1、1复合句 名词性从句 Noun Clause一、复合句的定义复合句又称主从复合句，由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成，主句为句子的主体，从句不能独立，只用作句子的一个成分，如主语、表语、宾语、介词宾语、定语、同位语、状语（包括地点、条件、时间、原因、让步、比较、结果等状语） 。从句担任什么句子成分，这个从句就叫做该成分的从句，如主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句等。二、名词性从句的定义和分类名词性从句相当于名词，可作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。因此名词性从句可分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。三、名词性从句的连接词名词性从句的连接词分为从属连词、连接代词和连接副词。从属连词 tha
2、t 无词义，在从句中不担任成分，有时可省略；if(whether)虽有词义但在从句中不担任成分。连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which 有词义，在从句中担任成分，如主语、表语、宾语或定语。连接副词 when,where,why,how 有词义，在从句中担任成分（状语） 。四、主语从句（1）主语从句的定义主语从句在复合句中作主句的主语。（2）主语从句的表现形式1.由从属连词引导That the earth turns around the sun is known to all.地球围绕太阳转这一点是众所周知的。Whether he will come or not is n
3、ot yet known. 他是否要来还不知道。2.由连接代词引导Who will go is not important. 谁将去那儿并不重要。What we need is more practice. 我们需要的是再多一些训练。Whoever is here gets a prize. 不管谁来，都能获奖。Whatever I have done is only for you. 无论我做什么都是为了你。3.由连接副词引导When he will leave for the United States is not yet decided.他什么时候动身去美国还未决定。Why he fa
4、iled the physics exam was not clear.还不清楚他为什么没有通过物理考试。Where he has been is still a puzzle. 他曾去过什么地方仍是个谜。How Thomas Edison became a great inventor is known to all.托马斯爱迪生怎样成为一位伟大的发明家，这是众所周知的。24.it 作为形式主语代表主语从句由于主语从句位于句首，句子显得笨重因此常把它移至句子后部，句首用引导词 it 来作形式主语。It is a pity that she has made such a foolish mi
5、stake. 真遗憾，她犯了如此愚蠢的错误。Its reported that three people were killed in the traffic accident.据报道，那次交通事故中有 3 人丧命。It doesnt matter whether hell come or not. 他来不来都没关系。It happened that I didnt take any money with me. 我碰巧身上没有带钱。It seems that our football team will win the match.看来我们的足球队将会打赢那场比赛。注意：it 作形式主语代替
6、主语从句时，要注意和 as 引导的定语从句的区别。试比较：It was reported that the US was under the terrorist attack. （主语从句，有 that，无逗号）As was reported, the US was under the terrorist attack. （定语从句，无 that，有逗号）上两句意为“据报道，美国遭到恐怖分子的袭击”。必背用形式主语 it 引导的主语从句相当多，有些已形成固定的语法和译法。常见的有：It is said that. 据说 It is reported that. 据报道 It is well k
7、nown that. 众所周知 It is announced that. 据宣布 It is believed that. 人们相信 I It is thought that. 人们认为 It must be pointed out that. 必须指出 It must be admitted that. 必须承认五、表语从句（1)表语从句的定义表语从句在复合句中作主句的表语。表语从句和主语指同一内容，它对主语进行解释、说明使主语的内容具体化。（2)表语从句的表现形式1.可接表语从句的连系动词有 be, look, seem, sound, appear 等。China is no long
8、er what she used to be. 今日的中国不再是过去的中国了。At that time, it seemed as if I couldnt think of the right word.当时，我似乎怎么也想不出一个恰当的字眼来。2.由从属连词引导The question is whether we should ask them for help. 问题是我们是否请他们帮忙。The trouble is that he has never done the work before. 麻烦在于他以前从未干过这个工作。33.由连接代词引导Guilin is not what i
9、t used to be. 桂林已不是从前那个样子了。What she wants to know is which dress she should buy. 她想知道的是她应买哪件衣服。4.由连接副词引导That is where Lu Xun used to live. 那就是鲁迅曾经住过的地方。That is why he didnt pass the exam. 那是他考试不及格的原因。注：(1) 表语从句还可以由 as if ,as though, because 或 why 引导It looks as if/though it were going to rain. 天看上去好像
10、要下雨。That he didnt come is because he was ill. 他没来是因为他病了。Thats why he got angry with me. 那正是他对我生气的原因。(Thats why.强调结果) (2) 名词 reason 作主语时，后面的表语从句表示原因时要用 that 引导，不宜用because。 The reason why I was sad was that he didnt understand me.我难过的原因是他没有理解我。六、宾语从句（1)宾语从句的定义宾语从句在复合句中作及物动词的宾语，也可作介词和某些形容词的宾语。（2)宾语从句的表
11、现形式1.及物动词后的宾语从句(1) 由从属连词引导He told us that they would help us through the whole work.他告诉我们在整个工作中，他都会帮忙的。I think (that) watching TV too much is bad for peoples heath.我认为看太多电视对人的健康有害。(2) 由连接代词引导I wonder what had happened to him. 我不知道他发生了什么事。I dont know which school he is in. 我不知道他在哪所学校读书。He asked me wh
12、ose handwriting was the best in the class. 他问我班上谁的书法最好。He doesnt know who first discovered America. 他不知道谁首先发现了美洲大陆。(3) 由连接副词引导I wonder why she refused my invitation. 我不知道她为什么拒绝我的邀请。Can you tell me where the nearest post office is?你能告诉我离这儿最近的邮局在哪吗？Do you know when he will leave for Hong Kong?你知道他将于什么
13、时候动身去香港吗？Would you please tell me how I can finish the work in the shortest possible time?请告诉我怎样才能尽可能在短时间内把工作干完？42.介词和某些形容词之后的宾语从句介词后的宾语从句Tom is a nice boy, except that he is sometimes late for school.汤姆是个好孩子，除了上学有时迟到以外。The teacher is pleased with what she has said. 老师对于她所说的很满意。It depends on whether
14、 the manager will agree to the plane or not.这件事取决于经理是否同意这项计划。I always think of how I can improve my spoken English.我经常考虑如何才能提高我的英语口语。某些用作表语的形容词后的宾语从句Im afraid (that) I cant accept your invitation. 我恐怕不能接受你的邀请。Im sure that you will make greater progress in English through hard work.我确信，通过艰苦努力你将在英语方面取
15、得更大进步。We are glad that our football team has won the match.我们感到高兴的是我们的足球队赢得了比赛。Im anxious that he will be able to pass the exam. 我非常希望他能通过考试。We are surprised that he has left without saying goodbye to us.他不辞而别，我们感到非常吃惊。Mother was very pleased that her son had passed the national college entrance exa
16、m.儿子通过了大学入学考试，母亲很高兴。非谓语动词之后的宾语从句Realizing that it was just a difference in custom, the foreigner smiled and said nothing.这个外国人知道了只是风俗的不同后，就笑了笑，没说什么。On being asked whether he had had any good food in Italy, he answered “Terrible”.一问到他在意大利是否吃过什么好菜，他就回答说“糟的很” 。it 作为形式宾语代表宾语从句在“及物动词+宾语+ 宾语补足语”的结构中，宾语如果是
17、由从句来担任，则通常放在宾语补足语的后面，而在然来的宾语的位置上用引导词作形式宾语。One often hears it said that travel broadens the mind.人们常常听说旅行可以使人心胸开阔。I made it clear that I was determined to carry out the plan.我已明确表示我决定执行这个计划。I consider it necessary that we should spend more time practicing spoken English.我认为多花时间练习英语口语是必要的。We think it
18、possible that young people master at least two foreign languages.我们认为年轻人至少掌握两门外语是可能的。七、同位语从句（1）同位语从句的定义在复合句中用作同位语的从句称为同位语从句。同位语从句一般由 that, whether 等5连词引导，常位于fact；news；idea；truth；hope ；problem；information；promise；suggestion 等名词的后面，说明该名词的具体内容。（2）同位语从句的表现形式1.由 that 引导The fact that you havent enough tim
19、e to do the work is simply unbelievable.你没有足够的时间去做这件工作，这简直令人难以置信。The hope that he may recover is not gone yet. 他会康复的希望没有消失。The news that he has been elected president of the United States is true.他当选美国总统的消息是真的。The truth that heavy objects and light objects fall at the same speed is known to all.重的物体
20、和轻的物体以同样的速度落下，这一事实是众所周知的。2.由 whether 引导The problem whether we should continue to do the experiment has been solved.我们是否应该继续做这工作的问题已经解决了。The question whether we need more time to do the work has not been discussed.我们是否需要更多的时间来做这工作的问题还未决定。3.由 when 引导I have no idea when he will be back. 我不知道他什么时候回来。注：有
21、时可用 namely（即） ，that is to say（也就是说） ，in other words（换句话说） ，that is （那就是） ，ie （亦即 )，for example（例如）等引出同位语，说明其前面的名词或代词。名词性从句考点1、名词性从句的语序名词性从句要求使用陈述句语序，而非一般疑问句语序。How he was successful is still a puzzle. 他是怎么成功的仍然是个谜。Could you tell me where he lives? 你能告诉我他住在什么地方吗？I had no idea what he had done the othe
22、r day before. 我对他前一天做的事情一无所知。My worry is whether they will arrive on time. 我担心的是，他们是否会按时到。2、名词性从句的连接词1.that 和 what 的选用that 和 what 都可引导主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句（what 通常不引导同位语从句，而 that 可以） 。what 除起连接作用外，还在名词性从句中充当成分，可作从句中的主语、宾语或表语。而 that 在名词性从句中不充当任何成分，只起连接作用。如：What he wants is a book. 他想要的是一本书。That light travel
23、s in straight lines is known to all. 众所周知，光沿直线传播。The result is that we won the game. 结果是我们赢得了比赛。6That is what we are looking for. 这就是我们正在寻找的东西。What excited us most was that he passed the exam.使我们感到兴奋的是，他考试通过了。Lets know what is happening there. 让我们了解一下那儿发生的事情。Is what he told us true? 他对我们讲的话是真的吗？The
24、trouble is that what they say doesnt agree with what they do.问题是他们说的与他们做的不一致。We should pay attention to what the teacher is saying. 我们应该要注意老师说的话。One day, they came to what we call“Hong Kong”now.一天，他们来到了我们今天称之为“香港”的地方。The news that China succeeded in sending up a manned spaceship was exciting.中国成功地发射
25、了载人飞船的消息令人兴奋。2.if 和 whether 的选用引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句以及介词后的宾语从句，不能用 if，只能用whether。引导动词后的宾语从句可用 if 或 whether。I asked her if/whether she had a bike. 我问她是否有自行车。Whether we will hold a party in the open air tomorrow depends on the weather.我们明天是否在户外开晚会要看天气而定。We are worried about whether he is safe. 我们担心他是否安全。T
26、he question is whether he should do it. 问题是，他是否应该做这件事。The doctor can hardly answer the question whether the old man can survive a major operation. 医生几乎不能回答这位老人是否能经得起一场大手术而活下来的问题。I dont know whether or not he is well. Or: I dont know if he is well.我不知道他现在是不是身体健康。3.其他连接代词和连接副词的选用主要根据名词性从句中的具体意义正确的选择 w
27、ho which, when, where, why, how等连接词。这些连接词既有疑问含义，又起连接作用，同时在从句中充当各种成分。When we shall hold our sports meeting is not decided.我们何时举行运动会还没有决定。I dont know who broke the glass yesterday. 我不知道昨天谁打破了玻璃。Which car you will choose to buy makes no difference.你决定买哪一辆车都不会有任何区别。I have no idea what he looks like. 我不知
28、道他长什么模样。This is where I left my glasses. 这就是我忘记眼镜的地方。4.引导词 that 的省略主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句，用 it 作形式宾语的宾语从句及并列宾语从句中的7后几个从句，that 不能省略。只有单个宾语从句中的 that 可以省略。如：I dont think (that) she is coming. 我认为她不会来。It is a pity that he has made such a mistake. 他犯了这样一个错误，真是太可惜了。The reason is that he is careless. 原因是他太粗心。The
29、news that our team won the match inspired us.我们队赢得了比赛的消息鼓舞了我们。I dont think it necessary that you should read English aloud.我认为你没有必要大声朗读英语。He told me (that) his father had died and that he had to make a living alone.他告诉我他的父亲死了，所以他不得不独自谋生。5.Whatever/whoever 的功用Whatever/whoever 可引导主语从句、宾语从句，表语从句，并在从句中作
30、主语、宾语、表语等。这种用法中，whatever，whoever 在从句中通常不含疑问意义。Whatever=anything that；whoever=anyone who，要注意 whatever 和 whoever 引导的让步状语从句的区别，Whoever breaks the law should be punished.（主语从句）=Anyone who breaks the law should be punished. 不管是谁犯了法，都应该受到惩罚。Whoever breaks the law, he should be punished.（让步状语从句，主句和从句都有自己独立
31、的主语）=No matter who breaks the law, he should be punished.不管是谁犯了法，他都应该受到惩罚。We will do whatever we can to help the poor children.我们将尽我们所能帮助这些穷苦的孩子们。I will give the dictionary to whoever needs it.我将把这本字典送给需要它的人。3、宾语从句的时态呼应1.如果主句是祈使句或主句的谓语动词是现在时或将来时，从句谓语可根据句意的需要而用任何一种时态。He believes that his dream will c
32、ome true one day. 他相信总有一天他的梦想会实现。Please tell me what you think of the project. 请谈谈你对这个工程的看法。2.如果主句谓语是过去时，从句谓语动词一般用过去的某种时态（如一般过去时，过去进8行时，过去完成时等） 。但如果宾语从句表达的是客观事实，真理，自然现象等时，从句谓语通常用一般现在时。He told me that he was preparing for the examination.他告诉我他当时正在为考试做准备。He said that he had been away from his hometown
33、 for ten years. 他说他离开家乡已有十年了。He asked me where I lived. 他问我我住在什么地方。The teacher said that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 老师说太阳东升西落。四、同位语从句的引导和辨别1.同位语从句的引导词能接同位语从句的名词有：fact；idea ；news；information；order ；belief；suggestion；advice ；reply；answer； saying 等。that 常用来引导同位语从句，whether, when, wh
34、ere 等也可引导同位语从句。如：He gave us many suggestions that we (should) get up earlier and take more exercise.他给我们提了很多建议，如：早起，多锻炼等。The news that Beijing won the bid to hold the 2008 Olympic Games greatly encouraged us. 北京获得 2008 年奥运会举办全的消息极大地鼓舞了我们。I have no idea where he comes from. 我不知道他是什么地方人。He cant answer
35、 the question how he got the money.他不能回答他是怎样弄到这笔钱的问题。2.同位语从句与定语从句的区别定语从句是先行词的修饰语，它不涉及先行词的具体内容。如果定语从句由 that 引导，that 在从句中不但起连接作用，而且在定语从句中充当一个句子成分。同位语从句对中心词的内容进行进一步地解释和说明，表明中心词的具体实际内容。引导同位语从句的 that 在同位语从句中不作任何成分，只起连接作用，无词义，且不可省略。比较：We expressed the hope (that) they had expressed.我们表达了他们曾经表达了的希望。 （that
36、引导定语从句， that 可省略）We expressed the hope that they would come to China again.我们表达了这样的希望：欢迎他们再来中国。 （that 引导同位语从句， that 不可省略)The information has been announced that more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.将会有更多的高中毕业生被大学录取的信息已公布出来了。 （that 引导一个间隔式同位语从句，修饰 information）9The informati
37、on that he revealed at the meeting is of great value.他在会上透露的信息很有价值。 （that 引导定语从句)5、构成的主语从句常见句型 (参照语法 it 的用法)名词性从句习题精选1. His success was because of _ he had been working hard.A. that B. the fact which C. the fact that D. the fact2.-“Is Mary from New York City”-“I dont know _.“A. from what city does s
38、he come from B. from what city she comeC. what city does she come from D. what city she comes from3._ makes mistakes must correct them.A. What B. That C. Whoever D. Whatever4.The reason why I didnt go to Shanghai was _ a new job.A. because I got B. because of getting C. I got D. that I got5. Henry k
39、illed the dog. Ill ask him why _.A. did he do that B. he did that C. he did D. he has done so6. Have you seen Henry lately My boss wants to know _。A. how he is getting along B. how is he getting alongC. what he is getting along D. what is he getting along7. It is generally considered unwise to give
40、a child _ he or she wants.A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever8. I am sure _ he said is true.A. that B. about that C. of that D. that what9. I wonder how much _.A. does the watch cost B. did the watch costC. the watch costed D. the watch costs10. Mary is _ someone might recognize her.A. a
41、fraid of B. afraid about C. afraid that D. afraid for11._ is no reason for dismissing her.10A. Because she was a few minutes late B. Owing to a few minutes lateC. The fact that she was a few minutes late D. Being a few minutes late12. They came to the conclusion _ by a computer.A. that not all thing
42、s can be done B. because of not all things be doneC. being not all things can be done D. because not all things can be done13. Why the explosion occurred was _ the laboratory attendant had been careless.A. for B. because C. since D. that14. I dont doubt _ hell come.A. that B. if C. what D. whether15
43、.“Why did you go to the wrong class, Mr. Wang “Well, I forget _ I was supposed to go to.“A. which the room B. which room C. what was the room D. what room was it16._ surprised me most was _ such a little boy of seven could play the violin so well.A. That.what B. What.that C. That.which D. What.which
44、17. We gave him _ help we could.A. which B. what C. that D. this18. She is pleased with what you have given him and _ you have told him.A. that B. which C. all what D. all that 19. Excuse me would you please tell me _ A. when the sports meet is taken place B. when is the sports meet going to be held
45、C. when is the sports meet to begin D. when the sports meet is to take place 20. This book will show you _ can be used in other contexts.A. how you have observed B. how what you have observedC. that you have observed D. how that you have observed21. Where do you think _ A. has he gone B. has he been
46、 C. hes gone D. was he gone 22. Would you go and see _ outside A. what to take place B. what Tom has happenedC. what is happening D. what the matter had been23. The subject of “What is interesting is that I do not even know him.“ is_.A. what B. interesting C. What is interesting D. I24._ I think he
47、is Charles.A. Who do you think he is B. Do you think who he isC. Whom do you think he is D. Do you think who he is25. He didnt know which room _.A. they lived B. they lived in C. did they live D. did they live in26. The little boy ate _ his mother gave him.A. that B. which C. whatever D. no matter what27. The city is no longer _. A. what it is B. that it used to be C. which it was D. what it used to be28. My parents used _ they had to get a new car for me.11A. which B. that C. what D. all what29._ we go swimming every day _ us a lot of good.
