1、根据句子的结构，英语的句子可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。 1 简单句简单句是由一个主（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）构成的句子。英语中最基本的句型只有五种，其他各种句型都是由这五种基本句型转换来的。第一种基本句型：主语+谓语动词如：I am singing. He often swims in the river.第二种句型：主语+动词+ 宾语如：He loves his wife.We will always remember the junior high school life.第三种句型：主语+连系动词+表语如：I am a winner.The music sounds nic
2、e.We are in the classmate.第四种句型：主语+动词+ 间接宾语+ 直接宾语如：He brings me cookies every day.They gave him a watch.第五种句型：主语+动词+ 宾语+ 宾语补足语如：He asked me to answer this question. 2 并列句 句型：简单句+并列连词+ 简单句（常见的并列连词有 and，but，or） 并列句是由两个或两个以上的简单句连接而成。并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要，相互之间没有从属关系，是平行并列的关系。它们之间用连词连结。 根据并列分句之间的不同关系，并列句可以分为四种
3、。We often see him play basketball alone.第一种：表示并列关系此类并列连词有 and, bothand, neithernor等。如：He likes sports and he often plays basketball .Neither Jack nor his wife can play the piano.第二种：表示转折关系此类并列连词有 but, however, while 等。如：The old woman lives alone, but she never feels lonely.第三种：表示选择关系此类并列连词有 or, eith
4、eror等。如：Get up early, or youll be late for school.第四种：表示因果关系此类并列连词有 so, for 等。如：I turned on the TV, so we sat down and watched it.3 复合句 句型：主句+连词+ 从句；或连词+ 从句+主句（包含一个主句、一个或一个以上的从句，或只包含一个从句，但有两个或两个以上的主句的句子叫复合句。 ） 复合句（The Complex Sentence）：句子中有一个或一个以上的从句，叫做复合句。复合句可分为： 1).定语从句（The Attributive Clause） ； 2
5、).状语从句（The Adverbial Clause） ； 3).名词性从句（The Noun Clause）： 一、 定语从句 定语从句的定义 定语从句在句子中作定语，用来修饰一个名词、名词词组或者代词。 先行词和引导词 被修饰的名词、名词词组或代词叫做先行词； 在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用的词叫做引导词。 引导词分为“关系代词”和“关系副词” 。 关系代词和关系副词 关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which, as。 关系副词有：when, where, why。 注意：关系副词里面没有 how。 如果要修饰方式，用 that 或 in which 引导
6、，或者不用引导词。 I dont like the way (that, in which) he eyed me. 我不喜欢他看我的那个样子。 关系代词：who 关系动词 who 在从句中主要作主语，在非正式语体里 who 还可以作从句中的宾语。 He is the man who wants to see you. He is the man who I saw in the park yesterday. 关系代词：whom He is the man （whom） I saw in the park yesterday. （whom 在从句中作宾语） 关系代词：whose whose
7、用来指人或物， （只能用作定语 , 若指物，它还可以同 of which 互换） 。 They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. Please pass me the book whose cover is green. （of which the cover/the cover of which） 关系代词：which（1） which 指物，在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时在非正式语体中可以省略。 They needed a plant which didnt need as much water as rice.
8、The farm (which) we visited yesterday is located in the suburb of Beijing. 关系代词：which（2） 当在 which 和 that 面前进行选择的情况下，一下情况要选 which： 1.在非限制性定语从句中通常用 which 作引导词，而不能用 that 做非限制性定语从句的引导词。 2. 修饰整个主句。 I never met Julia again after that, which was a pity. 3. 修饰谓语部分。 He can swim in the river, which I cannot.
9、4. 介词 + which They are all questions to which there are no answers. 关系代词：that（1） that 多用来指物，有时也可以用来指人；在从句中作主语或宾语。指物的时候多用 that，也可用 which。 Its a question that (which) needs careful consideration. （指物，作主语。 ） Who is the man that is reading a magazine under the tree? （指人，作主语。 ） The girl (that) we saw yes
10、terday is Toms sister. （指人，作宾语，可省略。 ） 关系代词：that（2） 在以下的情况中，只能用 that 作引导词，而不能用 which 作引导词。 1. 先行词为 all , everything, anything, nothing, little 等不定代词时。 All (that) she lacked was training. 2. 先行词被形容词最高级修饰时 This is the best film that I have ever seen. 3. 先行词被序数词和 the last 修饰时 4. 先行词中既有人又有物时 They talked
11、about the teachers and the schools that they had visited. 5. 主句是含有 who 或 which 的特殊疑问句，为了避免重复时 二、 状语从句 1 地点状语从句 地点状语从句通常由 where, wherever 引导。 Where I live there are plenty of trees. Wherever I am I will be thinking of you. 2 方式状语从句 方式状语从句通常由 as, (just) asso, as if, as though 引导。 1） as, (just) asso引导的
12、方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在(just) asso结构中位于句首，这时 as 从句带有比喻的含义，意思是 “正如“，“就像“ ，多用于正式文体，例如： Always do to the others as you would be done by. 你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。 As water is to fish, so air is to man. 我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。 Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds. 正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑
13、中落后的东西。 2） as if, as though 两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作“仿佛似的“ ，“好像似的“，例如： They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed. 他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。 （与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。 ） He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting. 他那样子就像被雷击了似的。 （与
14、事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。 ） It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon. 看来天气很快就会好起来。 （实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。 ） 说明：as if / as though 也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语，例如： He stared at me as if seeing me for first time. 他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。 He cleared his throat as if to say something. 他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。 3 原因状语从句 比较：because
15、, since, as 和 for 1） because 语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答 why 提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用 as 或 since。 I didnt go, because I was afraid. Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey. 2） 由 because 引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗 号，则可以用 for 来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用 for。 He is absent today, because / for
16、 he is ill. He must be ill, for he is absent today. 4 目的状语从句 表示目的状语的从句可以由 that, so that, in order that, in case 等词引导，例如： You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all. Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold. 5 结果状语从句 结果状语从句常由 so that 或 suchthat 引导，掌握这两个句型，首先要了解 s
17、o 和 such 与其后的词的搭配规律。 比较：so 和 such 其规律由 so 与 such 的不同词性决定。 such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组， so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。 so 还可与表示数量的形容词 many, few, much, little 连用，形成固定搭配。 so foolish such a fool so nice a flower such a nice flower so many / few flowers such nice flowers so much / little money. such rapid progress so many p
18、eople such a lot of people （ so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于 many，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用 such搭配。 ） sothat 与 suchthat 之间的转换既为 so 与 such 之间的转换。 The boy is so young that he cant go to school. He is such a young boy that he cant go to school 6 条件状语从句 连接词主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that 等。. if
19、 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。unless = if not. Lets go out for a walk unless you are too tired. If you are not too tied, lets go out for a walk. 7 让步状语从句 though, although 注意： 当有 though, although 时，后面的从句不能有 but，但是 though 和 yet 可连用 Although its raining, they are still working in the field. 3)
20、 ever if, even though. 即使 Well make a trip even though the weather is bad. 4) whetheror- 不管都 Whether you believe it or not, it is true. 5) “no matter +疑问词“ 或“疑问词 +后缀 ever“ No matter what happened, he would not mind. Whatever happened, he would not mind. 替换：no matter what = whatever no matter who = w
21、hoever no matter when = whenever no matter where = wherever no matter which = whichever no matter how = however 注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。 （错）No matter what you say is of no use now. （对）Whatever you say is of no use now. 你现在说什么也没用了。(Whatever you say 是主语从句) （错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what th
22、eyre given, （对）Prisoners have to eat whatever theyre given. 囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。 三、 名词性从句 1）.宾语从句（The Object Clause） ； 宾语从句 在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。宾语从句的引导词和主语从句的引导词相同。宾语从句可以作及物动词的宾语，作短语动词的宾语，介词的宾语。 宾语从句：及物动词 Everybody knows that money doesnt grow on trees. 宾语从句：短语动词 Please go and find out when the train will ar
23、rive. 宾语从句：介词的宾语 I am interested in what she is doing. 宾语从句：否定的转移 I dont suppose youre used to this diet. 我想你不习惯这种饮食。 I dont believe shell arrive before 8. 我相信她 8 点之前不会到。 2）.表语从句（The Predicative Clause） ； 表语从句 在句子中起表语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。表语从句的引导词和主语从句的引导词相同。 What the police want to know is when you entered t
24、he room. This is what we should do. Thats why I want you to work there. as if, as though, because 也可用来引导表语从句。 She seems as if she had done a great thing. It is because you eat too much. 虚拟语气：表语从句 主语是 idea, notion, proposal, suggestion, request 等名词时,作表语从句的动词为原形动词或should+原形动词。 My suggestion is that we
25、 (should) go and help him. Our only request is that this should be settled as soon as possible. 3）.同位语从句（The Appositive Clause） 。 同位从句一般跟在某些名词如 answer(答案) ，hope(希望 )，fact(事实)，belief (信仰) ，news(消息)，idea(主意；观念)，promise(承诺) ，information(信息) ，conclusion(结论)，order(命令) ， suggestion(建议)，problem( 问题)，though
26、t ( 想法)等后面。例如： I had no idea that you were here. She told us her hope that she would become a pianist. He made a promise that he would never come late. 同位语从句：whether whether 可以引导同位语从句，而定语从句不能用 whether 作为引导词。 He hasnt made the decision whether he will go there. I have small doubt whether he is suitable for the job. 同位语从句：what what 可以引导同位语从句，而定语从句不能用 what 作为引导词 I have no idea what he is doing now. 同位语从句：how how 可以引导同位语从句，而定语从句不能用 how 作为引导词 Its a question how he did it.
