as time went on 意思是：随着时间的推移，如： as time goes on, our vocabulary is en
17、larging gradually.Diverse: a 不同的，各种各样的，相当于 various.如：New York is a very culturally diverse city.5. What developed was a music readily taking on various forms and capable of an almost limitless range of expression. (p2)译：音乐的很快发展成为具有多种形式并且几乎具有无限的表现力。句子分析：主语：What developed，后面是一个系表结构，readily taking on v
18、arious forms and capable of an almost limitless range of expression 分别是现在分词短语和形容词短语做定语，修饰 music.另外：take on 意思：具有；be capable of doing sth 有能力做某事。6. Electronics did, in fact, make possible sounds that no instrument up to that time could produce. (p3)译：事实上，电子学的确可以制作出到那时为止乐器所发不出的声音。句子分析：did make 是谓语的强调结
19、构，possible 是宾补，提到宾语 sounds 以及定语从句之前是国考的重要考点，目的是为了避免结构的头重脚轻现象。（在下一句话中我们还会见到相同用法。）*7. Electronic amplifiers also made possible a fantastic increase in volume, the music becoming as loud and penetrating as the human ear could stand, and thereby achieving a total effect, so that instead of an audience o
20、f passive listeners, there were now audiences of total participants, feeling the music in all of their senses and all of their bones. (p3)译：电子扬声器也使得在音量方面能够有意想不到的提高，音乐在人类耳朵所能承受范围内变得响亮，具有穿透力，由此表达了一种完美的效果，所以听众已不是被动的听众，现在的听众是完全投入的听众，他们在全身心感受着音乐。句子分析：本句话非常复杂，可分为四个层次：第一层次是主句：Electronic amplifiers also mad
21、e possible a fantastic increase in volume；第二层次从 the music becoming 直至句尾是现在分词的独立主格结构，做伴随状语。第三层次：so that 引导的结果状语从句；第四层次从 feeling 到句尾为现在分词短语，又是分词做伴随状语。8. With records at home, listeners imitated these lighting effects as best as they could, and heightened the whole experience by using drugs. (p4)译：家里有了
22、唱片，听众尽力模仿舞厅灯光效果并通过使用药物以加强整体感受。句子分析：With records at home 方式状语；imitated 和 heightened 两个并列谓语动词；as best as one could 尽力做某事,如： I sear I will teach him a lesson as best as I could.Unit 61. Most of todays robots are employed in the automotive industry, where they are programmed to take over such jobs as we
23、lding and spray painting automobile and truck bodies. (p2)翻译：今天大多数机器人用于汽车工业，它们按照编好的程序接任了汽车和卡车车身的焊接和喷漆这一类的工作。分析：该句的考点是 where 引导的非限定性定语从句，修饰 in the automotive industry。另外请注意几个词的用法：employ: v 雇佣，使用，相当于 use; program: v 编写程序；take over: 接管、接收、接任，如：Do you want me to take over the driving if you are tired?su
24、ch.as 例如， welding and spray painting 是动名词，做宾语。2. Robots, already taking over human tasks in the automotive field, are beginning to be seen , although to a lesser degree, in other industries as well. (p3)翻译：除了在汽车生产领域替代人工劳动外，机器人也开始在别的工业部门应用，虽然应用程度低一些。分析：该句考点如下：already taking over human tasks in the au
25、tomotive field是现在分词短语做定语；to be seen 不定式的被动概念；although to a lesser degree 让步状语， to a lesser degree 是表示：在更小的程度上，反义词： to a larger degree.3. The robots used in nuclear pants handle the radioactive materials, preventing human personnel from being exposed to radiation. (p3)翻译：核电站里使用机器人处理辐射材料，避免人员接触放射性物质。分
26、析：主语：The robots；谓语：handle；宾语：the radioactive materials ；used in nuclear pants handle the radioactive materials 是过去分词短语做定语；preventing human personnel from being exposed to radiation 是现在分词短语做伴随状语。being exposed to 动名词被动语态；prevent sb from doing 阻止某人做某事。4. Robots differ form automatic machines in that af
27、ter completion of one specific task, they can be reprogrammed by a computer to do another one. (p4)翻译：机器人与自动化装置的区别在于它们完成一项特定任务后可以由计算机重新编程去执行另一项任务。分析：该句重要考点：in that,相当于 because, 所引导从句表原因。如：Men are different from other animals in that the former can create and use tools while the latter cannot.5. It i
28、s not yet known whether robots will one day have vision as good as human vision. (p5)翻译：人们不知道是否有一天机器人能具有像人类一样好的视觉。分析：该句的主语是 whether 引导的主语从句。（有关知识请见课后补充语法。），it 是形式主语；as good as human vision 是后置定语修饰 vision; 6. Engineers working on other advances are designing and experimenting with new types of metal
29、hands and fingers, giving robots a sense of touch. (p6)翻译：在其他方面努力取得进展的工程人员正在设计和实验新的金属手臂和手指，使机器人具有触觉。分析：请注意该句中几个-ing 的区别：working on other advances 是非谓语动词中的现在分词；are designing and experimenting 是谓语动词的进行时态；giving robots a sense of touch 是非谓语动词的现在分词做结果状语。词组：experiment with sth 实验。7. These future robots,
30、assembled with a sense of touch and the ability to see and make decisions, will have plenty of work to do. (p7)翻译：未来具有触觉、视觉并能决策的机器人将可以做很多工作。分析：主语：These future robots；谓语：will have；宾语：plenty of work to do。assembled with a sense of touch and the ability to see and make decisions 是过去分词短语做定语，修饰主语，其中动词不定式
31、 to see and make decisions 是另外一个定语，修饰 the ability. 词组：be assembled with sth = be equipped wth sth 装备有。；a sense of touch触觉，同样的短语还有：a sense of sight/hearing/smell/taste:视觉，听觉，嗅觉，味觉；a sense of humor/direction:幽默感/方向感。make decisions 做出决定；plenty of sth 充足的，足够的8. Anyone wanting to understand the industry
32、of the future will have to know about robotics. (p7)翻译：任何希望了解未来工业的人必须懂机器人。分析：这句话是国考题目中常考的。考点：wanting to understand the industry of the future，是现在分词短语做定语，修饰 anyone. 词组：know about sth 了解。，懂得。补充语法知识：名词性从句名词性从句是由 if, whether, that 和各种疑问词充当连接词所引导的从句，其功同名词一样。一主语从句主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语 it 代替
33、，而本身放在句子末尾。1. It 作形式主语和 it 引导强调句的比较 It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而 it 引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词 that。被强调部分指人是也可用 who/whom。例如： 1).It is a pity that you didnt go to see the film. 2).It doesnt interest me whether you succeed or not. 3).It is in the morning that the murder took pla
34、ce. 4).It is John that broke the window.必背用形式主语 it 引导的主语从句相当多，有些已形成固定的语法和译法。常见的有：It is said that. 据说 It is reported that. 据报导 It is well known that. 众所周知 It is announced that. 据宣布 It is believed that. 人们相信 It is thought that. 人们认为 It is understood that. 自不待言 It must be pointed out that. 必须指出 It must
35、 be admitted that. 必须承认2.主语从句的语序主语从句要求使用陈述句语序，而非一般疑问句语序。如：What surprised me most was that the little girl could play the violin so well. 使我感到惊讶的是这个小女孩的小提琴拉得太好了。How he was successful is still a puzzle. 他是如何成功的仍然是个谜。3. 连接词的选用（1）that 和 what 的选用that 和 what 都可引导主语从句。what 除起连接作用外，还在名词性从句中充当某些成分，可作从句的主语、宾语
36、或表语。而 that 在名词性从句中不充当任何成分，无词义，只起连接词作用。如：What he wants is a book. 他想要的是一本书。That light travels in straight lines is known to all. 众所周知，光线沿直线运行。（2）if 和 whether 的选用引导主语从句，不能用 if，只能用 whether。如：Whether we will hold a party in the open air tomorrow depends on the weather. 我们明天是否在户外开晚会要看天气而定。（3）其它连接代词和副词的选用
37、根据主语从句的具体意义，正确的选择 who, which, when, where, why, how 等连接词，这些连接词既有疑问含义，又起连接作用，同时在从句中充当各种成分。如：When we shall hold our sports meet is not decided. 我们何时举行运动会还没有决定。Who broke the glass yesterday is not clear. 还不清楚昨天谁打破了玻璃。Which car you will choose to buy makes no difference. 你决定买哪一辆车都不会有任何区别。二宾语从句在复合句中用作宾语的
38、从句叫做宾语从句。1. 宾语从句常由 that 引导，在口语中常省略。当主句中谓语动词是现在或将来时态时，从句中谓语动词不受主句中谓语动词时态的影响，按需要可以使用任何时态。如：She says (that) she works from Monday to Friday. 从句是一般现在时She says (that) she will leave a message on his desk. 从句是一般将来时当主句谓语是过去时态，从句中的时态一般用表示过去的某种时态。如：He said there were no classes yesterday afternoon. 从句是一般过去时H
39、e said (that) he was going to take care of the baby. 从句是过去将来时He said (that) they were having a meeting at that time. 从句是过去进行时当主句谓语是过去时态，而宾语从句叙述某一客观真理（事实）时，宾语从句的时态则用一般现在时。如：The teacher told us(that) nothing is difficult if you put your heart into it.老师告诉我们世上无难事只怕有心人。He said that light travels much fa
40、ster than sound. 他说光传播比声音传播快得多。2. 否定转移1) 将 think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine 等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。I dont think I know you. 我想我并不认识你。I don t believe he will come. 我相信他不回来。注意：若谓语动词为 hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。I hope you werent ill. 我想你没有生病吧。2) 将 seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移到前
41、面。It doesnt seem that they know where to go.看来他们不知道往哪去。It doesnt appear that well have a sunny day tomorrow. 看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。三表语从句表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语连系动词表语从句” 。可以接表语从句的连系动词有 be, look, remain, seem等。引导表语从句的 that 常可省略。另外，常用的还有 the reason is that 和 It is because 等结构。例如： 1) The question is
42、 whether we can make good preparation in such a short time. 2) This is why we cant get the support of the people. 3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes. 4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus. 四. 同位语从句 同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。1. 同位语从句的功能同位语从句对于名词
43、进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由 that 引导，例如： 1) The kings decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general. 2同位语从句与定语从句的区别 (1) 定语从句中的 that 既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语），而同位语从句中的 that 是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。(2) 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如：1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。）（第一个 that 引导的从句是定语从句， that 在从句中作宾语）2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。）（同位语从句，that 在句中不作任何成分）
