1、1名词性从句名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同谓语从句。一、 连接词连接代词：that, what, who，which, whom，whose, whatever, whoever, whichever 等连接副词：whether, how, why, when ,where, wherever 等二、连接代词（除 that 外）和连接副词在名词性从句中都有词义，它们除了引导名词性从句外，还在从句中充当成分，即做主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语。Who will go there is not important.Where she has gone hasnt been known
2、 yet.I dont know what I should do.He asked whose dictionary it was.Please tell me when we shall discuss our work plan.I have no idea how soon they are coming.要注意以下几点问题：1、连接代词that的用法：在名词性从句中 that 无2词义，在从句中不充当任何句子成分，只起连接从句的作用，在宾语从句中，that 在口语中可以省略。但在引导主语从句时不能省略。That he was chosen made us very happy.We
3、heard the news that our team had won.The truth is that he is the best in his class.He said (that) he would see me the next week.2、引导宾语从句的 that 可省略，但及物动词后有两个宾语时， 可省略第一个 that, 不省略第二个 that；如有形式宾语时，连接真正宾语的 that 不能省略。They made it a rule that they got up at six every day.3、由连词 that 引导的名词从句很少做介词的宾语，只在 exce
4、pt, but , besides 介词后看到，其他一些介词的宾语从句如果由连词 that 引导，需用 it 作形式宾语。The girl has not changed at all except that she is no longer so talkative.You may depend on it that they will support you. 4、whether/if 的用法3常用 whether 而不宜用 if 的情况： 引导主语从句，置于句首 引导表语从句 介词后的宾语从句 与 or not 连用 引导同位语从句 动词不定式前注意： doubt“怀疑”接宾语从句时，主
5、句为肯定句用whether 或 if ，主句为否定句或疑问句用 that。I doubt whether it is true or not.I doubt if it is true.I dont doubt that what he said is correct.Do you doubt that what he said is correct?三、使用名词性从句应注意的几个问题：1） 名词性从句的语序必须是陈述句语序I dont know which team will win the match.That is why he came here.Whoever will go is
6、not important.42)主语从句、宾语从句如果太长，句子常显得笨重，因此，可把他们移到句子后面，前面用 it 作形式主语或宾语。He took it for granted that what he had done was right. 常用 it 作形式主语的句型 It be +形容词（ true, possible, probable）+ that 从句 It be + 名词词组（no wonder, a pity, an honor, no surprise, a secret ）that 从句 It be + 过去分词（said, reported, thought, be
7、lieved, not decided, well-known.）+that 从句 It seems/happens/appears 等不及物动词+that 从句 It doesnt matter/makes no difference+连接代词或连接副词引导的从句 当 that 引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时，用 it作形式主语。5Whom did it surprise that the naughty boy studied hard later?3)what 在名词性从句中有两种意思： “什么”或“所的 ” ，前者已经失去了疑问词的含义。I dont know what they ar
8、e doing.What she said is true.What are to be discussed at the meeting will be announced tomorrow.The problem is what we should do next.Let us see what we mean by “matter”. I dont know what books you have read recently. 注意：what 用作关系代词性质的连接代词，相当于 the thing(s) which, that which 或 all that，意思是“所的”， “所的事
9、情 /东西”We can learn what we dont know.Mr. Smith is going to give us a report on what he saw and heard in America.What I am not quite clear about is this.It isnt what I want.64) 介词的宾语从来不可用 which 和 if 来引导，而要分别用 what 和 whether 来引导Are you sorry for what (=the things that) youve done?Everything depends on
10、 whether we have enough experience.四、同位语从句通常放在 fact, news, idea, order, promise, belief, plan, proposal, suggestion, problem, doubt, thought, question, truth, fear等名词之后， 说明他们的具体内容，同位语从句连接词为 that 和whether, that 不充当成分，但不能省略。They expressed the hope that they would come over to visit China again.We all
11、know the truth that the earth goes round the sun.The fact that she had not said anything surprised all of us.We were overjoyed at the news that out team had won. They asked me the question whether the work was worth doing.The problem whether it is right or wrong has not yet been 7decided.An order ha
12、s come from Berlin that no language but German may be taught in the schools of Alsace and Lorraine. 注意：同位语从句和定语从句的区别是：前者说明名词的内容，后者说明名词的性质特征；前者所用连词 that不是从句中的一个成分，后者所用关系代词 that 是从句中的一个成分。试比较：He told me a piece of good news that out team had won.(同位语从句)He told me a piece of good new that Tom had told
13、me the day before yesterday.（定语从句）五、表语从句1）as if/as though 可引导表语从句It looked as if it was going to snow.2）that 引导表语从句，that 可以省略The truth is (that) I have never been there.8特别注意：当 the reason 做主语时，其后的表语从句由that 引导，而不用 because 引导；但主语如是 it (that, this )时，其后的表语从句可由 because 引导。The reason why he didnt come is
14、 that he was ill.Why didnt he come? It was because he was ill.3）注意表语从句中连词 how, why, where 的译法：This is how we overcame the difficulties.我们就是这样克服困难的。That is why she was absent yesterday.所以她昨天没有。That is where Lu Xun once lived.这是鲁迅曾经居住过的地方。4）whoever, whatever, whichever 这些合成词相当于anyone who, anything tha
15、t 等，它们所指的对象是不确定的，但有强调作用，在现代英语中广泛使用。You can ask whoever is on duty tonight.Give it to whoever you see in the classroom. Whatever ist be done must be done well.9All the books are here. You may borrow whichever you like.补充：whoever, whatever, whichever 这些合成词除了引导名词性从句外， 还可以引导让步状语从句， 而 no matter +疑问词一般只引导让步状语从句。Whatever (=No matter what) happened, I must be calm and quiet.Whoever (=No matter who) you are, you cant pass this way.Whichever(=No matter which ) side wins, I shall be satisfied.参考书目：1 高中英语名讲 李玉新 教育科学出版社 2002年 2 月2 高中英语总复习 北京出版社 1990 年 8 月3 中学英语语法 陈锡麟 复旦大学出版社 2003年 2 月10
