1、1动词不定式动词不定式的概念：动词不定式指由 to 加上动词原形所构成的一种非谓语动词，但在有些情况下 to 可以省略。动词不定式在语法功能上可作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。动词不定式的构成与形式：现以动词 make为例，其形式如下：主动形式 被动形式一般式 (not) to make (not) to be made完成式 (not) to have made (not) to have been made进行式 (not) to be making 完成进行式(not) to have been making 1不定式的用法1）作主语。不定式短语作主语时，往往2放在谓语之后，
2、用 it 作形式主语。如：To see is to believe. It is right to give up smoking. 2）作宾语。不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后，而用 it 作形式宾语。如：He wanted to go. I find it interesting to study history. 有些动词后只能用动词不定式作宾语。如：decide，plan ，desire ，expect，hope, wish， pretend，promise，refuse，afford，agree，ask，fail，tend， pretend
3、，manage3）作宾语补足语。如：He asked me to do the work with him. 注意：在feel，hear，notice，observe，see，watch，have，let，make 等词后的补足语中，不定式不带 to。但这些句子如果变成被动结3构时，就必须带 to。如：I often hear him sing the song. He is often heard to sing the song. （注意：动词不定式在介词 but 后面时，如果介词之前有行为动词 do 的各种形式，那么，这些介词后的不定式不带 to，否则要带 to。另外，在 cant ch
4、oose but 和 cant help but 等后面的不定式也省略 to。 ）如：She could do nothing but cry. I have no choice but to go. 4）作定语。如：I have some books for you to read. 作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。如：He is looking for a room to live in. There is nothing to worry about. Please give me a knife to c
5、ut with. 当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词4是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用主动语态，也可用被动语态，但其含义有所不同。试比较：Have you anything to send ?（你有什么东西要寄吗？不定式 to send 的动作执行者是“你” ）Have you anything to be sent?你有什么要（我或别人）寄的东西吗？不定式 to be sent 的动作执行者是“我”或“别人”5）作状语，表示目的、原因、结果或条件。如：I came here to see you. （目的）We were very excited to hear the news. （
6、原因）He hurried to the school to find nobody there. （结果）To look at him, you would like him. （条件）目的状语还可以用 in order to 或 so as to 来5表示，如：In order to pass the exam, he worked very hard. We ran all the way so as not to be late. （so as to 不能置于句首）I am very glad to hear it. The question is difficult to answe
7、r. He is too old to do that. （“too + 形容词或副词 + 不定式 ”作状语。 ）The room is big enough to hold us.6）作表语。如： My job is to help the patient. 7）作独立成分。如：To tell the truth, I dont agree with you. 8）不定式与疑问词who，which，when，where，how ，what 等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语、表语、宾语等。如：He didnt know what to say. （宾语）How to solve the p
8、roblem is very important. （主语）注意：在与 why 连用时，只用于 why 或6why not 开头的简短疑问句中，后面紧跟的动词不定式不带 to。例如：Why not have a rest ?9）1. 不定式的语态。不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式。如：Have you got a key to unlock the door ?(A key unlocks the door. )不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式常用主动形式。I have got a lett
9、er to write. （I write letter. ）He needs a room to live in. （He lives in a room. ）I know what to do. （I do what. ）但这句如改为下列形式，不定式就得用7被动形式：I know what is to be done. 这是因为 what is to be done 是宾语从句，从句中的主语 what 是动词 do 的动作对象。不定式作表语形容词的状语，和句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，不定式多用主动形式，这是因为人们往往认为形容词后省去了 for sb. 。如：He is hard to
10、 talk to. （to talk to him）The book is difficult to understand. （to understand the book）在 there be 结构中，当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时，不定式用主动形式；如果说话人强调的事情本身必须完成，则用被动形式。There is a lot of work to do. （Somebody has to do the work. ）There is a lot of work to be done. （The work has to be done. ）请注意下面两个句子的含义是不同的：There
11、 is nothing to do. （无事可做，感到十分乏味。 ）8There is nothing to be done. （某东西坏了，无法使之恢复正常。 ）2不定式的时态1）不定式的一般形式所表示的动作，通常与谓语的动作（状态）同时（或几乎同时）发生，或是在它之后发生。例如：I saw him go out. 2）如果谓语表示的动作（情况）发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行，这时不定式就要用进行式。例如：He pretended to be reading a book when she went in. 3）如果不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前，就要用完成式。例如：Im sorry to
12、 have kept you waiting. 3不定式符号 to 的保留问题有时为了避免重复，可以用 to 来代替前面的不定式，这种情况常出现下列动词后：9expect， prefer，care ，mean，forget，want，wish，hope，try 以及 be glad/happy等后。如果在省略的不定式结构中含有be，have，have been，这些词要保留。如：Are you on holidays ?No, but Id like to be. I didnt tell him the news. Oh, you ought to have. 10动 名 词动名词是一种非谓
13、语动词形式。非谓语动词指的是在句中起名词，形容词或副词作用的动词形式，而不是作谓语的动词形式。动名词是由动词原形 + ing 构成，同现在分词形式一样，在句中可作主语， 宾语，表语和定语。以动词 write 为例，主动式 被动式一般 writing being written 完成 having written having been written1动名词在句中的作用动名词由动词原形+ing 构成，同现在分词11形式一样，在句中可作主语， 宾语，表语，定语。1） 动名词作主语： Talking like that is not polite. Its no use waiting here,
14、 lets go home. 2） 动名词作表语 The nurses job is looking after the patients. 3） 动名词作宾语 有些动词须用动名词来作宾语,它们是 begin, mind, suggest, finish, stop, need, enjoy, miss, keep. Please stop smoking in the house. 4）动名词作定语 She is studying in the reading room. （注意：动名词的否定形式：not + 动名词 ）We considered not doing it now. 2。动名
15、词的时态12动名词的一般时表示动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生，或在谓语动词的动作之后发生。I enjoy swimming in the big river. 动名词的完成时 动名词的完成时表示动作在谓语动词动作之前发生。 She regret not having studied the computer hard. 3。动名词的被动形式 ：当动名词和它的逻辑主语是被动关系时，用动名词的被动形式来表示。 His being looked down upon made him sick. I cant really stand being treated like that. 4动名词的几个
16、特殊情况： 1) 有些动词的后面能跟动名词做宾语，有些动词能跟不定式，有些两者都可以， 它们的具体含义有时还不一样。 能跟动名词的动词有：avoid, consider, delay, deny, dislike, endure, enjoy, escape, 13forgive, finish, imagine, keep, mind, miss, pardon, prevent, resist, suggest, understand, cant help, 等。 能跟不定式的动词有：decide, desire, expect, hope, mean, pretend, promise,
17、 refuse, undertake, want, wish, agree, manage, 既能跟动名词和不定式的动词有：love, like, hate, prefer, dislike, begin, continue, intend, attempt, propose, want, need, remember, forget, regret, try, deserve, start, 动词后面跟动名词还是不定式，含义不相同，总的来说，表示习惯的， 一般性的动作多跟动名词，一次性的具体的被动动作多跟不定式。 I like to go with you.I like reading. H
18、e promised to help her.We love watching VCD.142) remember, forget, regret 后面跟动名词时，动名词表示过去的动作， 后面跟不定式时，不定式表示将来的动作。I remember meeting him in the street. I remember to write a letter to my parents. 3) “stop + 动名词“表示停止动名词所表示的动作， “stop + 不定式“表示停下来做不定式所表示的动作。 Stop smoking, please. Lets stop to have a rest
19、. try to do 尽力做 try doing 试着做 go on to do 继续做( 与原来不同的事 ) go on doing 继续做(与原来相同的事)mean to do 想要做 mean doing 意味着 15Exercises1) The project_by the end of 2000, will expand the citys telephone network to cover 1,000,000 users. A) accomplished B) being accomplished C) to be accomplished D) been accomplis
20、hed2) I am sorry to _you so much trouble. A) have given B) have been given C) have been giving D) giving 3) The revolutionary fighter would rather di16e with his head high than _with his knees bent. A) to live B) living C) live D) lived 4) The accident seemed to_before I came. A) occur B) have occur
21、red C) have been occurring D) have been occurred 5) Of course we should like everything to _ smoothly. A) be going B) have been goingC) going D) have been gone6) Miss Yee has never taken any painting lessons but she has a natural ability_. A) to painting B) to paint C) painting D) painted177) Tim ca
22、nnot but_his supervisor to helphim solve the difficulty he has in doing his project. A) to ask B) ask C) asking D) asked8) It is important_ you to get there intime. A) that B) for C) of D) whether9) It is wise _the case that way. A) of him to settle B) for him to settle C) of his settling D) that he
23、 settle10) You had better _the road. A) rush 18B) rushing C) to rush D) rushed11)I used_ a lot of pocket money when I was young. A) to get B) that I got C) to getting D) to have go12) I forgot_her that my coat buttons need to be sewn on. A) reminding B) reminded C) to remind D) to have reminded13) A
24、n adequate amount of heat must be supplied for the metal_. A) to be melting B) to be melted 19C) to have melted D) to melted14) Irish weddings are almost certain to _in this way for generations. A) have celebrating B) be celebrated C) have celebrated D) have been celebrated15) A force can make a bod
25、y _ around a point which is not in its line of action.A) rotating B) to rotate C) rotate D) rotated 16) He had no alternative but _to see him. A) go B) went C) going D) to go2017) Do you consider _wise to ignore him? A) it B) it would be C) it to be D) it as being18) When visiting a foreign country,
26、 I sometimes found it difficult_. A) to make myself understood B) to make others understand myself C) to make myself understand D) making others understand me19) There was so much noise outside that the speaker could hardly _. A) make the audience hear B) make the audience hearing him C) make himsel
27、f hear D) make himself heard20) Do you intend us_the new method? 21A) to use B) using C) having used D) the using of21) Because air pollution has been greatly reduced, this city is still _. A) a good place to live B) a good place for living in C) a good place to be lived in D) a good place to live i
28、n22) Do you know _a house? A) to building B) how to build C) building D) about building23) The students expected there_more reviewing classes before the final exams. A) is 22B) being C) have been D) to be24) Without facts, we can not form a worthwhile opinion, for we need to have factual knowledge _
29、our thinking. A) which to be based on B) upon which to base C) which to base upon D) to which to be based25) When you were talking to the policeman, I saw a teenager _. A) getting on your car and driving off B) got on your car and drove off C) getting on your car and drive off D) get on your car and
30、 drive off26) I didnt know _him or not. A) whether to help B) if to help C) to help 23D) that if I should help27) I know I wasnt the first _, for I saw smoke _ from the window. A) to arrive; to rise B) to arrive; rising C) arriving ; rising D arrived; rise 28) She is going to town _. A) to repair he
31、r watch B) to have repaired her watch C) to have her watch repaired D) for repairing her watch29) “I cant see the blackboard very well.“ “Perhaps you need _.“ A) to examine your eyes B) to have examined your eyes C) your eyes examined D) to have your eyes examined2430) Scientists think that laser_ o
32、ne of themost useful tools in use today. A) being B) to be C) as being D) is31) The Italian football team played so successfully _ the Brazilians. A) as not to defeat B) as to defeat C) to defeat D) for the purpose defeat32) They would sooner _ for a drink. A) going B) be go C) to go D) go33) We are
33、_ a mathematics test the day after tomorrow. 25A) supposed to having B) supposedly to have C) supposed to have D) supposedly to having34) I dont feel inclined _ the theater with you tonight. A) going to B) to go to C) going D) to go35) The vocabulary and grammatical differences between British and A
34、merican English are so trivial and few that they can hardly_. A) be noticed B) to be noticed C) being noticed D) to notice36) It isnt cold enough for there _a frost26tonight, so I can leave Jims car out quite safety. A) would be B) being C) was D) to be37) The local health organization is reported _
35、twenty-five years ago when Dr. Alice became its firstpresident.A) to be set up B) being set up C) to have been set up D having been set up38) It is better to die on ones feet than _. A) live on ones knees B) living ones knees C) on ones knees D) to live on ones knees2739) After twenty years abroad,
36、William came back only_ his hometown severely damaged in an earthquake. A) to find B) finding C) to have found D) to be finding 40) The building is said _ in a fire two years ago. A) to be destroyed B) to destroy C) to have been destroyed D) to being destroyed Key to the exercises1)C、2)A、3)C、4)B、5)A、6)B、7)B、8)B、9)A、10)A、11)A 、12)C、13)B、14)D、15)C 、16)D、17)A、18)A、19)D 、20)A、21)D 、22)B 、23)D 、24)B 、25)D、26)A、27)B、28)C、29)D 、30)D、31)B、32)28D、33)C 、34)B 、35)A 、36)D、37)C、38)D、39)A 、40)C
