1、高中英语语法知识（）一,使用代用词 one 应注意的问题 英语中 one 可用作代用词.它代替上文出现的名词词组中心词, 以避免重复.使用代用词 one 时需注意以下几个方面: 1.只能代替可数名词 ,不能代替不可数名词 .eg: I havent got a raincoat.Ill have to buy one. Browns old car is much better than our new one. 2.复数名词的代用词为 ones.eg: He ate all the big cherries and left me the little ones. There was a m
2、other bird in the nest and there were four young ones. 3.代用词 one 的常用关联情况 1)与前面带有冠词的形容词连用.eg: We are moving from our present house into a smaller one. Have you any knives I need a sharp one. I like a strong cup of tea better than a weak one. I propose in this chapter and in the following one to give
3、an outline of the pioneering work. 2)与形容词性物主代词和形容词连用.eg: Take off your blue dress and put on your green one. 3)其前有定冠词,其后有后置修饰语( 形容词短语或定语从句).eg: If you cant find your pen, use the one on the table. Hand me my coat,please.It is the one hanging on the third hook. Of the two watches, I prefer the one th
4、at you showed us first. 4)与 this 和 that 连用,其后可接后置修饰语或定语从句.eg: You sit in that chair,and Ill have this one. The book I am referring to is that one on the second shelf. The most valuable ring that l possess is this one I am wearing. 5)其前可用广义序数词,如 next,1ast, other,another 及疑问代词 which 等.eg: Lets finish
5、this exercise so we can go on to the next one. Some of the answers were correct,but I dont remember which ones. 6)在口语中 ,代用词 one 常与形容词最高级连用.eg: Betty had tens of thousands of Augustuss 1etters. She chose from these thousands the fifteen most damaging ones she could find. 4.代用词 one(或 ones)的省略 1)句中形容词表
6、示前后对比时,可以省略代用词.eg: His professional instincts are stronger than his personal (ones). Local political forces are 1ess concentrated than national(ones). There are,of course,bad architects as well as good(ones). AngloSaxon should be preferrted to foreign words,and the short word to the long (one). 2)句中
7、只提到两种可能性时,一般省略代用词.eg: The new library will be like the o1d(one). Lean years may be expected to follow the fat(ones). 3)形容词比较级后常省略代用词.eg: I know this is not quite the right word,but I cant be bothered to think of a better (one). There were two tables 1aidhe and Ann were expected to preside at the sma
8、ller (one). 4)“不定冠词+原级形容词 “后的代用词一般不省略.eg: Have you any knives I need a sharp one. 5.不使用代用词的场合 1)one 不可用来代替不可数名词或集合名词.以下各句中省略的均不是代用词 one.eg: Id prefer the red wine to the white (wine). It is cheaper to buy old furniture than to have new (furniture) made. 2)one 一般不能与 own 连用.eg: I cant write properly w
9、ith your pen;Id rather use my own.(不能用 my own one) Mrs Smith is both 1oved and respected in many countries besides her own.(不能用 her own one) 3)one 不能置于所有格名词或形容词性物主代词之后.eg: As my own bicycle was broken,I borrowed Johns.(不能用 Johns one) Is this my pen,or is it yours (不能用 your one) 如需连用,所有格名词或形容词性物主代词与代
10、用词之间必须有一形容词, 如 Johns old one,your new one,my best one 等.eg: You may borrow my o1d pen,if you wish,but I cannot 1end you my best one. My humble fate is curiously bound up with Johns illustrious one. 4)one 不能与 these 和 those 连用.eg: I dont care for those flowers;I would rather have these. These machines
11、 are better than those we turned out last year. 5)one 不能与基数词连用.eg: You have three book; I have only two.(不能用 two ones) 但在口语中有时可以例外.eg: There were a 1ot of artistic kinds of people there,and one or two ones from the BBC. 二,“to.to“结构之肯定意义的语域 及其成因研究 “tooto“是英语中常见的,以其肯定形式表示否定意义的结构.但是, 并不是所有的“tooto“ 结构都表
12、示否定意义.在某些情况下,“tooto“结构也表示肯定意义 .下面将从“too.to“结构的语义特征分析其肯定意义及其语域和成因. 一,“too.to“结构的肯定意义在“某些 特殊副词+tooto“结构语域中的体现及其成因研究: 1.语域研究 “too.to“结构之前带有“but,only,all,simply,just“时,该结构表示强烈的肯定意义, 汉译为“非常/十分/实在/真是太“等.eg: They are but too glad to do so.他们非常喜欢这么做. The patient was only too willing to be operated upon.病人非常
13、愿意接受手术. We are all too satisfied to take your advice.我们非常乐意接受你的建议 . We shall be simply too glad to help you.我们很乐意帮助你. I am just too glad to help you.能帮你的忙,我真是太高兴了. 2.成因研究 在以上例句中,too 前面的“but,only,all,simply,just“等副词只起到了加强语气的作用.因此, 用于“too.to“结构前面的这几个副词可以互换, 而不定式,to 则表示原因,有肯定意义. 另外,该用法中的 too 只表示程度深一些,所
14、以不会对其后的形容词产生否定意义,反而更强调了其肯定意义. 二,“too.to“结构的肯定意义在“否定副词+too.to“ 结构和“too.+not to“语域中的体现及其成因研究 1.语域研究 “too.to“结构前也可以加否定副词 not 或 never 构成“not/never tooto“和“too.not to“结构.该结构不表示否定, 而表示肯定,译为“ 不太 可以,决不能,非常(很,太, 那么)不会不(必定能,所以能)“.eg: He is not too weak to carry the bag.他不太弱小;可以背得动那个书包. The box is not too heav
15、y to lift.这只箱子不太重,可以抬得起来. It is never too late to mend.亡羊补牢,犹未晚也. One is never too old to learn.活到老学到老. He is too careful not to have noticed that.他那么小心,肯定会注意到那一点的. You are too kind not to help me.你很善良,肯定会帮助我的. 2.成因研究 当 too 表示 “太, 过分“ 意义时,它是一个表示超量的程度副词 ,对其后所跟的形容词起一种消极作用,含有否定意义, 因此就导致了“tooto“结构含有否定意义
16、 .但如果在 too 前加否定词 not 或never,形成双重否定,则能使原来具有否定意义的 “too.to“结构转化为肯定意义. 三,“tooto“结构的肯定意义在“too+特殊形容词+to“结构语域中的体现及其成因研究 1.语域研究 有时可以在 too 之后加表示某种心情或描绘性的形容词,表示肯定意义.这类形容词有“glad,pleased,happy,satisfied,ready,apt,incline,kind,eager“等.eg: He is too ready to help others.他十分乐意帮助别人. He is too inclined to be cheated
17、.他很容易上当受骗. Beginners are too apt to make mistakes in grammar.初学者极易犯语法错误 . He is too eager to know the result of his experiment.他迫切想知道他所做的实验结果. It is too kind of you to repair the car for me.你为我修车真是太好了. He is too p1eased to receive the pretty gift.收到这件漂亮的礼物,他真是太高兴了. 2.成因研究 在以上例句中,表示心情或描绘性的形容词和 to 引导的
18、不定式结合成一个表示不可分割的状态,态度,心境或倾向, 并且具有明显的动词意义或感情色彩.因此, 句中的不定式“to.“ 表示肯定(不表示结果)含义. 可见,在 “too.to“结构表示肯定的句型中,too 的逻辑意义为extremely(很,十分), 强调其后的形容词具有肯定意义;这与“too.to“结构表示否定时,too 的含义和作用完全相反. 三,as 用法小结 as 一词在 SEFC 新教材中多处出现.它词性多,词义广,用法灵活. 现将其用法归纳如下. 一)as 作副词 ,表示程度,意为“同样地 “.在“as.as.“,“not as.as.“结构中的第一个 as 是副词,作“和/ 与
19、.(不)一样 “解.eg: Jack is as tall as his father.杰克和他的父亲一样高. He doesnt speak English as/so fluently as you.他的英语说得不如你流利. 二)as 作介词 . 作“如,像“解.eg: They got united as one man.他们团结得像一个人一样. She spoke of me as her dearest friend,她谈起我犹如我是她最亲密的朋友. 2.作“充当,作为 “解.eg: As a writer,he was famous.作为作家, 他是很有名的. English is
20、 spoken as the first language by most people in Australia.在澳大利亚,大多数人把英语作为第一语言. 三)as 作连词 ,常用来连接主句和状语从句. 1.引导时间状语从句 ,作“ 当.的时候“解,有“随着.“ 之意,与 while 意义相近,强调两个动作同时发生;或某事一发生, 另一事立即发生.eg: He shouted aloud as her ran along.他一边往前跑, 一边高声地呼喊. I was startled as he opened the door.他一开门,我吓了一跳. We get wiser as we g
21、et older.随着年龄的增长, 我们会变得更聪明. as 作连词,相当于 when.eg; As a little boy (When he was a little boy)he began to learn to play piano.他小时候就开始学弹钢琴. As a child (When he was a child),he lived in the countryside.他小时候住在农村. 2.引导原因状语从句 ,作“ 因为, 由于“解,与 because 的用法相近 .eg; As it was getting very late,we soon turned back.因
22、为很晚了,我们很快就回来了. I must stop writing now,as I have rather a lot of work to do.我必须停笔了,因为我还有许多工作要做. 3.引导方式状语从句或比较状语从句,作“ 正如,(如)像“ 解.例 eg: As in your country,we grow wheat in the north and rice in the south.正如(像)你们国家一样,我们在北方种小麦, 在南方种大米.( 方式状语从句) When at Rome,do as Romans do.入乡随俗.(方式状语从句 ) They always wor
23、k as hard as we do.他们工作总是像我们一样努力.( 句中第二个 as 是连词,引导比较状语从句) 此外,在 “asas possible“结构中第二个 as 也起连词的作用.eg: Read the story as quickly as possible.(=Read the story as quickly as you can.)尽快地阅读这个故事. They watered the trees as often as possible.(=They watered the trees as often as they could.)他们尽可能经常给树浇水. 4.引导让
24、步状语从句 ,作“ 虽然, 尽管“解.这时从句常用倒装语序,即把从句中的表语, 状语或动词原形放在 as 之前.eg; Strange as it may seem,it is true.尽管这事看上去很奇怪,但却是真的. Try as he might,Tom could not get out of the difficulties.不管怎样努力, 汤姆还是摆脱不了困境. Child as she is,she knows a lot.她虽然年幼,但却懂得很多东西 .(注意;child 前不带不定冠词 a) 四)as 作关系代词. 1.引导限制性定语从句 ,用在“such.as“,“the
25、 same.as“,“as.as“等结构中, 常译作“像.一样的人(或物)“,“凡是. 的人( 或物)“.例 eg: He wished to be such a man as Lei Feng was.他曾希望做一个像雷锋那样的人. My hometown is no longer the same as it was.我的家乡再也不像过去一样了. As many people as are present will be given a present.所有在场的人都将得到一份礼物. 2.引导非限制性定语从句 ,用来指代它前面的整个句子 (即先行句),意思是“ 这一点“.这个分句可以位于句
26、首,句中或句末.eg: As is well known,oceans cover more than 70% of the earth.我们知道,海洋占地球面积的百分之七十以上. This elephant is like a snake,as anybody can see.谁都看得出来,这头大象就像一条蛇. 五)含 as 的固定词组的用法 1.as soon as 作 “一就“ 解, 引导时间状语从句 .eg: As soon as I get to Beijing,Ill write to you.我一到北京,就给你写信. 2.as/so long as 作“只要“ 解,eg; As/
27、So long as you study hard,youll make progress.只要你努力,你就会取得进步. 3.as if/though 常用来引导方式状语从句,作“好像,仿佛“解.如果从句中讲的是非真实情况, 则用虚拟语气.eg: She loves the child as if/though he were her own.她爱这个孩子如同爱自己的孩子. They talked as if/though they had been there,他们谈起话来就好像他们真的到过那里似的. As if/though 也可用来引导表语从句 ,常用在“It appears/looks
28、/seems.+as if/though“句型结构中.eg; It appears as if/though it is going to clear up.看起来天要晴了. It seems as if/though he knew nothing about it.他好像对此事一无所知 . 4.as to 作“关于, 至于“ 解.eg; There is no doubt as to his honesty.他的诚实是无可置疑的. 5.as much/many as 作“ 多达.“,“达到.之多“解.eg: The number of people who lost homes reach
29、ed as many as 250000.无家可归的人数 达 25 万之多. He can earn as much as 5000 dollars a month.他每月能挣 5000 美元. 6.so/as far as I know 作“ 就我所知“解, 在句中作插入语.eg: As/So far as I know,he will come here next Monday.据我所知, 他将于下星期一到这里来. 7.as a result,as a result of 表示“由于.的结果“.eg: We follow up the suggestions,and have had sa
30、tisfying experiences as aresult.由于我们按照建议办事,因此一直得到满意的结果. She died as a direct result of the accident.她的死是那次事故的直接结果. 8,as well 为“也,还“之意.eg: Come early,and bring your brother as well.早点来,把你的弟弟也带来. as well as 也可以作“和,同“解.当其连接两个并列主语时,谓语动词应与前面的主语在数上保持一致.eg: My parents as well as my elder sister enjoy music
31、. 比较:My elder sister as well as my parents enjoys music.我父母亲和我姐姐都喜欢音乐. 9.so as to,so.as to 若跟动词原形,表示目的或结果.eg: He studied hard so as to pass the exam.他努力学习以便通过考试.(表示目的) He was so strong as to carry the heavy box.他很强壮,能搬动这个沉重的箱子.(表示结果) 四,keep,1eave,find,feel 和 make 在 S V O C 中的用法 SVOC 是一种基本句型.其中 S-Sub
32、jeet,V-Verb,O-Object,C-Complement. 宾语补语可以是形容词(Adjective),名词(Noun),现在分词(Present participle),过去分词(Past participle),介词短语(Prepositional phrase)和副词(Adverb), 也可以是动词不定式(Infinitive),或是从句(Clause).SVOC 结构在 SEFC 中运用很广泛,而且动词 make, keep,leave,find 和 feel 在新教材中出现频率很高 ,也是学习中的难点 .下面分别谈谈这些词在SVOC 中的用法. Keep keep 在 SV
33、OC 中的释义是“使某人或某事保持在某一状态“. 1.keep+O+Prepositional phrase Ill keep the box in the shade so that the sun doesnt burn the little plants.我会把这个盒子一直放在阴凉地方,这样太阳就不会把幼苗晒枯. 2.keep+O+Past participle Well keep you informed of the flood in the Chang jiang River.我们将随时让你知道长江水灾的情况. 3.keep+O+Adjective Please keep the
34、room clean all the time.请始终保持房间清洁. 4.keep+O+Present participle Mother kept me studying during the summer holiday;for I failed my maths exam. 母亲让我暑假一直学习,因为我数学考试不及格. 5.keep+O+Adverb You must keep this medicine away from the child.这药要放在儿童够不到的地方. Leave leave 在 SVOC 中的释义是“让某人或某事处于某种状态“. 1.1eave+O+Clause
35、Leave her where she is.让她留在原地. Dont touch my writing table;leave it as it is.别碰我的写字台,就让它照原样放着. 2.1eave+O+Past participle Before the final exam,he left nothing undone.在期末考试前, 他已做好了一切准备. 3.1eave+O+Adjective Fear left her lips stiff.恐惧使她张口结舌. 4.1eave+O+Present participle Dont leave water running to cle
36、an vegetables.洗菜时不要开着水龙头让水直淌 . 5.1eave+O+Infinitive Leave the fnture to take care of itself.让未来自然发展吧 . 6.Leave+O+Adverb Someone has left the bathroom tap no.有人忘了关浴室的水龙头. Find find 在 SVOC 中的释义是“ 发现,觉得“或者“发现.处于某种状态“. 1.find+O+Adjective .but I find idioms and useful expressions hard to learn.但是我觉得习惯用语和
37、有用的词语很难学. 2.find+O+Noun I find him a very clever man.我发现他是一个很聪明的人. 3.find+O+Present participle Dusk found him crying in the street.黄昏时, 他在街头叫喊. 4.find+O+Past participle He found his hometown greatly changed.他发现他的家乡发生了巨大的变化. 5.find+O+Prepositional phrase They found him already in the care of a doctor
38、.他们发现已经有一位大夫在照顾他了 . 6.find+O+Adverb He hurried there,but found them all out.他赶到那里,但发现大家都出去了. find 在 SVOC 中的宾语如果是动词不定式或者是动名词,就必须用先行词 it 表示, 然后将真正的宾语置于补语之后. 7.find+it+adj.+doing sth. We found it useless trying to persuade him to go with us.我们发现劝他和我们一起去是没用的. 8.find+it+adj.+to do sth. She found it hard
39、to keep a diary in English.她发现用英语每天写日记很难. Feel feel 在 SVOC 中的释义是“感到,认为“,如果其宾语是动词不定式,也必须用先行词 it 表示, 然后将真正的宾语置于补语之后. 1.feel+it+Noun+Infinitive They feel it their duty to keep the classroom clean.他们认为保持教室干净是他们的职责 . 2.feel+O+Past participle He felt himself forced to take the action.他感到自己是被迫采取这个行动. 3.fee
40、l+O+Bare infinitive (不带 to 的动词不定式) While I was cooking something in the kitchen I felt the floor move.我在厨房煮饭的时候,感到地板在动. 4.feel+O+Present participle I felt my heart beating faster when I entered the lonely house.当我走进这幢孤零零 的房子时,我感到我的心跳加快. 5.feel+O+Adjective We feel the idea quite impractical.我们觉得这个想法很
41、不实际. 6.feel+O+Noun Mike felt himself a person of importance.迈克觉得自己是一个重要人物. Make Make 在 SVOC 中的释义是“使得某人或某物怎么样“. 1.make+O+Adjective We must make the buying of tickets easier for our passengers.我们一定要让旅客们更容易买到机票. 2.make+O+Noun All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.只用功不玩耍,弄得孩子会变傻. 3.make+O+Bare innn
42、itive Man must make the earth support more people.人类必须使地球养活更多的人. 4.make+O(oneself)+Past participle If Dr.Baker is in the hall,will he please make himself known to me 如果贝克博士在场的话,请自我介绍一下好吗 Exercise: Fill in the blanks with feel, find, make, leave, keep using the proper form. 1. Its dangerous for you t
43、he horse running too fast. 2. He it an honor to be invited to the party. 3. The death of the president _ the country sad. 4. His English is so poor that he cant _ himself understood. 5. At the time of the earthquake, you _ the ground shaking or moving. 6. Youd better all the windows open. 7. If the
44、government _ _ the factory polluting the river, there would be no fish here. 8. He returned home _ his father lying sick in bed. 9. They _ _ him the right man for the job. 10. The weather us indoors that day. 五,英语中 “许多“ 概念的表述 英语中“许多“概念的表达方法很多 ,用起来较灵活.本文对其用法分类浅析如下.一,修饰可数名词. 表示“ 许多“的词和词组有:many,a great
45、/good many,a great/large/small number of,scores of,dozens of.eg: There are many people in the park.公园里有许多人. Im quite busy;I have a great many things to do.我非常忙, 我有很多事情要做. A number of my friends think I should take a holiday.我的许多朋友都认为我应该休假. There were a large number of patients outside waiting to see
46、 the doctors.外面有很多 人等着看病. Up to now only a small number of schools have been built in this area.到目前为止,这个地区仅仅建了少数几个学校. She bought dozens of eggs yesterday morning.她昨天上午买了许多鸡蛋. I have heard that scores of times.那件事我已听过很多遍了. 注意:1.many 用作代词, 表示“ 许多人,许多“的意思. Many of them have left for the countryside.他们中
47、有许多人到农村去了. 2.Many a/an 也表示“很多的, 许多的“ 的意思,后接可数名词单数,谓语动词用单数形式. Many a young man wants to speak English.许多年轻人想说英语 . 3.a great/good many 用作代词,表示“很多东西/人“的意思 . A great many of them are out of work.他们中的很多人失业了. 4.the number of.表示“.的数目“ 谓语动词用单数形式. The number of books missing from the school library is large.
48、学校图书馆丢失书的数目很大. 二,修饰不可数名词. 表示“ 许多“的词和词组有:much,a great/good deal of,a large/small amount of. “Do you have much money with you “No,I never carry much money with me.“你身上带了很多钱吗 “不,我身上从来不多带钱.“ There is a great deal of snow on the ground.地面上有很多雪. I have spent a good deal of time/money on stamp collecting.我
49、在集邮上花费了很多时间/钱 . A million dollars is a large amount of money to me.100 万美元对我来说是一笔巨款. There is only a small amount of food.只有一点食物. 注意:1.much 用作代词 ,表示“ 许多 ,大量“的意思. I couldnt write much into days exam.在今天的考试中我没答出多少. 2.a great/good deal 用作代词 ,表示“ 很多,大量“的意思. He ate a great deal.他吃了很多. 3.a great/good deal 用作副词 ,作状语, 修饰形容词,特别是形容词比较级 ,意思是“非常,.得多“;也可修饰动词,意思是“很多“. He ran a good deal faster than I.他跑得比我快得多. “Do you walk much “Yes,a good deal.“你常步行吗 “是的,次数很多.“ We see each other a great deal.我们多次见面. 4.the amount of.作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式. The a
