1、1时态下面请大家比较高中生最易混淆的两种时态：一般过去时 vs 现在完成时一般过去时所表示的一个或一段过去时间是可以具体确定的，与其他时间没有牵连。它所表示的事情纯属过去，与现在情况没有联系。现在完成时表示的事情发生在不能具体指出的现在或是以前的过去某个或某段时间。它所表示的事情与现在情况有关系，是过去事情在现在产生的结果或对现在的影响。比较下面几组句子，体会两种时态的不同：He served in the army from 1952 to 1954.(这是过去的一件事)He has served in the army for 5 ears.(现在他仍在军中服役，他仍是军人)He wrot
2、e many plays when he was at college(写剧本是他过去做的事情)He has written many plays(这意味着他是剧作家)I saw Hero last year.(看英雄的时间是去年，与现在无关 )I have seen Hero before.(强调现在知道这部电影的内容。以前看过，但“以前”是表示一个与现在有联系的过去时间，而不是一个确定的与现在无关的过去时间)非谓语动词做非谓语动词题的“两大绝招”：基本形式 语态（和逻辑主语之间是主动 or 被动关系） 时间（和句子的谓语动词进行比较）doing 主动 同时进行to do 主动 多发生在将来
3、done 被动 已经完成下列一组是最容易混淆的两种非谓语动词的形式：doing 和谓语动词同时发生，或稍后发生having done 发生在谓语动词之前就已经完成，常用在有“for+ 时间段、already ”等词的句子中。Eg：It rained heavily in the south, causing serious flooding in several provinces.Having suffered from a mysterious headache for days, he finally decided to go to see a doctor.2另外，一些题不需要按上面
4、的两个绝招就能选出正确答案，需要大家熟记以下动词搭配：后面接动词原形 do 或动名词 doing：一感：feel;二听：Iisten to，heard ：三让：let， make，have；四看：see，watch，notice, observe后面接不定式 to do 和动名词 doing 形式意义大不相同的词：一记：remember 四试:try二忘：forget 五图:mean三遗憾：regret 六停止：stop注意 有些动词后接动名词或不定式的意义相同或稍有不同。如：prefer，like，love，begin ，start，hate，dislike，continue，be afra
5、id 等。只能接动名词 doing 作宾语的动词请记住下面歌诀：建议冒险去献身，忍受期待不停顿；放弃延期悔失去，坚持欣赏实践成；注意原谅避反对，考虑要求不自禁；允许习惯不介意，价值开始想动名。它们所对应的动词或词组分别是：suggest, risk, devote oneself to;bear/stand, look forward to, stop;give up, delay/put off, regret, miss;keep(on)/insist on/stick to, enjoy/appreciate/feel like, practise, finish;pay attenti
6、on to, excuse, escape/avoid, object to;consider, require, cannot help, forbid ;permit, be/get used to, mind;be worth, set about, imagine。非谓语动词的难点（如果以下要点中语法概念太复杂，请直接略过，直接看例句即可，把例句背熟，形成语感）不定式的主动形式表示被动意义1.作定语用的不定式的逻辑主语如果是句中主语或宾语时，就用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。I have a lot of work to do我有很多工作要做。(主语 I 是不定式 to do 的逻辑主
7、语 )Ill give him something to read我要给他一些东西读。(宾语 him 是不定式 to read 的逻辑主语)2.形容词后作状语用的不定式说明句中主语在哪个方面存在形容词所表示的情况，且与句中主语构成动宾关系时，用主动形式表示被动意义That man is difficult to deal with那个人很难对付。但如果这类句子中形容词表示的意思不完全时，其不定式如有被动意义，仍必须3用被动形式。All invaders are sure to be punished所有侵略者都必定受到惩罚。3.在 there be 句型中修饰言语的不定式，用主动形式或被动形式
8、都可以，只是在口语中，多用主动形式There are many questions to discuss (to be discussed)有许多问题要讨论。但在 nothing，anything 和 something 之后，使用两种语态表示的意思有所不同。There is nothing to do没有事可做。There is nothing to be done没有办法。4.在 This(That)is+名词”的句型中修饰表语的不定式用主动形式表示被动意义This is a hard question to answer这是个很难回答的问题。That is a nice place to
9、 visit那是个参观的好地方。5.不定式 to let, to seek ,to blame 等，常用主动形式表示被动意义。Nobody was to blame for the accident这个事故，谁也不能责怪。The car is to let汽车出租。6.以人作主语时，worthy 后的不定式用主动开式和被动形式都可以，但二者的意义不同He is worthy to take his position他配担任他的职务。(不定式的动作是句中主语发出的)He is not worthy to be chosen他不配当选。(不定式的动作不是句中主语发出的)定语从句（要想把有关定语从句
10、的语法学好，一定要耐心看下面的讲解，都是高考的考点）定语从句() 由 which，that ，who 与 whose 引导的定语从句1.选用关系代词还是关系副词?在定语从句中，关系代词或关系副词都代替先行词在定语从句中充当一定的成分。如果从句中缺少主语、表语、宾语或定语，就得考虑选用关系代词来引导从句；如果从句中缺少状语，就得考虑用关系副词来引导从句。I still remember the days which we spent together.I still remember the days in which we worked together.I still remember th
11、e days when we worked together.2.何时使用关系代词 which?非限制性定语从句I have lost my pen, which I like very much关系代词代替句子一部分或全部She is very patient to the child, which her husband seldom is.4She studies hard at school, which makes her parents happy.介词之后We visited the house in which he once lived.= We visited the ho
12、use where he once lived/(that) he once lived in. 3.whose 在定语从句中作定语，可指人( 的)也可指物( 的)，指物 (的)时常可用 of which 代替。Please show me the boy whose father died in the accident yesterday.The house whose door/the door of which faces north is mine.4.如果定语从句中的动词是一个不及物动词而先行词又作它的介词宾语，那么 whom(人) 和which(物 )之前要加相关的介词。The
13、man to whom I spoke just now is our maths teacher.This is the question about which we have had so much discussion.5.as 引导的定语从句。as 可用作关系代词和关系副词引导限制性定语从句，并在从句中作宾语、表语或状语，构成 the sameas，suchas 等结构.I like the same book as you do. (as 作宾语)I shall do it in the same way as you did. ( as 作状语)I want to have su
14、ch a dictionary as he has. (as 作宾语)as 也可引导非限制性定语从句。as 在定语从句中作主语、表语或宾语，这个定语从句是说明整个句子的，它可以放在主句之前。As we all know, he studies very hard. (as 作宾语)As is known to all, he is the best student in our class. (as 作主语)常用的这种类似插入语的句式有：as is said above，as is known to all ，as it is 等。【注意】关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数必须
15、和先行词保持一致。关系代词 whom，which，that 在限制性定语从句中作动词宾语或介词宾语，而该介词又位于从句末尾时，经常省略，但 as 一般不省略。关系代词 which 和 as 在定语从句中的区别是：which 不能放在句首，而 as 可以；在句中时，as 有“正如” “就像 ”之意，而 which 没有。2.定语从句()关系副词 when，where，why 引导的定语从旬及“介词+whichwhom ”引导的定语从句1.关系副词 when, where, why 的用法当先行词是时间名词，且关系词在从句中作进间状语时，用 When。Ill never forget the da
16、y when I joined the party我永远也忘不了我入党的那一天。当先行是词是地点名词。且关系词在从句中作地点状语时，用 Where。This is the house where Lu Xun onee lived这就是鲁迅曾经住过的房子。当先行词是 reason，且关系词在从句中作原因状语时，用 why。This is the reason why he left early这就是他提前离开的原因。注意 如果先行词是表示时间、地点的名词，或者是 reason，市关系词在从句中作宾语、主语时，要用关系代词。51 will never forget the day thatwhi
17、ch we spent together我将永远忘不了我们一起度过的那一天。The reason thatwhich he explained at the meeting was reasonable他在会上解释的原因合情合理。2.“介词+whichwhom”的用法先行词是物时，用“介词+which” ；先行词是人时，用“介词+whom” 。Do you have any reason for which you should have a holiday?你要休假有理由吗?They arrived at a farm house in front of which sat a small
18、boy.他们来到一所农舍，农舍前面坐着一个小男孩。3.介词和关系代词的确定根据定语从句中动词的某种习惯搭配确定He bought a large beautiful house on which he spent all his money.他买了一所漂亮的大房子，把所有的钱都花光了。依据先行词的某种习惯搭配确定There was no way in which it could be brought back tothe earth没有办法把它带回地面。根据所表达的意思确定The gas without which we cant live is called oxygen没有它我们就不能生
19、存的气体叫氧气。【注意】介词在前面时只用 which，不用 that；介词在后面时，两者皆可用。This is the house at which he works. = This is the house which/that he works at.避免重复This is the classroom where we have our classes in()应去掉 in 或把 where 改为 which。固定的动词短语不能拆开This is the patient after whom she has looked( )after 应放在 looked 之后。限制性定语从句和非限制性
20、定语从句He has gone to America, where be will stay for two years.他已去美国了，在那儿他将待两年。限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句语法结构上的区别从句是从主从复合句的重要成分，如果省去，则句子意思不清楚或句子不能成立从句与主句关系松散，省去从句，主句意思清楚，不受影响关系代词和关系副词用法上的区别关系代词和关系副词在有些情况下可省略关系代词和关系副词都不能省略。关系代词 that 不用于此类从句书写上的区别 主句与从句之间不加标点符号 主句与从句之间有逗号汉译时的区别 汉译时通常放在所修饰词之前 汉译时一般都别成一句6Last night
21、 we went to Anns party, which we enjoyed very much.昨晚我们参加了安的的聚会，我们都玩得很开心。注意as 引导非限制性定语从句时，as 在从句中可作主语、表语或宾语，这个定语从句是说明整个句子的，它可以放在主句前或主句后或主句中。As we all know, he studies very hard.（as 作宾语）He, as is known to all, is the best student in our class.（as 作主语）I declined the offer, as it was.（ as 作主语）常用的这种类似插入
22、语的句式有：as is said above, as is known to all,as it is 等。主谓一致语法一致原则1.两个作主语的名词或代词由 with 或 as well as 连接时，谓语动词同 with 或 as well as前的一个名词或代词的人称和数一致。这类介词短语（在句中作状语）还有：including, except, but, together, besides 等。This girl as well as boys likes playing basketball.2.each 和 any-,every-,some-,no-构成的复合代词都当做单数看等。So
23、mebody is asking you on the phone.但它们的反意疑问句的附加问句用单复数均可。Everybody was watching TV, wasnt he /werent they?3.动词不定式，v.-ing 形式、短语、从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数。To learn two languages at the same time is not easy.Reading aloud is very important in learning a language.What he said is right.4.more than one 作主语或作主语的定语时，尽管在
24、意义上是“不止一个” ，但是语法上的主语是单数，故谓语动词要用单数。More than one boy has been there.5.one and a half 作定语时，后面的名词要用复数，可是谓语动词却要用单数。One and a half months has passed.概念一致原则1.主语由 and 或 bothand 连接，谓语动词一条般用复数，但如表示同一概念，指同一个人或同一件事物时（这时 and 后的名词没有冠词） ，谓语动词就要用单数。Bread and butter is daily food in the west.（bread and butter 指涂有黄油
25、的面包）2.有些名词如 police, public, people, cattle 等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。Are there any police around?3.表示时间、重量、金额、长度、价格等的名词作主语时，谓语动词多用单数，但如果强调这类词的复数意义，谓语动词可用复数。There weeks is enough to finish the work.4.class, team, family, group, population，audience, government, company, crowd, committee 等作主语时，如果强调整体，谓语动词用单数，如果强调单
26、个成员时，谓语动词用复数。7My family is a large kind one.My family often watch TV on Sunday.5.“the+形容词”作主语，如果表示某一类可数的人或物，如：poor，rich，deaf，old，young，wounded ，dead，living 等，谓语动词用复数形式；如果表示不可数的事物、抽象概念或一个人，谓语动词用单数。The old are well looked after by the government.The agreeable is not always the useful.就近一致原则1.两个作主语的名词或
27、代词由 neithernor，eitheror ，not onlybut(also)连接时，谓语动词应和后一个名词或代词的人称和数保持一致。Either the students or the teacher is going to see a new film,Neither the students nor the teacher is going to see the film.Not only the students but also the teacher doesnt know about it.2.由“a kind of，this kind of，many kinds of”和
28、“名词+of this kind”等以及与 kind 意义相似的 type，sort 等构成的类似短语作主语时，谓语动词与中心名词保持数的一致。Bikes of this new type are made in Wuhan.This kind of bamboo grows high.3.主语表示一部分时，如 three-fifths of, twenty percent of, half of, some of, the rest of, most of, a lot of, lots of, plenty of, rest of, the majority of, part of 等,
29、of 后接可数名词时，谓语动词用复数，接不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数。Lots of water has been wasted.A lot of books have been translated into English since 1980.4.eachand each，everyand every，noand no，many aand many 的结构中，谓语动词用单数。Each boy and each girl has got an orange.No sound and no voice is heard at midnight.5.either of，neither of，n
30、one of 之后接名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。Either of them is right6.在倒装句中，谓语通常采用就近一致原则。There is a book and two pens on the desk省略与倒装倒装1.完全倒装用于 there be 句型There are many students in the classroom用于“here(there,now,then)+不及物动词+主语”的句型中，或以out,in,up,down,away 等副词开头的句子里，以表示强调。Here comes the bus. There goes the bell.8No
31、w comes your turn. Out went the children.【注意】代词作主语时，主谓语序不变。 Here he comes当句首状讲为表示地点的介词词组时，也常常引起全部倒装。South of the city lies a big steel factory.表语置于句时，倒装结构为“表语+连系动词+主语” 。Present at the meeting were Professor White, Professor Smith and many other guests.Gone are the days when they could do what they l
32、iked to the Chinese people.用于：so, nor, neither, as 开头的句子，表示重复前句部分内容。原句的谓语与前句谓语的时态、形式相一致。He has been to Beijing. So have I.Li Wei cant answer the question. Neither can I.用于为了保持句子平衡，或为了强调表语或状语，或使上下文紧密衔接时They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of which sat a small boy.2. 部分倒装用于疑问句。Do you speak English?用于
33、 never, hardly, seldom, scarcely, barely, rarely, nowhere, little, often, in no time, not only, not once, by no means 表示否定意义或半否定意义的副词或词组开头的句子。Little did he know who the woman we.用于 only 开头的句子(only 后面为副词、介词短语或状语从句)。Only in this way can you master English如果 only 后面的词组不是状语，则不用倒装。Only Wang Ling knows th
34、is用于句首为表频率的状语 often，always，once，many a time，now and again，every other day，every two hours 等；方式状语 thus；程度状语 so；地点状语 in the distance，in front of 等的句子中。Many a time has he helped me with my computerThus was the story ended.几种特殊的倒装1.so do I，so I do 及 I do soso+助动词+主语，表示前面所谈内容也适合另一个人( 物)；so+主语+助动词，强调同一人(
35、物)，含义是“的确如此” ；主语+助动词+so，表示“的确做了某事” 。He enjoys being with beautiful girlsSo does his friend Bob他喜欢和漂亮女孩在一起，他的朋友鲍勃也是一样。He enjoys being with beautiful girls他喜欢同漂亮女孩在一起。So he does他的确是这样。The teacher tells us to keep quiet while he is speaking. We do so.老师要求我们在他讲话时保持安静。我们这样做了。2.as 作“尽管”讲，引导让步状语从句时，要采用倒装语序
36、。9Hero as he is, he still has shortcomings.Much as I like it, Ill not buy it.注意这种倒装句中，主谓并不倒装。Pretty as she is, she is not clever.Try as he would, he might fail again.【注意】在用 as(though)引导的让步状语从句中，如果主语较长，也可实行全部倒装。如：Difficult as was the chemistry homework，it was finished in time 如果从句的表语是名词，其名词前不加任何冠词。Ch
37、ild as he was, he had to make a living.用于 no soonerthan，hardlywhen 和 not until 句型中。Not until the teacher came did he finish his homework.Hardly had I reached the station when it started to rain.3.省略了 if 的条件句中.were,had 或 shonld 可提到首，则构成部分倒闭。Were I not so busy, I should go with you.Had he been here ye
38、sterday, be would have come to watch the football match.4.在 so.that（如此以致）句型中，若 so 提至句首，则构成部分倒装。So loudly did he speak that people in the next room could hear him.5.用于某些表示祝愿的句子。May you succeed!祝你成功 !Long live the people!人民万岁!May you all be happy!祝你们都幸福 !6.含有 no 的词出现在句首时，为了强调，应用部分倒装。In no way can they
39、 leave freely.Nowhere could they find the lost child.7.在 the more ,the more.结构中（从句在前，主句在后） ，主句常用倒装，但也可以不用倒装形式。The harder you work, the better result you can get.你学习越努力，取得的成绩就越好。省略1.在定语从句中，that，which 在从句中作宾语时常省略。2.宾语从句中 that 省略( 但在并列多个宾语从句时从第二个从句开始 that 需保留)，主语从句、同位语从句中 that 很少省略，表语从句偶尔省略。He said (th
40、at) the text was very important and that we should learn it by heart.3.并列的不定式，前面的不定式带 to，后面的不定式可省去 to。I told him to sit down and wait for a moment.但两个不定式之间有对比关系时，则不可省去 to。To go home or to stay at school during the vacation has not been decided yet.To be or not to be, that is a question. 4.某些使役动词如 le
41、t，make，have 及感官动词see，watch ，notice，observe，hear，feel，listen to 等后作宾补的不定式一定要省去to，但在被动语态中应把 to 复原。I saw the boy fall from the tree.10The boy was seen to fall from the tree.强调句型与 there be 句型强调句型1.强调句指英语中突出句子中的某一成分，达到强调或使人特别注意该成分的目的的句子。人们常用“It iswasthatwho”句式来表达强调，去掉这个句式里的词后，剩下的句子成分还可以组成一句完整的话。人们习惯上称这一句
42、式为“强调句式” 。I saw John in the street this morningIt was I who that saw John in the street this morning(强调主语)（强调人时，可以用 who 替换 that）It was John whom that I saw in the street this morning(强调宾语)It was in the street that I saw John this morning( 强调地点状语)It was this morning that I saw John in the street( 强调时
43、间状语)2.被强调部分可以是句子的主语、宾语、表语、状语，但不能是句子的谓语动词，强调谓语动词时用助动词 do，does，did。He does like English他确实喜欢英语。3.强调句的一般疑问句和特殊疑问句：一般疑问句为：IsWas it+被强调部分+thatwho?特殊疑问句为：特殊疑问词(WhatWhichWhoWhenWhere How Why)+iswas it+that?How was it that he finished the work so soon?他是怎样这么快就完成工作的?4.not until 的强调句型为：It iswas not untilthat.
44、It was not until his father returned from the work that the boy began to do his homework直到爸爸下班回家，这个男孩才开始做家庭作业。强调句型的其他用法1.强调句与其他句型的区别。强调句都可还原为原来的句子，但其他句型不能。It was in the street that I met him.还原为:I met him in the street.2.构成 it 结构的否定句。It was not Olivia but her sister that I saw.我看见的不是奥利维亚，而是她的妹妹。It w
45、as not until Wednesday that I phoned the office. (=I did not phone the office until Wednesday.)直到星期三我才给办公室打电话。3.有时可用 It might be. that. / It must have been . that.句型表示强调。It might be his father that youre thinking of.你关心的可能是他父亲。It must have been his brother that you saw.你看到的想必是他的兄弟。4.在现代英语中，当强调的是宾语时
46、that/whom 可省略It was my mother (whom) you saw the other day.11你前几天见到的是我的妈妈。5.强调句型可强调原因状语从句，当原因状语从句是 as，since 引导时，应改为because 引导，但结果状语从句、条件状沿从句、让步状语从句等不能用于这一强调句型。She missed the first bus since she got up late. (=It was because she got up late that she missed the first bus. )她因起晚了而误了第一班车。6.使用强调句型时，要注意否定转移。We cant expect to succeed without an effort. (=It was not without an effort that we can expect to succeed. )不经努力，我们不能期待成功。Money cant buy everything. (=It is not everything that money can buy. ) 钱不能买到一切。
