1、,Where shall I buried ？,葬我于何地,The forms of burial vary among Chinas nation, including cremation, inhumation, water burial and sky burial (exposure burial) 中国民族的丧葬习俗各有不同，有火葬、土葬、水葬、天葬等不同的葬法 。,土葬起源于原始社会，那时就有这个风俗。还有后来的夏，殷等许多朝代都是采用土葬。进入阶级社会后，有了明显的尊卑贵贱的等级差别 . Inhumation，a custom then，stemmed from primitiv
2、e society. Then numerous dynasties includingXia and shang adopted it. Entering into class society，there are more obvious differences in wealth and status.,Some reasons follow: 1,Respect for the physical remains 2,Many cultures believe in an afterlife （来世） 3,Many religions prescribe a particular way
3、to live, which includes customs relating to disposal of the dead 4,Burial can be seen as an attempt to bring closure to the deceaseds family and friends 5,A decomposing body releases unpleasant gases related to decomposition. As such, burial is seen as a means of preventing smells from expanding int
4、o open air,The tumulus mound covering the tomb of Emperor Jing of Han1 (r. 156-141 BCE), located outside of Xian,Chinese tombs are ancient mausoleums and burial mounds built to house the remains of several early emperors of China and their imperial relatives,Mausoleum of the Qin Emperor 秦始皇陵,Partial
5、 list of tombs in China Zhou dynasty tombs complex near Luoyang, Henan Qin dynasty mausoleums near Xian, Shaanxi（This is the largest Chinese burial mound ） Tang dynasty mausoleums in Shaanxi（The eighteen mausoleums of the Tang Dynasty emperors (唐十八陵) in the valley of the Wei River north of the Qin M
6、ountains(秦岭) Some are among the biggest Chinese mausoleums 。 Imperial mausoleums complex of Song dynasty in and around Gongyi, Henan,The prior funeral technologies such as cremation，inhumation， burials and the like are unprogressive, which directly causes environment pollution and land waste. 现有的火葬、
7、土葬、墓葬等殡葬技术落后，直接造成环境的污染和土地的浪费Online funerals or burials would not retain the ashes, but set up an online cemetery and memorialize the deceased by posting an obituary and funeral messages. 网上葬礼不会保留骨灰，而是建立一个网上墓地，通过发布讣闻和悼念信息来纪念死者,土地资源 Land resource,土地用的的分类 land use classification,水土流失,我国是世界上最早开始农业耕种的国家，
8、水土流失已经使一部分地区几乎变成不毛之地。据估计，我国水土流失面积达150万平方千米，每年流失土壤约50亿吨。仅黄河水系每年流失土壤就达16亿吨之多。如果将这些流失的泥土堆成高宽各1米的堤坝，就可以绕地球20圈以上。,草场退化,我国的草场过渡放牧问题十分严重，草场的退化也因而十分严重。据我国北方和青藏高原等10个牧业省区统计，建国后，牧场放养牧畜头数增加了23倍，而草场面积却在减少。严重地过度放牧，使我国的草场退化问题十分严重。,目前，我国沙漠、戈壁及沙漠化土地面积已达149.6万平方千米，占我国国土面积的15.5。也就是说我国960万平方千米的土地上，超过1/7的土地已沙化。另外，尚有15.
9、8万平方千米的土地正在沙化，其中包括393万公顷农田和493万公顷草场。据专家估计，目前我国的沙漠正以每年1560平方千米的速度继续扩大。,desertification 荒漠化,草场退化,我国的草场过渡放牧问题十分严重，草场的退化也因而十分严重。据我国北方和青藏高原等10个牧业省区统计，建国后，牧场放养牧畜头数增加了23倍，而草场面积却在减少。严重地过度放牧，使我国的草场退化问题十分严重。,建筑building,陵墓mausoleum,努力改善生产条件，千方百计提高粮食综合生产能力 Striving to Improve Production Conditions to Increase t
10、he Comprehensive Grain Production Ability,Farmland Preservation,二、A classification of land uses by type,The valuation and use of land,.数百年来，土地所有权也是个人财富和社会权利的关键象征。我们重点关注土地作为自然资源之一是怎样被有效理由的经济原理、决定土地价值的经济原理以及不同的土地所有权关系是怎样影响土地的利用和土地价值的经营原理等。 Land ownership was also for many centuries the key to personal
11、 wealth and social power. Our focus is on the economic principles surrounding the efficient use of land as a natural resource, the determination of the value of land, an how different types of ownership of land affects land use and value.,在某种意义上，土地经济的研究是研究自然资源经济学基础和开端。显然土地是投入到许多经济活动（农业和林业；住宅，商业和工业，以
12、及矿产勘查）中的重要成分。它也是自然界中各种生态系统的基础。In a sense, the study of land economics was the beginning of the economics of natural resources . land is clearly an important input factor into many economic activities-agriculture and forestry; residential, commercial, and industrial uses; and mineral exploration. it
13、also supports an enormous variety of ecosystems,The concept of land use-capacity,How to make the land have the highest use-capacity? 怎样充分发挥土地利用潜能？,1.综合开发利用和保护国土资源，实现农业可持续发展 Comprehensively developing, utilizing and protecting land resources for the sustainable development of agriculture 2.加快开发利用浅海、滩
14、涂和内陆水面。 Quickening the development and utilization of shallow offshore waters, beaches and inland waters,When we speak of the physical supply（土地的自然供给） of land,we are concerned with the physical existence of resources.Protecting cultivated land is always the foundation for increased grain production保
15、护耕地始终是增产粮食的基础,.实现粮食生产的持续稳定增长，发展食物多样化生产，必须处理好人口、资源、环境的关系，加强农业资源管理，保护生态环境 To realize the sustained and stable growth of grain production and produce diversified foodstuffs China must handle well the relationship among population, resources and environment, strengthen the management of agricultural resources and protect the ecological environment,
