1、为什么要坚持锻炼必须长期坚持锻炼，否者能力必定下降，这是自己的一个长处，它能给自己带来永远的自信，不像对其他东西的付出、其他投资，不一定有回报，它永远对你有好处，一辈子受用！值！四法宝：听力：有条件就听 SSS，或者看英文原声电影。口语经验： YY 是锻炼口语的工具之一，并不一定非得依靠它，没有条件用 YY 时，可以自己与自己辩论，自己找话题发表自己的看法。GRE 长难句：可以长期看，直到滚瓜烂熟，对理解英文文章大有好处。词汇：坚持多次背诵才能记牢。作文：举例子 EX 非常重要，不仅增加字数还能体现细节；运用强调句和形容词前置的倒装句。听力：听力不要一个一个单词地听，那样会影响后面整句的理解，
2、当你遇到生僻的词，去思考他，反映过来时整句话都已经读完了！必须整句整句地听，不要太在乎个别词汇，平时练习就应该如此，不要遇到生僻词就停下来去重复听，那样会养成坏习惯！在考试时就不好办了！当然平时练习时，听完后可以查漏补缺，回去慢慢地听懂每一个词，但必须是在全部听一篇之后！阅读：选出句子表达意思最确切的选项那种题，要注意：错误的很容易发现，麻烦的是有的是正确，但句意不完整，还有的是条件状语从句，改成了陈述句，句型不同。读完整篇文章做题时最好再花几秒钟看一下题所涉及的段落大体内容，之后做题若有不明确的地方，回到段落仔细看，答案是很明显的。最难得不是找明显错误的选项，而在于分辨准确答案和干扰项，这时
3、如果不确定，回到原文看很有效！文章中看到很长的一句话一定要对其进行分析，不能为了节约时间慌过去，那样不仅没看懂，而且用得时间比分析用的还多，这是实践证明出的！因为弄懂句子成分后对句中的从句是一句一句地看的，脉络清晰，如没分析，只会一个一个字的，一小句一小句地，看到的是完全没有主次、零散的信息，让自己很慌，很失落。读阅读文章一定不要一个一个单词地读，那样不仅速度减慢，而且会严重影响对句子的理解！一定要一句一句地读,可能开始会有一些词看走眼，但没有关系，开始也许不适应，但必须改过来！高级阅读方法：1.提高阅读速度的办法是看“GRE 难句” ，要在不去考虑语法的前提下去读懂意思，培养的就是语感！不要
4、去分析句子结构！(遇到插入语一律跳过，读完整个句子再回来看，对理解句子有很大的帮助)2.找到理解力与阅读速度的平衡点，再对遇到的不同难度句子适当调整时间3.遇到句子里的多个不熟悉词组成的词组，看不懂时，不要去浪费时间，是名词就当成“一个物质 A”，是动词就当成 “做了个动作 B”，不必深究意思！阅读在选择答案时有时会有很多干扰项，看上去似乎很有理，但文章里没有那个信息。P5215. According to the passage, which of the following was an obstacle to the development of the icebox?(A) Compe
5、tition among the owners of refrigerated freight cars(B) The lack of a network for the distribution of ice(C) The use of insufficient insulation(D) Inadequate understanding of physics阅读做对划线部分提问时，如果拿不定答案，就回原文看下划线部分前面那部分，答案就在那里。1. 良养成好的阅读习惯-野蛮的阅读- 只有阅读才能提高阅读读者必须理解作者在阅读材料之中所表达的内容和观点，才能够达到阅读的目的。全面的理解包括：1
6、. 字面的理解 2. 推理性理解 3. 评价性理解 4. 欣赏性理解阅读习惯：不良的阅读习惯 良好的阅读习惯1.逐词阅读,视幅小 1.扩展自己的视幅度和其他基本功(可能开始会有一些词看错，没有关系)2.回视频繁 2.打死不回视3.指读的习惯 3.略微超过有声阅读速度的阅读方法4.有声阅读和心读发音:nervous 前面卷舌，后面不用。记住：有 R 才卷舌give it to 【额】 melook【额】 at me语法：长难句的理解步骤：毕竟很多主谓结构，很难直接找到主句的主语和谓语，所以先去找有明显特征的修饰成分，从句和非谓语动词等，剩下的即是主句成分。改错题一来先把整个句子看一篇，尽量看懂句
7、意，然后再去找错误点，有时明显错误点在看句子时就已暴露出来了。动词分词（doing/done）：一分词的意义：动词分词一般用作补语或定语：1.过去分词 done 做补语或定语时表示被动且已完成（不是分别表示完成或者被动，两者是统一的，表示被动的同时时态是完成的，不可以分别表示被动或者完成） ；2.现在分词 doing 做补语或定语时表示主动且正在进行（同上） ；正在+主动=doing 完成+被动=done（正在+被动=being done 完成+ 主动=having done 这两种是不常用的现在分词）二分词的用法：1.分词作补语时，前面可以加上连词（when、until、while etc.
8、 ）等同于一个主语与主句主语一致的状语从句省去了主语和 BE 动词。The pigeons flew away dispersing a lot of shit beneath.The pigeons flew away while dispersing a lot of shit beneath.The man left the building followed by a group of journalists.The man left the building while followed by a group of journalists.Lit by countless elect
9、ric lights, the halls were as bright as day.While lit by countless electric lights, the halls were as bright as day2.分词作定语时，单独的一个分词放在修饰词前面，分词短语放在修饰词后面。A jumping cockroachThe girl standing there;boiled water、iced beerthe tree blown down by wind3.分词作补语时一般可以和状语从句互换；分词作定语时一般可以和定语从句互换。The man left the bu
10、ilding followed by a group of journalists.The man left the building while he was followed by a group of journalists.The pigeons flew away dispersing a lot of shit beneath.The pigeons flew away while they were dispersing a lot of shit beneath.This is the handbook introduced by the engineer.This is th
11、e handbook which was introduced by the engineer.I recognized the man lying on the beach.I recognized the man who was lying on the beach.总结：分词作状语whilewhenthough+分词作状语状语从句 分词作定语定语从句PS：表示被动且为将来用不定式表示：to be done（扩展：动词现在分词除了作定语和补语以外还可以作句子主语，中学就学过；Eg. Achieving the goal within one month is far from an eas
12、y task.动词分词作补语时除了可以和状语从句互换，有时还可以和and、but引导的并列从句互换，其实任何连词所接得从句，只要从句的主语仍然是主句的主语就可以用动词分词表示。Eg. Islamic law is a legal subject matter，comprising the various components of the laws of pre-Islamic Arabia and numerous legal elements.Theyll go along thinking that they are in control of it.）动词分词及不定式与从句的搭配一动词
13、分词与从句的搭配：With the conclusion of a burst activity , the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids ,leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted , via oxidative metabolism , by the liver into glucose , which is then sent (in part )back to the muscles for glycogen resy
14、nthesis .现在分词作补语，后面接状语从句Water was always laden with pebbles, gravel, and sand, known asglacial outwash, deposited as the flow slowed down.过去分词作定语，后面接状语从句Indians at that time were regarded as a whole barbarian group known for their exquisite handcraft as the Europeans entered the north America.过去分词作定
15、语,后面接状语从句He quickly left the flat claiming that he had nothing to do with the scandal.现在分词作补语，后面接宾语从句He finally refused to share his standpoint with us, reconsidering the feasibility of his contention that the conflict between different social groups should never be extinguished.现在分词作补语，后面接同位语从句Havi
16、ng little understanding of the truth all these phenomenon is the natural process, they attribute both desirable and undesirable occurrences to supernatural or magical forces.现在分词作补语，后面接同位语从句The group lagging behind during that period when the Colomnia had formed perceived the connection between cert
17、ain actions performed by the group and the result it desired.现在分词作定语，后面接定语从句二不定式与从句的搭配：It is very considerate for you to come in time while we are urgently in need of help.Other, however, have adopted the philosophy that it is best to use the water while it is still economically profitable to do so
18、and to concentrate on high-value crops such as cotton.动词分词作补语与定语易混淆的情况：一般来说，分词所修饰的句中的成分都比较明显好判断。但有时，当分词作主语的补语或者作宾语的定语时，由于都是放在句末，就容易发生混淆。此时必须根据句意来区分分词到底是做主语的补语还是宾语的定语。he came out of the house surrounded by journalists.他走出了被记者重重包围的房子。 （此时过去分词短语 surrounded by journalists 是作宾语house 的定语）他被记者重重包围着走出了房子。 （
19、此时过去分词短语 surrounded by journalists 是作主语 he的补语，表伴随）he came out of the house followed by groups of fans.这句话没有异意，过去分词短语 followed 只可能是作主语的补语，不可能作宾语 house 的定语，因为 house 不可能被 followed。i recognized the crow standing on the wire.这句话也没有异意，现在分词短语 standing 只可能作宾语 crow 的定语，不可能作主语 i 的定语，因为 i 不可能站在电线上。独立主格结构：是由名词或
20、代词作为逻辑主语，加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成，作用相当于一个状语从句的分句，主语独立于主句。等同于一个主语与主句不同的状语从句分句省去了连接词和 BE 动词。1) 名 词 /代 词 +形 容 词The men moved slowly forward, neck deep in the water2） 名 词 /代 词 +现 在 分 词 、 过 去 分 词Winter coming, it gets colder and colder. 冬 天 来 了 ， 天 气 越 来 越 冷 了 。 The rain having stopped, he went out
21、 for a walk. 雨 停 了 ， 他 出 去 散 步 。 The question being settled, we wound up the meeting. 问 题 解 决 之 后 ， 我 们 结 束 了会 议 。3） 名 词 /代 词 （ 主 格 ） +不 定 式Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month. 这 是 前 两 卷 ，第 三 卷 将 于 下 月 问 世 。4） 名 词 /代 词 +介 词 短 语The huntsman entered the forest, gun in
22、hand. 那 位 猎 人 手 里 提 着 枪 走 进 了 树 林 。5） 名 词 /代 词 +副 词Lunch over, he left the house. But he was thinking.状语从句、独立主格与分词作状语的关系：1.状语从句主语与主句一致，由 be 动词引导when+to do、when+adj 、when+分词。 。 。 。 。 2.状语从句主语与主句不一致，由 be 动词引导独立主格可以看出，不是所有分句主语与主句主语一致时引导的状语从句化简都能用分词做状语替换；而分词做状语时，一定能用状语从句替换。所有分句主语与主句主语不一致时引导的状语从句都能用独立主格替
23、换；所有独立主格都能用状语从句替换。关于名词修饰成分的位置：修饰名词的成分：动词分词、定语从句、介词、形容词中，除了形容词是放于名词之前，其他修饰成分都放于所修饰名词之后，且逐级递减（与汉语的表达方式相反）。例： 太阳发出的光线的多样性;variations of the emission of the Sun; variations of the emission radiated from the Sun;variations of the emission which is radiated from the Sun;the very richness and complexity of
24、 the meaningful relationship that kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels;在所有层次上不断出现和重新组合的有意义的关系的复杂性和丰富性；It is. that 句型这种结构可以有三种句型：强调句（把 it is .that 拿掉，看句子是否能独立，能则是；看 it is 中的 it 在句中做不做成分，不做则是。而强调句最明显的特征就是 it is 后面+名词，而不是形容词等其他词性）主语从句的倒装（如果去掉 it is that 不能独立，把 that 引导的从句代替 it，看是否符合主
25、语从句结构，符合则是）若 2 者都不是，则看是否为定语从句I wonder if its because i havent been able to be outdoors for so long that ive grown so crazy about everything to do with nature.中 that 是强调句还是结果状语从句if its because i havent been able to是宾语从句（作 I wonder 的宾语）because i havent been able to是表语从句（作 its 的表语）句意：我不知道，是不是因为我不能在室外待很
26、长时间，以至于我对于一切与大自然有关的事物着迷。后面那个 that 强调句式 its . that.，that 后面的从句是表示结果的意思，因为拿掉 it is that 句子仍然成立，即一个有原因状语从句的宾语从句，而且 it 在句中没有成分可做。It is adj 的三种句子结构：It is adj+to do sth; It is possible to predict the future.It is adj+to do+从句; It is possible to infer what the manufactures want from the list.It is adj+从句;
27、It is possible that the society would be reformed later.It 在句中作形式主语，真正主语由不定式（前 2）或由主语从句构成。PS：有时第一种情况后面的不定式会跟一个从句，要适应这种表达方式。（当然后面两种情况跟从句是很常见的了）eg. It is very considerate for you to come in time while we are urgently in need of help.*具体描述多少倍的比较级方法：多少倍放在 more than 的前面和 asas 的前面修饰具体多多少。The analysis foun
28、d that cyclists had 2.3 times more soot in their airway cells. Cola has 5 times more sugar than mineral water.Smart phone is 4 times more prevalent than cellular phone nowadays.It is 3 times as likely for smokers to develop lung-related diseases as those non-smokers.A is 2.3 times as large as B. as
29、adj as的用法：asas 的常用表达法：sb is almost twice as likely to do sth as sb; They were almost twice as likely to develop a condition as those who ventured up.sth is more than X times as adj as sth;(这里的 more than 是修饰的后面的 X times 的，与前句 twice 的地位一样)The balloon is more than ten times as large as the previous one
30、.A specific amount of funds nowadays is worth less than 1/10 as much as the same amount of funds in the old days,maybe one decade ago.it is almost twice as likely for sb to do sth as sbIt is almost twice as likely for Tommy to abandon his friends when he encounters with some major inconvenience as J
31、immy.最高级的另一种表达方式：no/nothing +比较级+than A = A is the 最高级theres no better illustration to prove this idea than the example ofTheres no better illustration to prove this idea than the example of the influence of TV on children.theres nothing more crucial than sth / doing sth.Theres nothing more crucial
32、than knowledge / doing research.常见倒装句：1. 形容词开头，后面谓语与主语倒装：Virtually uniform is topic composition of the lead from a single copper-ore source.Most striking among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish is eye placement.Perhaps most important of all to these and other fast swimmers is their a
33、bility to sense and make use of swirls and eddies (circular currents) in the water.More probable is bird transport，either externally，by accidental attachment of the seedsto feathers，or internally，by the swallowing of fruit and subsequent excretion of theseeds.2. only 开头，从句中主句倒装：Only when a system po
34、ssesses natural or artificial boundaries that associate the waterwithin it with the hydrologic cycle may the entire system properly be termed hydrogeologic.（各种从句省略从句连词 that 的情况：1.宾语从句连词 that 可以省略；2.定于从句连词 that 做宾语时可以省略，做主语不能省略；3.主语从句 that 不能省略当主语从句为一个陈述句时，不管是it做主语从句的形势主语，还是从句直接做主语，that都绝对不能省略。That y
35、ou do not pick up the article does not mean you are not gonna obtain it.That you dont pick them up is not equal to you are unable to get themIt is known to all that Joe has left his family.It is true that the earth goes around the Sun.特殊定语从句：当一个定语从句中包含一个宾语从句，且定语从句的先行词在宾语从句中作主语或者宾语时，宾语从句的连接词 what 需省略
36、。这种现象也表明定语从句的先行词不仅可以在主句中做成分，还可以在复合从句的从句中做成分。the fact many of these first studies considered only algae of a size that could be collected in a net (net phytoplankton), a practice that overlooked the smaller phytoplankton (nannoplankton) that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on ,led to a de
37、-emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research.（宾语从句省略了作为宾语的what）The Philippines already has protested at least 6 incidents involving alleged Chinese intrusion into waters that Manila says belong to it. （宾语从句省略了作为主语的what）（这两句话的蓝色部分也可以把we now know和 Manila says前后加上逗号，看成是插入成分。）特殊宾语从句：Although
38、it has been possible to infer from the goods and services actuallyproduced what manufactures and servicing trades thought their customers wanted，only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what.和上面的特殊定语从句类似，当宾语从句中又含一个宾语从句且同时两个从
39、句都缺少一个共同的宾语时，复合从句的连词what可以省略。但是如果两个从句的what指代的内容不同，比如两个从句一个缺少主语，一个缺少宾语，那么what则不能省。Although it has been possible to infer from the goods and services actuallyproduced what made the manufactures and servicing trades think what their customers wanted，only a study of relevant personal documents written b
40、y actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what.重要词组：like 与 likely:1.be like sth 或从句经常可以把 be 动词换成其他动词，加入 more 意思更强烈。引申：sound (more) like sth 或从句seem (more) like sth 或从句act (more) like sth 或从句2.be likely to do 或 be引申：be (more) likely to doseem (more)likely to bemarry / marry to s
41、b; 没有 marry with sb 的说法！The journalist who is married with 3 kids has left for London alone in Friday this week. 结婚并有 3 个小孩给人留下好/不好的印象make an impression on sb; 1. The new teacher has made a favorable impression on the students.2. You made an unfavorable impression on those examiners.Leave sb an impr
42、ession;1. You left those examiners an unfavorable impression.Lack 的用法：Lack .vtLack of .nLacking in .adj Devoid of = lacking inThey lack money.The plants died from a lack of water.They are lacking in water in the desert.They are devoid of water in the desert.Fit 的用法：Be fit for;合适He turns out to be fi
43、t for the position.Fit in with = correspond with； 与一致His idea doesnt fit in with that of ours.Difference 的两种用法：difference between and; difference in between andProgress in this area can be measured by the difference in weight between buildings built now and those of comparable size built one hundred
44、 ago.Progress in this area can be measured by the difference between the weight of buildings built now and that of ancient buildings of comparable size built one hundred ago.类似的还有：In order for sb to do sthOn the contrary 和 To the contraryon the contrary 整个词组作状语，放在句首，表转折。I thought test must have been
45、 difficult. On the contrary, it was easy.Hes not poor. On the contrary, hes a millionaire.To the contrary 作为后置定语，修饰名词的，对事物的批判。I shall continue to believe it, until I get proof to the contrary.If u dont hear anything to the contrary, I will meet you at 7 oclock. Adapt / Accustom 的用法:adapt; (使) 适应于;(使
46、) 习惯于1.adapt oneself to sth 2.adapt to sth; eg. You must adapt to the circumstance as soon as possible.He has already adapted to the cold weather here.You got to adapt yourself to the new environment quickly.accustom; 使适应于；使习惯于1.accustom oneself to sth;2.be accustomed to sth;eg. The teacher has accu
47、stomed himself to the convention of the local region.The entrant was accustomed to the rules here.Render 的用法：render；导致;使变得render sb adjHis stammer rendered him unfit for teaching.Hearing others answers will only render those participants vulnerable to make mistakes.render sb to doThe side-effect has
48、 rendered the medicine to do more harm than good.render；给予(give)render sb sth = render sth to sb We have rendered the refugees abundant daily commodities. = We have rendered abundant daily commodities to the refugees. render；递交；汇报 (submit)render sthThe accountant rendered a list of all the money spe
49、nt. = the accountant submitted a list of all the money spent. Leave sb sth; 给某人留下That TV program has left those kids a very negative influence.The participant left the inspector a favorable impression. Persuade 的用法：Persuade sb into (out of) doing sthPersuade sb to do sthConvince 的用法：Convince sb of sth（没有 convince sb to do sth 的用法）Induce 的用法：Induce sb to do sthJoin；join in 的区别：Join；表示加入某种团体，组织join the army join the party join the organization Join in；take part in 表示加入某项活动，聚会Join in the conversation join in the debateFee
