1、语法知识：省略、倒装和插入语I.省略为了使讲话和行文简洁，句中某些成分有时可以省略。省略可分为以下几种情况：（一） 简单句中的省略1、省略主语(1)祈使句中的主语通常被省略。如：(I)Beg your pardon.(请再说一遍。括号内为省略的词语，下同)(2)其它省略主语多限于少数现成的说法。如：（I）Thank you for your help.（I）See you tomorrow.（It）Doesnt matter.2、省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分。如：（There is）No smoking.(禁止吸烟。)(Is there)Anything else?(还有其它事吗？)(You c
2、ome)This way,please.(请这边走。)(Will you)Have a smoke?(吸支烟？)What(do you think)about a cup of tea?(来杯茶怎么样？)Why(do you)not say hello to him?(为何不向他问好呢？)3、省略宾语（1）省略宾语的全部。如：-Do you know Miss Gao? -I dont know (her).-Which of the two is the better choice?-Well,its hard to tell (it).(2)在一定的语境中，在某些动词（如 want,wis
3、h,hope,like,love 等）之后，可省略作宾语的不定式短语，只保留 to。如：-Are you going there?-Id like to (go there).He didnt give me the chance,though he had promised to (give me the chance).如果该宾语是 be 动词或是动词的完成时态，则须在 to 之后加 be 或have。如：-Are you an engineer?-No,but I want to be(an engineer).-He hasnt finished the task yet.-Well,
4、he ought to have(finished the task).4、 省略表语。如：-Are you thirsty?-Yes,I am(thirsty).His brother is not lazy,nor is his sister(lazy).5、同时省略几个成分。如：-Are you feeling better now?-(I am feeling )Much better (now).-Have you finished your work?-(I have)Not(finished my work)yet.(二) 并列句中的省略两个并列分句中，后一个分句常省略与前一个分
5、句中相同的部分。如： My father is a doctor and my mother (is) a nurse. I study at college and my sister(studies)at high school.(三) 主从复合句中的省略1、句中有一些成分被省略（多见于句首） 。如：(Im)Sorry to hear that you are ill.(It is)Pity we live so far from the sea.2、省略了从句中与主句相同的部分。如：They dont visit their parents as much as they ought t
6、o(visit their parents).My friend cant come to school,but I wonder why(he cant come).3、省略了一个从句或从句的一部分，用 so 或 not（切不可用 it 或 that）代替。如：-She must be busy now.-If so,she cant go with us.-Is he feeling better today?-Im afraid not.类似的用法还有：How so?/Why so?/Is that so?/Do you think so?/Quite so./He said so./I
7、 hope so./I dont think so./I suppose not./I believe not./I hope not，等。4、 句和从句各有一些成分被省略。如：The sooner(you do it),the better(it will be).-Is Mr King in his office?-(Im)Sorry,I dont know(whether he is or not).（四）其它省略英语省略的情况还有很多，下面归纳几种需要注意的情况：1、that 的省略(1)宾语从句中常省略连词 that,但并列多个宾语从句中，只能省略第一个that。(2)在定语从句中，
8、通常当 that 在从句中作宾语时，才能省略。如：The noodles (that)I cooked were delicious.但是定语从句是 there be 结构时,在从句中作主语的 that 也常省略。如：This is the fastest train(that)there is to Beijing.(3)在主语从句、同位语从句中 that 很少省略（口语中有省略） ，在表语从句中偶尔省略。2、不定式符号 to 的省略（1）并列的不定式，前面的不定式带 to,后面的不定式可省去 to。如：I told him to sit down and wait a while. 但是，
9、如果两个不定式之间有对比关系，则不可省去 to。如：Hearing the news,we didnt know whether to laugh or to cry. （2）某些使役动词（如 make,let,have）及感官动词（如see,watch,notice,observe,hear,feel,look at,listen to 等）后面作宾语补足语的不定式一定要省去 to,但在被动语态中须把 to 复原。比较：I saw the boy fall from the tree./The boy was seen to fall from the tree.He often makes
10、 his sister cry,but today he was made to cry by his sister.(3)find 当“ 发现”讲时，后面作宾语补足语不定式的符号 to 可以省去，也可以不省。如：We found him(to)work hard at the experiment.但如果不定式是 to be 则 to 不能省略。如：She found him to be dishonest.(4)help 当“帮助”讲时，后面的宾语或宾语补足语的不定式符号 to 可省，也可不省。如：I will help(to)do it for you./I will help you(
11、to)do it.(5)介词 but,except 前若有动词 do,后面的动词不定式不带 to。如： The boy does nothing but play all day. The animals have nothing to do but lie down and sleep in winter.(6)主语从句中有动词 do,后面作表语的动词不定式的 to 可带可不带。如：What we can do now is (to) wait.3、连词 if 在部分虚拟条件句中可省略，但后面的语序要有变化。 （见“倒装句”有关部分）4、在某些状语从句中，从句的主语与主句的主语一致时，可省去
12、“主语+be”部分，如： As(he was)a child,he often asked many interesting questions. Im going with you if(I am)free. He opened his lips as if(he were)to speak.5、 在某些状语从句中，从句的主语是 it，其后的动词 be 及其主语可一起省略。如： Fill in the blanks with articles,if(it is)necessary. Whenever(it was)possible,they would stop him and ask hi
13、m the three questions.6、 在 than 和 as 引导的比较状语从句中，在意义明确的情况下，可省略 than 和 as 后的任何部分。如： I know you than he(knows you). I know you than(I know)him. In winter,it is colder here than(it is cold)in your hometown. Im nearly as tall as he(is).II. 倒装英语的正常语序是“主语+谓语”。即主语在前，谓语在后。有时由于句子结构的需要或表示强调，就要采取倒装形式。将谓语动词完全移到主
14、语前称完全倒装；只将助动词或情态动词放到主语之前，称为部分倒装。比较：The teacher came in.In came the teacher.（完全倒装）I have never seen so moving a film before.Never before have I seen so moving a film.(部分倒装 )倒装句常用于下列情况：1、疑问句要倒装。如 Are you from America?（一般疑问句） How old is your father?（特殊疑问句） Would you like tea or coffee?（选择疑问句） He was ve
15、ry unhappy,wasnt he?（反意疑问句）其中反意疑问句前面陈述部分不倒装，后面附加部分倒装。特殊疑问句中，如果疑问词在句中作主语或作主语的定语，就不倒装。如：Who is going to give us a talk?(主语)Which bus runs to the zoo?(主语的定语)2、there be 句型（1）be 与其后紧接着的主语保持数的一致。如： There is a pen and some books on the desk. There are some books and a pen on the desk.(2)类似的句型还有：there live,
16、there stand,there lie,there seem to be,there happen to be,there is likely to be 等。如： Once upon a time,there lived an old fisherman by the sea. There seems to be something wrong with it.(3)there be 句型的反意疑问句的附加部分也用 there be 的相应形式，如：There is little ink in the bottle,is there? There used to be a bus sto
17、p at the corner,usednt /didnt there?3、以 here,there,up,down,in,out,now,then,away 等副词开头的句子。如：Look,there comes the bus.Out rushed the children.Away went the boy.但如果主语是代词就不倒装。如： There he comes. Here it is.4、以 only 修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句开头时，要半倒装。如： Only then did I realize that I was wrong. Only in this way can w
18、e better the living conditions of the people. Only when the war was over in 1949 was he able to go back home.5、 以副词 so,neither,nor(均有“也”的含义 )开头的句子。如： He likes basketball very much.So do I. I didnt read the notice on the board,nor(neither) did he. 但如果 so 不含 “也”的意思，即使打头，也不用倒装。如：-It was cold yesterday.
19、-So it was.（so 当“的确” 讲）6、 否定意义的副词或连词（如 seldom,never,hardly,little,not 等）放在句首时，用半倒装。如： Seldom does his wife have a holiday. Never shall I forget the day. Hardly can I believe it. Not until he saw the present did he feel happy. No sooner had we got home than it began to rain. Not only is he a pop sing
20、er,but he is also a famous film star. （前一个分句倒装，后一个分句不倒装）7、 省略 if 的虚拟条件句。如果条件从句的谓语有 were,had,should 等，可省去 if,把 were,had,should 移到句首。如： Were I you(=If I were you),I would try again. Had you come early(=If you had come early),you would have met him. Should it rain tomorrow(=If it should rain tomorrow),
21、the crops would be saved. 8、 as 引导的让步状语从句，谓语动词以后的部分倒装（提到 as 之前） 。如： Child as he is（=Though he is a child） ,he knows a lot. Much as I like it,I wont buy it. Hard as he worked,he made little progress.Though 引导的让步状语从句可以用倒装，也可以不用倒装。9、 so/such 引导的结果状语从句，当 so/such 放在句首时，用倒装如：So interesting was the film th
22、at I saw it twice.Such a kindhearted man is he that everyone loves him.10、直接引语的全部或部分放在句首，并且主句的主语为名词时，主句倒装。如：“You are right.”said the teacher.“Boys,”said the teacher,“you are right.”但“I am very sorry.”he said.(he 是代词，不倒装)11、为了表达生动，或为了强调表语或状语，或为了使句子均衡而倒装。如： At the head of the queue was an old woman. H
23、anging on the wall was a splendid painting. Before them were miles and miles of snow. Gone are the days when the Chinese had to use foreign oil. Also present will be a person who thinks up an idea for an advertisement.12、某些表示祝愿的句子，需要倒装。如： May you succeed! Long live the Communist Party of China!、插入语英
24、语句子中（尤其在口语中）常插入一些单词、短语或句子，用来补充某些含义。语法上称之为“插入语”。（一）插入语的类型1、单词（多是副词） 。如： I can,however,discuss this when I see you. -Are you hungry?-Yes,I sure am.2、短语。如： China and India, for example,are neighbours. By the way, where are you from? To tell you the truth, I dont agree with you. Jack, as far as I know,
25、isnt very clever. These young people, I dare say, will succeed. This machine, it seems, is not so good as that one. What do you think has happened to him?(二) 插入语的位置通常插入语位于句中，并用逗号隔开。有时，也位于句首或句末。也有时，不用逗号隔开。如： What on earth do you mean? What was to become of them all, he wondered.(三) 插入语在句中的作用一般说来，插入语在
26、句中不起主要作用。如果把插入语抽去，句子的含义不大受影响。但是，有的插入语却是句子不可缺少的一部分。如：He got the news from nobody knows where.如果把“nobody knows”从句中抽出，句子含义就不清楚，句子就不通了。（四）混合疑问句是一种包含有插入语的特殊疑问句，常用来征询对方对某一疑问点的看法、判断、认识、猜度或请求对方重复一遍说过的话。口语中出现的频率极高。如： How long did you say he would stay here? When do you suppose hell be back?在这种混合疑问句中用作插入语的动词除
27、了 say,suppose 之外，常用的还有 guess,believe,consider,think,imagine 等。注意：这种带插入语的混合疑问句与带有宾语从句的一般疑问句在结构上是不同的。比较：Where do you think he has gone?/Do you know where he has gone?（五）大纲上要求掌握的常用作插入语的词语：1.above all 2.after all 3.all the same 4.and so on 5.as a matter of fact/in fact 6.as a result 7.as usual 8.by the way 9.for example 10.in a word 11.in ones opinion 12.in ones turn 13.in other words 14.more or less 15.generally speaking 16.of course 17.to ones joy 18.so far 19.to ones surprise 20.to tell(you)the truth常作插入语的副词有：actually,besides,finally,however,obviously,otherwise,probably,therefore 等。
