1、第一部分 四六级七种语法特点介绍篇四级考试新题型虽然取消语法和词汇题型，但在仔细阅读的选词填空题、完型填空题/改错及翻译题变相考察考生的语法知识。因此，语法仍是不可忽视的重要部分。考察比例：语法部分约占 40%，词汇部分约占 60%，而且多有交叉。总的来说语法题主要有以下考点： 1. 虚拟语气。强调说话人的主观愿望和假想情况。考生应着重复习能引起虚拟语气的某些介词、介词短语和连词（如 lest, in case, otherwise 等） ；一部分表示建议、主张、命令、紧要等概念的词语，由于本身隐含说话人的主观愿望，其后的主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句往往采用 “should+动词原形”；虚拟
2、倒装句；在 would rather, wish, as if, its time that 等句型中使用适当形式表达主观愿望；混合虚拟句。 2. 主谓一致。这类考题灵活性大，需要根据实际情况判断谓语动词的单复数形式。一部分具有生命意义的集合名词做主语时谓语动词多采用复数形式，如 people, poultry, militia 等；用 and 连接的成分表单一概念时谓语动词用单数；就近原则：主语中含有某些连词（如 as well as, besides, in addition to 等）时，谓语动词的数同第一个主语保持一致。 3. 倒装结构。表示强调或突出，分为全部倒装和部分倒装。那些否定
3、词（组） 、介词短语能引起倒装句，部分倒装和全部倒装有和区别，as 在倒装结构中的用法及意义等等，都是考生应当重视的地方。 4. 非谓语动词。这是词汇与结构考试中语法部分的重中之重，解题时可以从三个方面入手：根据非谓语动词同其所修饰的名词或逻辑主语的一致关系，确定使用主动语态或被动语态，然后考虑采用现在分词、现在分词被动式或过去分词；非谓语动词同主句谓语动词动作发生的先后关系。动作正在进行的用现在分词进行式，同时发生或不分先后发生的用现在现在分词一般式或过去分词；在主句谓语动词之前发生的用现在分词完成式、不定式完成式；发生在主句谓语动词之后的多用不定式一般式；表状态多用分词，表目的多用不定式。
4、 5. 独立主格题。一般说来，在句子中没有连接词的情况下，逗号是无力连接两个句子的，其中一个分句要么是非谓语形式，要么是独立主格结构。这两种结构都做状语，不同的是独立主格结构有自己的逻辑主语。 6. 时态。英语中一共有 16 个时态，最常用的 5 个时态是一般现在时、现在进行时、一般过去式、一般将来时和现在完成时。四级考试中出现最多的考点是将来完成时、现在完成时、过去完成时和完成进行时。针对这一题型，考生首先要抓住的就是时间状语，是现在时间、将来时间还是过去时间？是短暂时间还是延续性时间？ 7. 名词性从句。形容词性的定语从句是考核的重点，用什么引导词，引导词前面的介词形式，引导词在从句中做什
5、么成分（做宾语、主语还是状语等） ，从句的语序等等均有可能成为考点。此外，主语从句、同位语从句、宾语从句也应适当复习。第二部分 四级语法提纲动词(时态,语态,短语动词,省略 ,一致性等) 1. 时态 1)现在完成进行时态 (have/has been + -ing 分词构成): 动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束.Ive been writing letters for an hour.Ive been sitting in the garden.2)过去完成进行时(由 had been + ing 分词构成): 过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作 Id been
6、 working for some time when he called.We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.3)将来完成进行时: 将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作.By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years.In another months time shell have been studying here for three years.4)将来完成时(由 shall/will have + 过去分词构成): 将
7、来某时会业已发生的事.I shall have finished this one before lunch.Theyll have hit the years target by the end of October.2. 语态 1) 可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如:He was said to be jealous of her success.It was said that he was jealous of her success.能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”,“ 相信”等意义的动词,常见的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,kn
8、ow,presume,report,say,suppose,understand 等.It is supposed that the ship has been sunk.The ship is supposed to have been sunk.担当 be supposed to 与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义.例如:Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed limit. (你应该晓得速度限制)2) 双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态 a) 双宾语结构的被动语态: 双宾语结构
9、变为被动语态时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面,但多数是把间接宾语变为主语.He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.b) 宾补结构的被动语态: She was called Big Sister by everybody.Then he was made a squad leader.He was considered quite qualified fo
10、r the job.The room was always kept clean and tidy. 3. 短语动词 1) Vi + advThe plane took off two hours late.2) Vi + prepThey looked round the Cathedral.3) Vi + prep (有被动语态)Shes looking after her sisters children.The children were always well looked after.4) Vi + adv + prepI began to look forward to thei
11、r visits.5) Vt + O + advSome women choose to stay at home and bring up their children.The children were brought up by their mother.They took him on.6) Vt + adv + O (无被动语态)I am trying to give up smoking.7) Vt + O + prepWe talked Donald into agreement.4. 省略 1) 在以 as, than, when, if, unless 等引导的从句中的省略:
12、 在有些状语从句中,如果谓语包含有动词 be,主语又和主句的主语一致 a),或者主语是 it b),就常常可以把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分(特别是动词 be)省略掉 .a) Look out for cars when crossing the street.When taken according to the directions, the drug has no side effects.If not well managed, irrigation can be harmful.Though reduced in numbers, they gained in fighting cap
13、acity.This viewpoint, however understandable, is wrong.Enemies, once discovered, were tightly encircled and completely wiped out.She hurriedly left the room as though/if angry.She worked extremely hard though still rather poor in health.Fill in the application as instructed.Whenever known, such fact
14、s should be reported.The documents will be returned as soon as signed.He said that no acrobat could ever perform those daring feats unless trained very young.Once having made a promise, you should keep it. b) If necessary Ill have the letter duplicated.Fill in the blanks with articles where(ver) nec
15、essary.If possible, I should like to have two copies of it.As scheduled, they met on January 20 at the Chinese Embassy.2） 在以 than a) 或 as b) 引起的从句中,常会有一些成分省略.a) He told me not to use more material than (it is) necessary.We should think more of the collective than of ourselves.b) They worked with as
16、much enthusiasm as young people (did).He is now a vice-manager, but still often works in the kitchen as before.Their training is free, as is all education.We will, as always, stand on your side.3） 错误的省略 His life is as fully committed to books as anyone I know.While standing there in her nightgown, t
17、wo bullets struck the wall beside her.5. 一致 1) 如果主语是单数,尽管后面跟有 with, together with, as well as, as much as, no less than, more than 等引导的短语,谓语动词仍旧用单数形式.Terry, along with her friend, goes skating every Saturday.An expert, together with some assistants, was sent to help in this work.The captain, as well
18、 as the coaches, was disappointed in the team.2) 代词作主语时的一致 a) each, either, neither 和由 some, any, no, every 构成的复合代词,都作单数看待.Each of us has something to say.Is everybody ready?Somebody is using the phone.Neither of us has gone through regular training.Has either of them told you?b) some, few, both, ma
19、ny 等作复数 c) some 可后接复数,也可接单数,表示某一.none 作复数看待时较多,但也有时作单数看待,主要看说话人脑中联系想到的是复数还是单数概念, 但 none 在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数:None of the books are easy enough for usNone of us seem to have thought of it.None (= not a single one) of us has got a camera.None (= nobody) has felt it more keenly than she did.None of this wo
20、rries me. all 和 most 可后接复数,也可接不可数名词 (all of the, most of the ), 动词用单数.3) 由 and 或 both and 连接名词词组时 , 后用复数; 由 not onlybut (also), eitheror, neithernor 或 or 连接的并列主语 , 谓语通常和最邻近的主语一致 .Not only the switches but also the old writing has been changed.My sister or my brother is likely to be at home.Either yo
21、u or Mr Yang is to do the work.Neither my wife nor I myself am able to persuade my daughter to change her mind.如果一个句子是由 there 或 here 引导, 而主语又不止一个, 谓语通常也和最邻近的那个主语一致.There was carved in the board a dragon and a phoenix.Here is a pen, a few envelopes and some paper for you.4) people, police, cattle, po
22、ultry (家禽), militia (民兵) 等通常都用作复数 .Cattle are grazing on the pasture.The police are looking for him.有些集体名词有时作单数看待, 有时作复数看待, 主要根据意思来决定 .His family isnt very large.His family are all music lovers.The committee meets twice a month.The committee are divided in opinion.The audience was enormous.The audie
23、nce were greatly moved at the words.有些名词单复数同形, 可根据意思决定谓语动词的数:This new series is beginning next month.These new series are beginning next month.This species is now extinct.These species are now extinct.5) 表示时间, 重量, 长度, 价值等的名词, 尽管仍是复数形式, 如果作整体看待, 动词也可用单数形式 (当然用复数动词也是可以的 ):Three weeks was allowed for m
24、aking the necessary preparations.One hundred li was covered in a single night.6) 其他问题 a) 书名 , 国家名用单数:Tales from Shakespeare is a book by Charles Lamb. b) 学科名, 如 mathematics, economics 用单数.c) many a 或 more than one 所修饰的词作主语时, 谓语动词多用单数形式:Many a person has had that kind of experience.More than one pers
25、on has involved in the case.a number of 后接复数, the number of 后接单数:A number of books have been published on the subject.The number of books published on the subject is simply amazing.d) one of those 后用单数. 在 “one of + 复数名词 +关系分句 ”结构中，关系分句中谓语动词的单复数形式在一般情况下有两形式，一是根据先行词采用复数形式： Joan is one of those people
26、who go out of their way to be helpful.当 one 之前友 the only 等限定词和修饰语时，关系分句谓语动词根据 one 而定，即采用单数形式： He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment. 非谓语动词 1. 不定式 1) 形式 主动形式 被动形式 一般式 to do， to be done完成式 to have done， to have been done进行式 to be doing 完成进行式 to have been doing a
27、) 完成式: 不定式的一般形式所表示的动作, 通常与主要谓语表示的动作 (状态)同时( 或几乎同时)发生, 或是在它之后发生. 假如不定式所表示的动作 , 在谓语所表示的动作(状态)之前发生, 就要用不定式的完成式.I am glad to have seen your mother (= I am glad I have seen your mother).(比较: I am glad to see you.)He is said to have written a new book about workers.He pretended not to have seen me.b) 进行式:
28、 如果主要谓语表示的动作(状态) 发生时, 不定式表示的动作正在进行, 这时要用不定式的进行式.You are not supposed to be working. You havent quite recovered yet.We didnt expect you to be waiting for us here.He pretended to be listening attentively. c) 完成进行式: 在谓语所表示的时间之前一直进行的动作, 就要用不定式的完成进行式.The struggle was known to have been going for twenty y
29、ears.We are happy to have been working with you.d) 被动式: 当不定式的逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时, 不定式一般要用被动形式.It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.She hated to be flattered.He wanted the letter to be typed at once.This is bound to be found out.There are a lot of things to be done.She was too young to
30、be assigned such work.2) 功用: 不定式可以作主语 (a), 宾语 (b), 表语 (c), 定语 (d) 或是状语 (e).a. To scold her would not be just.b. We are planning to build a reservoir here.c. One of our main tasks now is to mechanize agriculture.d. Do you have anything to declare?e. We have come to learn from you.不定式做宾语补足语 有些动词和短语可用不
31、定式做宾语补足语，构成句型：主语+谓语动词+宾语+不定式。 这样的动词有：advice, allow, announce, ask, assist, authorize, bear, beg, bribe, cause, command, compel, condemn, deserve, direct, drive, enable, encourage, entitle, entreat, exhort, forbid, force, get, hate, help, implore, induce, inspire, instruct, intend, invite, lead, leav
32、e, like, mean, need, oblige, order, permit, persuade, pray, prefer, press, prompt, pronounce, recommend, remind, report, request, require, summon, teach, tell, tempt, urge, want, warn, wish。 这样的短语有：call on（请求） , care for（关心）, count on（依靠，指望）, depend on（依赖、依靠）, keep on at（困扰，追问）, long for（渴望）, make o
33、ut（分辨）, vote for（选举）, prevail on （说服）, rely on（信赖）, wait for（等待） 。不定式做定语时，与中心词之间在逻辑上有多种关系，其中可能是互相修饰关系。也就是：不定式修饰中心词；不定式短语末的介词与中心词组成介词短语，修饰不定式。这些动词不定式可能是及物的（带宾语） ，也可能是不及物的，要特别注意不要漏掉不定式短语末的介词。很多名词后可接不定式做定语，如 ability, ambition, anxiety, attempt, campaign, chance, courage, decision, determination, drive（
34、动力）, effort, force, inclination, intention, method, motive, movement, need, opportunity, pressure, reason, right（权力）, struggle, tendency, wish, anything, anyone, everything, everyone, nothing, no one, something, some one 等。这类名词通常表示抽象概念，后面用动词不定式做定语，表示该名词的具体内容。在这种结构中，不能用分词形式。还要注意，如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词，则不定式后
35、要加介词，因为此时不定式与其修饰的名词实质上有动宾关系。 3) 不带 to 的不定式: a) 在“动词+ 宾语 +不定式” 结构中, 如果动词是表示感觉意义的 see, hear, watch, smell, feel, notice 等, 或是表示“致使” 意义的 have, make, let 等, 其后的不定式结构不带 to.John made her tell him everything.这类结构转换为被动语态时, 后面的不带 to 的不定式一般还原为带 to 的不定式.She was made to tell him everything.b) 在 had better, had
36、best, would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might (just) as well, cannot but 等搭配之后, 动词不定式也不带 to.Id rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast.They cannot but accept his term.c) 在 make do, make believe, let drop, let fall, let fly, let slip, let drive, let go of, let there be, hear say, h
37、ear tell, leave go of 等固定搭配中, 用不带 to 的动词不定式.John let fly a torrent of abuse at me.Ive heard tell of him. d) 在动词 help(或 help +宾语)之后可用不带 to 的不定式, 也可用带 to 的不定式.Can I help (to) lift this heavy box? e) 在介词 except, but 之后, 如果其前有动词 do 的某种形式, 不定式一般不带 to, 反之带 to.There is nothing to do except wait till it sto
38、ps raining.Smith will do anything but work on a farm.Theres no choice but to wait till it stops raining.f) 连词 rather than, sooner than 置于句首时, 其后的不定式不带 to.Rather than push the book back as he wanted to do, he forced himself to pick it up.出现在句中其他位置时, 其后的不定式有时带 to, 有时不带 to.He decided to write rather th
39、an telephone.The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages.g) 用作补语的动词不定式, 如果主语是由“all + 关系分句 ”， “thing +关系分句”， “what 分句”或“thing +不定式结构”等构成，并带有 do 的某种形式，这时，作为主语补语的不定式可以省 to，也可以不省.What he will do is (to) spoil the whole thing.All you do now is complete th
40、e formThe only thing I can do now is go on by myself.The thing to do now is clear up this mess.The least I can do is drive everybody else closer to the issue.4) 不定式的其他用法 a) tooto 结构通常表示否定意义:She was too young to understand all that.enoughto 结构则表示肯定意义:She was not old enough to understand all that.not
41、too, but too, all too, only too 等和不定式连用时,不定式一般不表示否定意义:Hes only too pleased to help her.soas (to)这种结构也可用不定式作状语:Be so kind as to drop in some time when you are free.b) 如果要说明不定是表示的动作是谁做的, 可以在不定式前加一个 for 引起的短语:It is not hard for one to do a bit of good.It is a great honour for us to be present at this r
42、ally.在以某些形容词(如 kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, considerate, rude, naughty, impolite 等)作表语时, 不定式前可加一个 of 引起的短语, 来说明不定式指的是谁的情况:Its kind of you to think so much of us.(It is) Awfully good of you to come and meet us.Its very nice of you to be so co
43、nsiderate.Its unwise of them to turn down the proposal. 2. V+ing 形式(现在分词及动名词)1) 形式 a) 完成式 : 如果要表示动名词代表的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生 , 通常用动名词的完成形式.He didnt mention having met me.I regret not having taken her advice.在某些动词后(或成语中), 常用( 或可以用)动名词的一般形式 , 尽管动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生的.Excuse me for coming late.I dont remember eve
44、r seeing him anywhere.现在分词的完成式主要用在状语中, 表示这动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生.Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide.Having found the cause, they were able to propose a remedy.另外, 独立结构也可用现在分词的完成形式.The guests having left, they resumed their discussion.The children, having eating their fill, were allowe
45、d to leave the table.b) 被动式: 当一个动名词逻辑上的主语所表示的是这动作的对象时, 动名词一般要用被动形式.His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness.He couldnt bear being made fun of like that.但要注意, 在 want, need, deserve, require 等动词后, 尽管表示的是被动的意思, 却用动名词的主动形式.My pen needs filling.The point deserves mentioning.This problem re
46、quires studying with great care.在 worth 这个形容词后情形也是这样 .Her method is worth trying.现在分词的被动式可以用来作定语, 宾语补足语, 状语及用于独立结构中.This is one of the experiments being carried on in our laboratory.Youll find the topic being discussed everywhere.Being asked to give a performance, she couldnt very well refuse.These
47、are sold at reduced prices, the defects always being pointed out to the customers. c) 完成被动式: 如果表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生 , 有时需要用动名词的完成被动式.I dont remember having ever been given a chance to try this method.但在多数情况下都避免使用这一形式, 而用一般被动形式代替, 以免句子显得累赘.现在分词的完成被动式一般用来作状语或用于独立结构中.Having been given such a good chance,
48、how could she let it slip away?The decision having been made, the next problem was how to make a good plan.All the compositions having been written and collected, the teacher sent the students home.2) 句法功用 a) 作主语 :Walking is good exercise.Its nice talking to you.There is no denying the fact that the
49、 new method has greatly raised labour productivity.b) 作宾语:Your shoes need polishing.You mustnt delay sending the tractors over.He avoided giving us a definite answer.c) 作介词宾语: 动名词作介词宾语用的时候最多 . 它常可以用在某些成语后面, 常见的有: insist on, persist in, think of, dream of, object to, suspectof, accuseof, chargewith, hear of, approve of, preventfrom, keepfrom, stopfrom, refrain from, be engaged in, look forward to, opposed to, depend on, thankfor, feel like, excusefor, aim at, devoteto, set about, spendin, get (be) used to, be fond of, be capable of, be afraid
