1、1改错与校对练习PROOFREADING but it is important to realize 9. _that this ability, on its own, does not necessarily indicate any special intelligence in the creature concerning. 10. _Passage sevenDuring the traditional wedding ceremony, the bridal couple promises each other lifelong devotion. Yet, about one
2、 out of four 1. _American marriages ends in divorce. Since 1940, the divorce rate has more than doubled, and experts predict that, of all marriages that occured in the 1970s, about 50% will end in divorce, The USA 2. _is one of the highest divorce rates in the world, perhaps even the highest. 3. _Wh
3、at goes wrong? That fact that divorce is so common in the United States does not mean that Americans consider marriage a casual,unimportant relationship. Just opposite is true. Americans expect a 4. _great deal from marriage. They seek physical, emotional, and intellectual compatibility. They want t
4、o be loved deep and understood. 5. _It is because Americans expect so much from marriage that so many get divorce. They prefer no marriage at all to a marriage without love 6. _and understanding. With typical American optimist, they end one 7. _marriage in the hope of that the next will be happier.
5、With no-fault 8. _divorce laws in many states, It is easier than never to get a divorce. 9. _Some American Women stay in unhappy marriages because they do not have the education or job experience to support themselves and their children. But most American women believe that, if necessary, they can m
6、ake it lonely without a husband. All things considered, 10. _Americans have little reason to continue an unhappy marriage.Passage eightThe world is in a self-destruction mode. By this statement I mean that the people of the world are bent on making this planet inhabitable in three distinct ways. Fur
7、thermore, these three ways 1. _are all interrelated and related directly to industrialization.The first of three is through pollution to the air, the water, 2. _or the soil. Industrialization has meant toxic fumes in the atmo- 3. _sphere and poisonous substances in the water and in the soil. 5Indust
8、ry has also been responsible to noise and visual pollution: the roar of machinery and the ugliness of factories and cheap housing developments . these factors take the joy outside of natural 4. _surroundings for human beings.However, the balance of nature has been upset. To feed the 5. _hungry facto
9、ries, huge forests have been leveled, mountains have stripped of their protection . The results are farther-reaching 6. _as we can know. 7. _The third and the most acute of the problem is the psycho- 8. _logical effect on people of increased competition and hard economic times. The reasons that peop
10、le give for political unrest might be reasons of belief or religion, but I believe that it is the desire of people to improve their standard of life that ultimately causes was. Because of the 9. _industrialization, much of the beauty and the simplicity of life is away. 10. _Passage nineThe ordinary
11、family in colonial North America was primarily concerned with sheer physical survival and beyond that, its own economic prosperity. Thus, Children were valued in the terms of 1. _their productivity, and they assumed the role of producer quite early. Until they fulfilled this role, his position in th
12、e structure of the family 2. _was one of subordination, and their psychological needs and capacities received much consideration. 3. _As the society became more complex, the status of children in the family and in the society become, each member must fulfill the 4. _ number of personal and occupatio
13、nal role and be in constant contact 5. _with a great many other members. Consequently, viewing children potentially acceptable and necessarily multifaceted members of society 6. _means that they are regarded more as people in their own right so as 7. _utilitarian organisms. This acceptance of childr
14、en as equal participantsin the contemporary family is reflected in the variety of statutes protecting the rights of children and in the social and public welfareprograms devoted exclusively in their well-being. 8. _This new view of children and the increasing contact betweenthe members of society ha
15、s also resulted in a surge of interest in child-rearing technique. People today spend a considerable portion of their time discussing the proper way to bring about children, It is now 9. _possible to influence the details of the socialization of another persons 6child in spreading the gospel of curr
16、ent and fashionable theories and 10. _methods of child rearing.Passage tenAdvertising is a form of mass selling, and it is employed whenthe use of direct, person-to-person selling is practical, impossible, or 1. simply inefficient. It is to be distinguished from other activities and its aim intended
17、 to persuade the public. Advertising techniques ranges 2. complexly from the publishing of simple, straightforward notices in the classified-advertising columns of newspapers to the concerted use 3. newspapers, magazines, television, radio, direct mail, and other communications media in the course o
18、f a single advertising campaign. From its simple beginnings in ancient times, advertising have turned 4. into a worldwide industry. In the U.S. alone in the late 1980s, approximately $120 billion was spent in a single year to advertising 5. to influence the purchase of commodities and services.Adver
19、tising falls into two main categories; consumer advertising, directed to the final purchaser, and trade advertising, in which the appeal is made to dealers on through trade journals and other media. 6. Both consumer and trade advertising employ many specialized types of commercial persuasion. A rela
20、tively minor, except important, 7. form of advertising is institutional advertising, which is designed mainlyto build prestige and public respect for particular business concerns asimportant institutions. Each year millions of dollars is spent on 8. institutional advertising.Another minor, but incre
21、asingly popular, form of advertising is cooperation advertising. For example, makers of milk, of pie, and of 9. sausages sometime jointly advertise this combination as an ideal 10. cold-weather breakfast.Passage elevenLike all animal species, plant species must spread their offspringto suitable area
22、s where they can grow and pass on their parents genes. 1. Young animals generally spread by walking or flying. Because plants dont have that ability, they may somehow hitchhike. Some plant seeds 2. scatter by blowing in the wind or floating on water. Many other plant species, though, trick an animal
23、 into carrying their seeds. How do they do? They enclose them within a tasty fruit and advertise the fruits ripeness by its color or smell. The hungry animal collects and swallowsthe fruit, walks or flies off, but later spits out the seeds somewhere far 3. 7from its parent tree. Seeds can thereby be
24、 carried thousands of miles. 4. It may surprise you to learn that plant seeds can resist digestion. In fact,some seeds actually require passage through an animals body before they can grow.Wild strawberries offer a good example of hitchhiking tactic. 5. When strawberry seeds arc still young and not
25、yet ready to be planted, the surrounding fruit is green, sour, and hard. When the seeds final 6. mature, the berries turn red, sweet, and tender, The change in the berries color serves as a signal to birds which then eat the strawberries, fly off, and eventually spit out the seeds.Naturally, strawbe
26、rry plants doesnt set out with a conscious 7. intent of attracting birds only when their seeds were ready to be dispersed away. Nor did birds set out with the intent of plant straw- 8. berries. Rather, strawberry plants evolved through natural selection. The sweeter and reder the final strawberry, t
27、he more birds spread 9. its ripe seeds; the greener and more sour the young strawberry, the birds destroyed the seeds by eating berries before the seeds were ready. 10. Passage TwelveCheese, nutritious food made from the milk of cows and other mammals, including sheeps, goats, buffalo, reindeer, cam
28、els, and mares. 1. Cheese is one of the worlds oldest food products for thousands of years, people have been raised animals for milk, turning their surplus 2. milk into cheese. More than 400 varieties of cheese existing, making it 3. one of the most general foods in the world. Cheese comes in hundre
29、ds of different shapes, sizes, flavors, and is used in as many different ways. Enjoyed with bread, crackers, and fruit, used as an ingredient in cooked foods, and mixed with salads and flour, cheese is a healthy food all over 4. the world. Cheese is a concentrated resource of almost all the valuable
30、 5. nutrients found in milk, such as protein, vitamins, and minerals, as well as the less desirable fat and cholesterol, substances that may lead to health problems when consumed in excess. The fat content in cheesevaries depending the milk used. Cheese made with whole milk, or milk 6. enriched with
31、 cream, has the lowest amount of fat, cholesterol, and 7. calories. Cheese made with skim milk has the lowest. Because its high 8. protein and calcium content, cheese in moderation is an important component of a balanced diet It is an especially good source of protein for children, which growing bod
32、ies require higher amounts of protein 9. 8than adults. Many vegetarians, who do not eat meat, rely to cheese as a 10. source of protein in their diets.Passage thirteenBegun in the late 1960s by Pentagon weapons researches as a system for easing communication between computers in disparate electric n
33、etworks, the Internet has evolved into a popular vehicle for 1. scientific research, communication, entertainment, and more. It linkstogether thousands of computer networks such as those belonging to corporations, commercial services, universities, and research centers, joining them as branches on a
34、 tree to larger networks known as 2. backbones. Once a computer is on-line, that is, connected by modem or networking equipment of the Internet, the user can search through 3. data banks for documents, chat with other computer users, or instant 4. send opinions and observations to the likes of Presi
35、dent Bill Clinton, film critic Roger Ebert, or rocker Billy Idol (just to name a few). No central governing body runs the Internet, and nobody has an exact census of users. But estimates of the number already range 5. from around 10 million to as high as 5 million. Well over 10,000 separated compute
36、r networks are connected by the Internet, and 6. total traffic was expected to double during 1993.Today, the Internet is free resources and commercial services that provide databases and computer files with a fee. Publishers are 7. seeking to make books and periodicals available on the Internet as a
37、 profit-making adventure. Meanwhile, works in the public domain 8. have begun appearing on the Internet for users to “upload” to their 9. computers virtually free of charge. With electronic access to data from all over the world, scholarly research that in the past would have required months of trav
38、el could now be done at ones desk. 10. Passage fourteenWater is the oldest form of transport. The original sailed vessels 1. were replaced by steamboats in the early 1800s and by diesel power in the 1920s. A distinct is generally made between deep-water and navigable2. inland water transport-Domesti
39、c commerce center on the Great Lakes, 3. canals, and navigable rivers.The exact miles of improved waterways in operation depend in partly on whether coastwise and intercoastal shipping are included 4. The main advantage of water transport is capacity to move 5. 9extremely large shipments. Deep-water
40、 vessels are restricted in operation, but diesel-towing barges have a fair-degree of flexibility. 6. In comparison to rail and highway, water transport ranks in the middle with respect to fixed cost. The fixed cost of operation is more greater 7. than that of motor carriers but less than that of rai
41、lroads. The main disadvantage of water is the unlimited degree of flexibility and the 8. low speeds of transport. Although the source and destination of the 9. movement are adjacent to a waterway, supplemental haul by rail or truck is required. The capability of water to transport large tonnage at l
42、ow various cost places this mode of transport in demand when 10. low freight rates are desired and speed of transit is a secondary consideration.Passage fifteenBefore considering this question it is interesting to review briefly the evolution of the mind as the instrument. The commonest 1. way that
43、has been used to find out the relative intellectual level of creatures at different stage of evolutionary complexity has been to study 2. the way they behave when giving different kinds of puzzles. For example,3. an ant possesses a complex routine of behavior, but can it think?The answer is what if
44、an ant is forced to go through a maze of 4. passages, many of which are dead ends, on its way to its nestle, it starts 5. by making a lot of mistakes and taking a great many wrong turnings. In the end, however, after it has to worry its way through often enough, 6. it does learn to get to its nest w
45、ithout going into any of the blind alleys. As one moves up the evolutionary scale the test of mind-power 7. exemplified by solving the problem of getting through a maze becomes very simple. Among mammals, for example, the maze is an inadequate 8. test. The learning problem does not tax enough attrib
46、utes of the mind. In this sort of learning, as a matter of fact, rats can hit university 9. undergraduates and have, in fact, repeatedly done so. The next, more subtle test of mental ability is to see what level an animal can think 10. about something when it is not there.Passage sixteenIf it were o
47、nly necessary to decide whether to teach elementary science to everyone on a mess basis or to find the gifted few and take 1. them as far as they can go, our task would be fairly simple. The public school system, moreover, has no such choice, for the two jobs must be 2. carried on at the same time.
48、Because we depend so heavily upon science 10and technology for our progress, we must produce specialist in many 3. fields. Because we live in a democratic nation, whose citizens make the policies for the country, large numbers of us must be educated to 4. understand, to support, and when necessary, judge the work of experts. 5. The public school must educate for both producers and users of scientific services. In education there should be a good balance among the branches of knowledge that attribute
