1、四级语法 2011 英语四级考试基础语法 -谓语动词 来自:新东方在线一：时态：所谓的“时态“，就是时间+状态。 谓语动词的时态见下表：1主动形式过去 现在 将来 过去将来一般 did do will/shall do should/would do进行 was/were doing am/is/are doing will/shall be doing /完成 had done have/has done will/shall have doneshould/would have done 用于虚拟语气完成进行 had been doing have/has been doing/ /过去
2、现在 将来 过去将来一般 was/were given am/is/are given will/shall be given should/would be given进行 was/were being givenam/is/are being given/ /完成 had been given have/has been givenwill/shall have been givenshould/would have been given完成进行 / / /CET-4 常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；（现在/过去）完成进行时。时间状语从句当中的时态：一般过去时 所有的过去用一般现在
3、时表示 现在和将来现在完成时 现在完成和将来完成四级语法 2011 英语四级考试基础语法 -非谓语动词 来自:新东方在线一非谓语动词一不定式：一）不定式的常考形式：一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others.被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do.语法功能： 表示与谓语动词同步发生完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me.被动形式：The book is said to have been tr
4、anslated into many languages.语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前二）不定式常考的考点：1）不定式做定语-将要发生2）不定式做状语-目的3）不定式充当名词功能-To see is to believe.三)不定式的省略1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel+ do 表示动作的完整性，真实性；+ doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调“我看见了
5、“这个事实)I saw him working in the garden yesterday.昨天我见他正在花园里干活。（强调“我见他正干活“这个动作）感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable.2) 使役动词 have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同 1)一样被动以后要还原 toI d like to have John do it.I have my package weighed.Paul doesnt have to be made to learn.3) help help sb do he
6、lp sb to do help do help to do四)有些动词后只跟不定式如：want，wish， hope，manage，promise，refuse ，pretend，plan， offer， decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to doforce sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to dobe ambitious to do. begin to do . st
7、art to do五) 有的时候 to 后面要接-ing 形式accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/oppose
8、d to; be similarity/similar to.三、need/want 后的-ing 形式具有被动的意思。其中， want 不太常用。He needs (a lot of) encouraging.四级语法 2011 英语四级考试基础语法 -动词语态 来自:新东方在线可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如:He was said to be jealous of her success.It was said that he was jealous of her success.能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”,“相信”等意义的动词, 常见的有assume,belie
9、ve,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand 等.It is supposed that the ship has been sunk.The ship is supposed to have been sunk.担当 be supposed to 与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义. 例如:Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit. (你应该晓得速
10、度限制)双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态双宾语结构的被动语态: 双宾语结构变为被动语态时, 可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面, 但多数是把间接宾语变为主语.He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.宾补结构的被动语态:She was called Big Sister by everybody.Then he was made a squad leader.He w
11、as considered quite qualified for the job.The room was always kept clean and tidy.短语动词Vi + advThe plane took off two hours late.Vi + prepThey looked round the Cathedral.Vi + prep (有被动语态)Shes looking after her sisters children.The children were always well looked after.Vi + adv + prepI began to look
12、forward to their visits.Vt + O + advSome women choose to stay at home and bring up their children.The children were brought up by their mother.They took him on.Vt + adv + O (无被动语态)I am trying to give up smoking.Vt + O + prepWe talked Donald into agreement.四级语法 2011 英语四级考试基础语法 -动词时态 来自:新东方在线1)现在完成进行时
13、态 (have/has been + -ing 分词构成): 动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束.Ive been writing letters for an hour.Ive been sitting in the garden.2)过去完成进行时(由 had been + ing 分词构成): 过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作Id been working for some time when he called.We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.3)将来完成进行时
14、: 将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作.By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years.In another months time shell have been studying here for three years.4)将来完成时(由 shall/will have + 过去分词构成): 将来某时会业已发生的事 .I shall have finished this one before lunch.Theyll have hit the years target by the end of October
15、.四级语法 2011 英语四级考试基础语法 -动词省略 来自:新东方在线在以 as, than, when, if, unless 等引导的从句中的省略: 在有些状语从句中, 如果谓语包含有动词 be,主语又和主句的主语一致 a),或者主语是 it b),就常常可以把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分(特别是动词 be)省略掉.Look out for cars when crossing the street.When taken according to the directions, the drug has no side effects.While there he joined in vo
16、luntary labour on a project.Although not yet six months old, she was able to walk without support.If not well managed, irrigation can be harmful.Though reduced in numbers, they gained in fighting capacity.This viewpoint, however understandable, is wrong.Enemies, once discovered, were tightly encircl
17、ed and completely wiped out.She hurriedly left the room as though/if angry.She worked extremely hard though still rather poor in health.Fill in the application as instructed.Whenever known, such facts should be reported.The documents will be returned as soon as signed.He said that no acrobat could e
18、ver perform those daring feats unless trained very young.Once having made a promise, you should keep it.If necessary Ill have the letter duplicated.Fill in the blanks with articles where(ver) necessary.If possible, I should like to have two copies of it.As scheduled, they met on January 20 at the Ch
19、inese Embassy.在以 than a) 或 as b) 引起的从句中, 常会有一些成分省略.He told me not to use more material than (it is) necessary.We should think more of the collective than of ourselves.They worked with as much enthusiasm as young people (did).He is now a vice-manager, but still often works in the kitchen as before.Th
20、eir training is free, as is all education.We will, as always, stand on your side.错误的省略His life is as fully committed to books as anyone I know.While standing there in her nightgown, two bullets struck the wall beside her.四级语法 2011 英语四级考试基础语法 -动词一致性来自:新东方在线一致如果主语是单数,尽管后面跟有 with, together with, as wel
21、l as, as much as, no less than, more than 等引导的短语,谓语动词仍旧用单数形式 .Terry, along with her friend, goes skating every Saturday.An expert, together with some assistants, was sent to help in this work.The captain, as well as the coaches, was disappointed in the team.代词作主语时的一致each, either, neither 和由 some, an
22、y, no, every 构成的复合代词,都作单数看待.Each of us has something to say.Is everybody ready?Somebody is using the phone.Neither of us has gone through regular training.Has either of them told you?some, few, both, many 等作复数some 可后接复数 ,也可接单数,表示某一.none 作复数看待时较多,但也有时作单数看待,主要看说话人脑中联系想到的是复数还是单数概念, 但 none 在代表不可数的东西时总是看
23、作单数:None of the books are easy enough for usNone of us seem to have thought of it.None (= not a single one) of us has got a camera.None (= nobody) has felt it more keenly than she did.None of this worries me.all 和 most 可后接复数,也可接不可数名词 (all of the, most of the ), 动词用单数.由 and 或 both and 连接名词词组时 , 后用复数;
24、 由 not onlybut (also), eitheror, neithernor 或 or 连接的并列主语, 谓语通常和最邻近的主语一致.Not only the switches but also the old writing has been changed.My sister or my brother is likely to be at home.Either you or Mr Yang is to do the work.Neither my wife nor I myself am able to persuade my daughter to change her m
25、ind.如果一个句子是由 there 或 here 引导, 而主语又不止一个, 谓语通常也和最邻近的那个主语一致.There was carved in the board a dragon and a phoenix.Here is a pen, a few envelopes and some paper for you.people, police, cattle, poultry (家禽), militia (民兵) 等通常都用作复数.Cattle are grazing on the pasture.The police are looking for him.有些集体名词有时作单数
26、看待, 有时作复数看待, 主要根据意思来决定.His family isnt very large.His family are all music lovers.The committee meets twice a month.The committee are divided in opinion.The audience was enormous.The audience were greatly moved at the words.有些名词单复数同形, 可根据意思决定谓语动词的数:This new series is beginning next month.These new s
27、eries are beginning next month.This species is now extinct.These species are now extinct.表示时间, 重量, 长度, 价值等的名词 , 尽管仍是复数形式, 如果作整体看待, 动词也可用单数形式 (当然用复数动词也是可以的):Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.One hundred li was covered in a single night.其他问题书名, 国家名用单数:Tales from Shakespeare
28、 is a book by Charles Lamb.学科名, 如 mathematics, economics 用单数.many a 或 more than one 所修饰的词作主语时, 谓语动词多用单数形式:Many a person has had that kind of experience.More than one person has involved in the case.a number of 后接复数, the number of 后接单数:A number of books have been published on the subject.The number o
29、f books published on the subject is simply amazing.one of those 后用单数. 在“one of + 复数名词 +关系分句”结构中，关系分句中谓语动词的单复数形式在一般情况下有两形式，一是根据先行词采用复数形式：Joan is one of those people who go out of their way to be helpful.当 one 之前友 the only 等限定词和修饰语时，关系分句谓语动词根据 one 而定，即采用单数形式：He is the only one of those boys who is wil
30、ling to take on another assignment.四级语法 2011 英语四级考试基础语法 -不定式 来自:新东方在线不定式形式主动形式 被动形式一般式 to do to be done完成式 to have done to have been done进行式 to be doing完成进行式 to have been doing完成式: 不定式的一般形式所表示的动作, 通常与主要谓语表示的动作( 状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生 , 或是在它之后发生. 假如不定式所表示的动作 , 在谓语所表示的动作(状态)之前发生, 就要用不定式的完成式.I am glad to have
31、seen your mother (= I am glad I have seen your mother).(比较: I am glad to see you.)He is said to have written a new book about workers.He pretended not to have seen me.进行式: 如果主要谓语表示的动作( 状态)发生时, 不定式表示的动作正在进行, 这时要用不定式的进行式.You are not supposed to be working. You havent quite recovered yet.We didnt expec
32、t you to be waiting for us here.He pretended to be listening attentively.完成进行式: 在谓语所表示的时间之前一直进行的动作, 就要用不定式的完成进行式.The struggle was known to have been going for twenty years.We are happy to have been working with you.被动式: 当不定式的逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时, 不定式一般要用被动形式.It is an honour for me to be asked to sp
33、eak here.She hated to be flattered.He wanted the letter to be typed at once.This is bound to be found out.There are a lot of things to be done.She was too young to be assigned such work.功用: 不定式可以作主语 (a), 宾语 (b), 表语 (c), 定语 (d) 或是状语 (e).a. To scold her would not be just.b. We are planning to build a
34、reservoir here.c. One of our main tasks now is to mechanize agriculture.d. Do you have anything to declare?e. We have come to learn from you.不带 to 的不定式 :在“动词+ 宾语+ 不定式”结构中, 如果动词是表示感觉意义的 see, hear, watch, smell, feel, notice 等 , 或是表示“ 致使”意义的 have, make, let 等, 其后的不定式结构不带 to.John made her tell him ever
35、ything.这类结构转换为被动语态时, 后面的不带 to 的不定式一般还原为带 to 的不定式.She was made to tell him everything.在 had better, had best, would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might (just) as well, cannot but 等搭配之后, 动词不定式也不带 to.Id rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast.They cannot but accept his term.在 make do,
36、make believe, let drop, let fall, let fly, let slip, let drive, let go of, let there be, hear say, hear tell, leave go of 等固定搭配中, 用不带 to 的动词不定式.John let fly a torrent of abuse at me.Ive heard tell of him.在动词 help(或 help +宾语)之后可用不带 to 的不定式, 也可用带 to 的不定式.Can I help (to) lift this heavy box?在介词 except,
37、 but 之后, 如果其前有动词 do 的某种形式, 不定式一般不带 to, 反之带to.There is nothing to do except wait till it stops raining.Smith will do anything but work on a farm.Theres no choice but to wait till it stops raining.连词 rather than, sooner than 置于句首时, 其后的不定式不带 to.Rather than push the book back as he wanted to do, he forc
38、ed himself to pick it up.出现在句中其他位置时, 其后的不定式有时带 to, 有时不带 to.He decided to write rather than telephone.The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages.用作补语的动词不定式, 如果主语是由“all + 关系分句”，“thing +关系分句”，“what 分句”或“thing +不定式结构”等构成，并带有 do 的某种形式，这时，作为主语补语的不定式可以省 to
39、，也可以不省 .What he will do is (to) spoil the whole thing.All you do now is complete the formThe only thing I can do now is go on by myself.The thing to do now is clear up this mess.The least I can do is drive everybody else closer to the issue.不定式的其他用法tooto 结构通常表示否定意义:She was too young to understand al
40、l that.enoughto 结构则表示肯定意义:She was not old enough to understand all that.not too, but too, all too, only too 等和不定式连用时,不定式一般不表示否定意义:Hes only too pleased to help her.soas (to)这种结构也可用不定式作状语:Be so kind as to drop in some time when you are free.如果要说明不定是表示的动作是谁做的, 可以在不定式前加一个 for 引起的短语:It is not hard for on
41、e to do a bit of good.It is a great honour for us to be present at this rally.在以某些形容词(如 kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, considerate, rude, naughty, impolite 等)作表语时, 不定式前可加一个 of 引起的短语, 来说明不定式指的是谁的情况:Its kind of you to think so much of us.(It is)
42、 Awfully good of you to come and meet us.Its very nice of you to be so considerate.Its unwise of them to turn down the proposal四级语法 2011 英语四级考试基础语法 -V+ing 形式 来自:新东方在线形式完成式: 如果要表示动名词代表的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生, 通常用动名词的完成形式.He didnt mention having met me.I regret not having taken her advice.在某些动词后(或成语中), 常用( 或
43、可以用)动名词的一般形式, 尽管动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生的.Excuse me for coming late.I dont remember ever seeing him anywhere.现在分词的完成式主要用在状语中, 表示这动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生.Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide.Having found the cause, they were able to propose a remedy.另外, 独立结构也可用现在分词的完成形式.The guests having left, th
44、ey resumed their discussion.The children, having eating their fill, were allowed to leave the table.被动式: 当一个动名词逻辑上的主语所表示的是这动作的对象时, 动名词一般要用被动形式.His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness.He couldnt bear being made fun of like that.但要注意, 在 want, need, deserve, require 等动词后, 尽管表示的是被动的意思, 却
45、用动名词的主动形式.My pen needs filling.The point deserves mentioning.This problem requires studying with great care.在 worth 这个形容词后情形也是这样.Her method is worth trying.现在分词的被动式可以用来作定语, 宾语补足语, 状语及用于独立结构中.This is one of the experiments being carried on in our laboratory.Youll find the topic being discussed everyw
46、here.Being asked to give a performance, she couldnt very well refuse.These are sold at reduced prices, the defects always being pointed out to the customers.完成被动式: 如果表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生, 有时需要用动名词的完成被动式.I dont remember having ever been given a chance to try this method.但在多数情况下都避免使用这一形式, 而用一般被动形式代替, 以免句
47、子显得累赘.现在分词的完成被动式一般用来作状语或用于独立结构中.Having been given such a good chance, how could she let it slip away?The decision having been made, the next problem was how to make a good plan.All the compositions having been written and collected, the teacher sent the students home.句法功用作主语:Walking is good exercise
48、.Its nice talking to you.There is no denying the fact that the new method has greatly raised labour productivity.作宾语:Your shoes need polishing.You mustnt delay sending the tractors over.He avoided giving us a definite answer.作介词宾语: 动名词作介词宾语用的时候最多. 它常可以用在某些成语后面, 常见的有: insist on, persist in, think of,
49、 dream of, object to, suspectof, accuseof, chargewith, hear of, approve of, preventfrom, keepfrom, stopfrom, refrain from, be engaged in, look forward to, opposed to, depend on, thankfor, feel like, excusefor, aim at, devoteto, set about, spendin, get (be) used to, be fond of, be capable of, be afraid of, be tired of, be sick of, succeed in, be interested in, feel (be) ashamed of, be proud of, be keen on, be responsible for.作表语:The real problem is getting to know the needs of the people.动名词和不定式都可以作主语或表语. 一般说来, 在表示抽象的一
