1、二月语法机经更新日志1 月 20 日 更新至 3 题1 月 22 日 更新至 7 题1 月 23 日 更新至 12 题1 月 25 日 更新至 15 题1 月 27 日 更新至 15 题(删除两道题)1 月 29 日 更新至 16 题1. 。（划线）。，后面那个未划线部分有 From XXX划线部分的 Key Word 是 DifferenceDifferentiationby: peachharvey此处考点：1. idiom: A be different from B2. parallel：短语中的 AB 平行1.A be different from B1. AB 必须平行。2. Di
2、fferent fromunlike, 但是 different from 不能放在句首i.e. Different from his peers, John works hard. Unlike his peers, John works hard.3. different from that which=different thanI.e.: His way of living is different than ours.他的生活方式跟我们的不同。German cars are different than ours.德国造的汽车和我们的不一样。2.平行，关于平行我总结的做题干货：a.
3、找平行 marker (and, but, from)b. 语意平行：看相互平行的两部分是否描述同一 entity？c. 结构平行：句子与句子平行短语与短语平行词语与词语平行。补充：平行短语：As X, so YX is good, and so too is YConsider X Y (注意,没加 as)Declare X Y (注意,没加 as)X Develops into YNot Only X (,) But Also Y (comma is optional)(Just) As X, so (too) Y: just as you saw, so shall you prepX
4、rather than/ instead of YAs much X as YAs related to X as to Y练习题：来自 prep 语法笔记In many nations, criminal law does not apply to corporations, but in the United States today, a corporation commits a crime whenever one of its employees commits a crime, if the employee acted within the scope of his or he
5、r authority and if the corporation benefited as a result.A. a corporation commits a crime whenever one of its employees commits a crime, if the employee actedB. a corporation is committing a crime whenever one of its employees committed a crime, if those employees were actingC. corporations commit a
6、 crime whenever one of its employees does, on the condition that the employee actsD. corporations commit crimes whenever an employee of those corporations commit a crime, if it was while acting E. the corporation whose employees commit a crime, commits a crime, whenever the employee acted选项分析：A. Cor
7、rect；虚拟条件句从句+正常语气主句。B. were acting 应为 acted，与 benefited 对应；those 无所指，前面是 one of its employees；未划线部分的 his or her authority 说明主语应该是单数。C. its 与其指代对象 corporations 单复数不一致；on the condition that 与后面的 if 不平行。D. an employee 与 commit 主谓不一致; an employee of those corporations 表达的是一个员工就职于多个公司，逻辑不合理；根据逻辑含义 it 应该指
8、代 crime，acting 的逻辑主语是 it，不合理，且后面的 his or her 将无所指。E. whenever 与 if 不平行，结构复杂明显不如 A 选项；the employee 无法指代employees；全句主谓之间以一个逗号分开，使得句子不完整；the corporation 第一次出现不应该用定冠词 the；两个 commit a crime 连用，句式 awkward。Tip: 注意看非划线部分后半部分2. 考了 such like 跟 such as，排除 like 之后只剩一个了 by qingleio考点：1. such as 与 like 不同2. 平行/s-
9、v agreementsuch as 与 like 不同表示“举例”“比如”，只能用 such as，用 like 一定错！Like 只能表比较Such as 具体用法a. A such as Bb. Such A as B注意：1. A-B 平行2.谓语动词与 A 保持主谓一致！3. AS 后面只允许加名词（包括动名词，to do）i.e. activities such as driving/ by driving/to drive练习题：来自 og 12Building on civilizations that preceded them in coastal Peru, the Mo
10、chica developed their own elaborate society, based on cultivating such crops like corn and beans, the harvesting of fish and seafood, and exploiting other wild and domestic resources.(A) based on cultivating such crops like corn and beans, the harvesting of fish and seafood, and exploiting(B) based
11、on the cultivation of such crops as corn and beans, the harvesting of fish and seafood, and the exploitation of(C) and basing it on the cultivation of crops like corn and beans, harvesting fish and seafood, and the exploiting of(D) and they based it on their cultivation of crops such as corn and bea
12、ns, the harvest of fish and seafood, and exploiting(E) and they based it on their cultivating such crops like corn and beans, their harvest of fish and seafood, and they exploited感谢 elory 提供的解题思路：A ：like 不能表示举例，只能表示比较，此处应该用 such as ； cultivating ,the harvesting, exploiting 不平行B： Correct；harvest 做名词时
13、有三个意思：收获、产量、成果，harvesting 仅有收获的意思，从 OG12 的解释中看来，GMAT 并没有区分 harvest 与 harvesting，两者都可。C：LIKE 改为 as; and basing it 应该出现在主语动词之前，和 Building on civilizations 并列；后面 the cultivation ，harvesting fish and seafood，the exploiting of 不平行D:后面不平行，exploiting 破坏了平行；没有必要新开一个分句，显得很累赘。E LIKE 改为 as，suchas 用于举例说明 ; they
14、 exploited 想跟 they based 平行，那 harvest前要加 and ! based it on “their cultivating”表达拙劣( 介词+ones doing 往往是很拙劣的表达)3. 考了很多比较 考了一个 whereas 并列的 注意：与 while although 等不同，whereas 不要求结构上平行，逻辑上平行就可以练习题：来自 og 12Over 75 percent of the energy produced in France derives from nuclear power, while in Germany it is just
15、 over 33 percent.(A) while in Germany it is just over 33 percent(B) compared to Germany, which uses just over 33 percent(C) whereas nuclear power accounts for just over 33 percent of the energy produced in Germany(D) whereas just over 33 percent of the energy comes from nuclear power in Germany(E) c
16、ompared with the energy from nuclear power in Germany, where it is just over 33 percent感谢 elory 提供的解题思路：A: while 在表示然而的时候有歧义，因为 还有同时的意思 ；it 指代有歧义, it 完整指代 75 percent of the energy produced in France，意思错误；while 前后句子之结构要求并列相对, 在比较成分前后都是句子的情况下，前面分句是主谓宾结构表达动作，后面分句是主系表结构表达状态，功能上不平行，错误B: compare to 。 错误的将
17、 75% 比作 GERMANY； compared 的用法见总结； 不清楚33%是什么东西C:bingo ;whereas 来连接两句话才清晰；介词短语充当地点状语前后对称，位置正确；每一个从句必须确认这个百分比到底指的是什么。比较了法国和德国各自的来自于核能的能量；这里调整下语序，更容易看出 just over 33 percent of the energy produced in Germany derives form nuclear power 不要拘泥于形式，核心意思要对等D: the energy 后面无修饰语，所以指代到了 the energy produced in Fran
18、ce，法国超过 75%的能源来自于核能，然而超过 33%的能源（法国能源）来自在德国的核能。逻辑意思不合理 ；原意对 nuclear power 并没有修饰语，说是谁的核能，这里 in Germany 错误的修饰了 nuclear power, 本来应该是做 produced 的状语。；不要拘泥于形式，核心意思要对等，要不这个选项会被认为正确；E: it 指代不清楚可以指代 energy 也可以是 nuclear power ；结构啰嗦； 不清楚 33%是什么东西4. 有个印象很深的 XXX to, XXX from, or XXX between 不知道这是个什么奇怪的并列 考点：这个，茄子
19、表示无能，有没有大体的意思或许好推测一下？既然说是并列，那请大家注意1. 平行结构. 看这句话前面的 xxx to, xxx from, xxx between, 后面加的是同一描述对象 Y。那么这三部分 xxx to.from.btwn，必须都是能够描述这个描述对象 Y 的。2. 会不会是 from A to B, or difference between C and D?注意左边 AB, CD 要平行， 5. 大概意思是妇女运动最重要的时刻是在 1870 年 by which 两个女性 unions 合并。答案有 for, with, when.等 秒选 when 根据狗主提供句意，这句
20、话划线部分需要表示的是“在.时候”考点：1. 根据句意继续排除1. By which: 通过方法/途径：Prep177: In her 26 years in the forests of Gombe, Jane Goodall collected data that proved that chimpanzees exhibit the kind of curiosity by which new patterns of behavior and expression can be passed on from one to another by imitation and practice
21、.2. When = In Which : 当的时候 (at the same time as)只能引导时间状语从句3. For: 表原因a. 有逗号可作连词，b. 无逗号作介词，4. With：表示伴随、原因、方式、时间等a. 无逗号修饰最近名词、或者动词，b. 有逗号修饰整个句子c. 还有一种形式是独立主格5. 猜测最后一个会不会是 on which/where?On which = where 在地方Split 1: 把句子读懂，根据句意选择含义不同的词2. 状语从句加完整句子 若此时还有疑惑，可以看看未划线后半部分是否是完整句子。如果是，删除 with如果不是，则请从 with/for
22、 里斟酌6. 考点：插入语多，记得把插入语去掉 看狗主意思是，同位语出来是迷惑人阅读的，不是用来作为考点的那我们来简单复习一下插入语，顺便做道题吧！1. 插入语长这样： ，短语， .2. 如何判别：当你读句子很顺，突然莫名其妙冒出来一个短语，前后被逗号隔开，与整句话逻辑对不上，就是插入语了。3. 构成插入语的成分可以是单词、短语或是句子，用来补充含义或作出一些解释，把插入语从原文中抽取出来，句子结构、语意不会发生变化。常见的有（以下来自解析 GMAT 阅读中的插入语成分）：a. as 引导的短语或句子作插入语b. 介词短语作插入语Now Congress, in apparent agreem
23、ent, has required by law that businesses awarded federal contracts of more than $500,000 do their best to find minority subcontractors and record their efforts to do so on forms filed with the government.c. 非限制性定语从句相当于插入语的功能d. 复杂名词结构作插入语（名词名词修饰语）4. 考场遇到怎么办：正常人的做法是看到同位语，直接掠过，不影响对句意理解练习题：A new genetic
24、ally engineered papaya was produced not by seed companies who have beenmotivated by profit, which was the case with most genetically modified crops previously approved for commercial use, but university and United States Department of Agriculture researchers who allowed growers to use it free of cha
25、rge.(A) produced not by seed companies who have been motivated by profit, which was the case with most genetically modified crops previously approved for commercial use, but(B) produced not by profit motivated seed companies, the case with most genetically modified crops previously approved for comm
26、ercialize, but(C) produced not by profit-motivated seed companies, as was the case with most genetically modified crops previously approved for commercial use, but by(D) not produced by profit-motivated seed companies, which was the case with most genetically modified crops previously approved for c
27、ommercial use, but was produced by(E) not produced by seed companies who have been motivated by profit, the case with most genetically modified crops previously approved for commercial use, but by7. 语法语义是关键，就看这个句子的发出者是谁 可能考点：逻辑主语需要考虑逻辑主语的：1. v-ing 短语2. v-ed 短语3. 主动被动注意：1. 主动被动的选择要看句子是否强调“动作发出者”，如果不强
28、调动作发出者，而强调受体，则可以选择被动。2. V-ing modifier, V-ed modifier, 用逗号与主句隔开，需要找到对应的“逻辑主语”考点解析：V-ing 用法：1. 必须与句子主语保持逻辑关系WRONG: Joe became the CEO of the company, increasing his pay greatly.Increasing 不是 Joe 发生的，不可以放 v-ing 短语在这里2. 放在逗号后面，对前面句子a. 额外信息b. 结果（causality relationship）3. 放在逗号前面，对后面句子：a. 额外信息b. 修饰主语4. 前面
29、无逗号，修饰近邻的前面的名词或名词短语5. 必须与被修饰句动作时态保持一致WRONG: Emily Dickinsons letters to Susan Huntington Dickinson were written over a period beginning a few years before Susans marriage to Emilys brother and ending shortly before Emilys death in 1886, outnumbering her letters to anyone else.Write 是过去发生的动作，outnumbe
30、r 却是一个客观事实，需要用现在时v-ed 用法1. 放在句首，用逗号与主句隔开，必须与句子主语保持逻辑关系2. 放在句中，或者用逗号与前一句话隔开，修饰最近名词练习题：来自 og121850, Lucretia Mott published her Discourse on Women, arguing in a treatise for women to have equal political and legal rights and for changes in the married womens property laws.A. arguing in a treatise for
31、women to have equal political and legal rightsB. arguing in a treatise for equal political and legal rights for womenC. a treatise that advocates womens equal political and legal rights.D. a treatise advocating womens equal political and legal rights.E . a treatise that argued for equal political an
32、d legal rights for women.感谢 elroy 提供答案解析：A ： arguing 做伴随状语不合逻辑，L 出版的同时讨论着。 。 。 。 ；a treatise 就是 Discourse，语义重复 ；women 和 changes 逻辑上不对等，具体名词不能跟动作性名词平行；B： arguing 做伴随状语不合逻辑，L 出版的同时讨论着。 。 。 。 ；a treatise 就是 Discourse，语义重复 ；C: 因为 and 后有 for ,所以前面应该有 for 与之平行，advocate vt.直接加宾语D: 因为 and 后有 for ,所以前面应该有 fo
33、r 与之平行，advocate vt.直接加宾语E: bingo ； a treatise 作 Discourse 同位语；argued for and for .平行 结构清晰；介词短语的平行需要补出介词，避免歧义8. 考的好像都是平行结构。我好多句子单词都看不懂，所以很多选项都不是特确定，就靠平行原则来选的。记得有一道是 whether。 。 。 。 。or whether。 。 。 。 ，Or 后面是划线部分，选项里只有一个是 whether，我就根据平行结构选的。By jiaxiaoping注意：请一定读懂原句的基础上来选择，这道题茄子怀疑狗主答案可能有误哦。考点：平行结构1. Or
34、的话，不必选“whether”, 或者”neithereither 之类的组成短语，Or 自己也可以是平行2. 逻辑平行优于结构平行请一定读懂句意9. 记忆最深是一开始就碰到了一个让我蒙了的题，选项是一个人 voted 了一个什么东西that。 。 。然后划线 because.选项 A that 从句和 becuase 不分开，B that 从句后是分号，he did so becuase。 。 。 。 。 （；he did so because。 。 。 。 ）C that 从句后是逗号(,because。 。 。 。 。)之所以蒙是因为 A 选和 C 选拿不准，又是第一个题，糟心。By V
35、ivian0606还原：A votedthat SVO_SVOA becauseB ; he did so becauseC , because找到一句结构类似的话但是考点不同prep 语法笔记 108Noting that the Federal Reserve had raised a key short-term interest rate again last month, analysts said that they expected orders for durable goods to decline soon because rising interest rates mak
36、es it more expensive to buy them on credit先来看一下 because1. because 作为“因为”讲，比 since, as, while 表示“原因”要强烈2. 连接原因状语从句3. 与 because of 相比，because 的表达 似乎 要好一些，因为 because 加的是句子，整句话都是解释原因。而 because of 加的是名词，名词单独作为原因解释。(请参阅 og13 8 题理解)分析选项：A 要看清楚会不会歧义？ because 是想做 that 从句的原因状从，还是主句的原因状从B 有点冗余的意思，但是请不要急于排除，万一其
37、他选项不对呢！C 考场不要急于排除，原因参见 A，加逗号作前面整句话状语10. 还有一个居然考了 so as to！prep 上有一个题讲解了 so as to 的用法 By Vivian0606虎摸下狗主，这个本来就是个很重要的短语，还经常和 so that 一起拿来糊弄人考点：soas toso as to:so as to 连用的情况在 GMAT 里非常罕见，根据 RON 的原话翻译， “GMAC 不太喜欢这个表达，正确选项从没见过” ， “表示 indirect intention”即非直接的目的i.e. Joe bought a gym membership so as to bec
38、ome more attractive to women.正确的常见的表达：So + ADJECTIVE + as to + VERB使用事项：1. 鉴于 prep 并未给出具体的 so adj as to verb 含义，我搜了一下 RON 的解释：“in general, you dont use so ADJ as to VERB unless the VERB describes some sort of state/condition. i.e., if the verb is an action verb, this construction generally isnt used
39、.”RIGHT: i am so ugly as to be viscerally repulsive to women.WRONG: i am so ugly as to repel women on sight.第二句话错在“repel” 是个动词上应该为用”sothat”：i am so ugly that i repel women on sight.顺便吐槽一下写这句话的什么心态总体来说， AS TO 后面的 VERB 描述某种状态, 关于 Ron 说的 最好 不是动作名词，请注意一下“最好” ，也可以是动作名词比如： demonstrably weak, it was not so
40、 weak as to require the recall of the automobile（来自语法笔记）2. prep 给出的 Soas to与 so that 的比较：a. 主语连贯区别：so that 可以用作多个主语时，so 前面的主语和 that 后面的主语可以不一样；so as to be/do 一般用于单一主语 ，但是不能相隔太远，否则可以视为错误原理：so as to 事实上是三个结构的结合，so 引出的是状语， as 指代句子前面的核心含义，to 是不定式引导状语结构(adverbial structure)，此不定式修饰的正是前面的核心动词以及该动词的逻辑主语，所以只
41、有当前面只有一个核心动词而且很明确的时候才能够用 soas to，也正因为修饰成分离被修饰词过远会造成修饰不清，所以 to be/do 结构不能与前面动词不能太远。练习题：来自 prep2008 语法笔记Often major economic shifts are so gradual as to be indistinguishable at first from ordinary fluctuations in the financial markets.A. so gradual as to be indistinguishableB. so gradual so that they
42、can be indistinguishableC. so gradual that they are unable to be distinguishedD. gradual enough not to be distinguishable E. gradual enough so that one cannot distinguish them选项分析：A. Correct. 主句为简单主系表结构B. so.so that 搭配错误(Incorrect Idiom)C. able/unable to be done 的结构错误D. enough 偏向于主观判断，不符合逻辑语境；not to
43、 be distinguishable 不如 to be indistinguishable 简洁E. enough so that 错误搭配(Incorrect Idiom)补充：关于 so that/ such that 用法1. so that.manhattan 中关于 so that.的用法举例：RIGHT: She gave money SO THAT the school could offer scholarships. (= purpose)SUSPECT: She gave money, SO the school was grateful. (= result)WRONG
44、: She gave money SO the school could offer scholarships.下面看看 Ron 大神在 manhattan 论坛上的讲解：-“so that.“ the construction is placed in front of a clause that describes the intention or goal of some action. (“X . so that Y.“就理解为 Y 是 X 这个 action 的 intention or goal!)e.g., James started weight training so tha
45、t he could become stronger. (James 的 goal 是 become stronger, 他的 action 是 started weight training.)2. so. that.manhattan 中关于 so. that.的用法举例(See also ENOUGH) ：RIGHT: The book was SO SHORT THAT I could read it in one night.The book was SHORT ENOUGH FOR me TO READ in one night.Note: These two expression
46、s have slightly different emphases, but it is unlikely that you will need to choose an answer solely on this basis. (第一句说是这本书很短，是不针对于哪个人的，但是后一句所这本书对于我来说很短，但是对于其他人不一定。微小区别，不作为 split)SUSPECT: The book was SO SHORT I could read it. (THAT is preferred.)The book was OF SUCH SHORTNESS THAT I could read it
47、.The book had SO MUCH SHORTNESS THAT I could read it.SUCH was the SHORTNESS of the book THAT I could read it.WRONG: The book was OF SUCH SHORTNESS, I could read it. (run-on sentence)The book was SHORT TO SUCH A DEGREE AS TO ALLOW me to read it.下面看看 Ron 大神在 manhattan 论坛上的讲解：-“so ADJ/ADV that .“ is us
48、ed to emphasize the extreme quality of ADJ/ADV, and followed by some consequence of that extreme quality.e.g. Don is so tall that he can reach the top shelf without any effort. (Right)I study so hard that I can get a good grade. (Wrong, 如果说 get a good grade 是 study hard 这么一个 extreme quality 的结果那就有点牵
49、强了。如果能说明某个学科非常的难，过关率很低，然后我通过非常努力地学习取得一个好成绩，就可以说我”非常努力地学习“这个 extreme quality的 consequence 是 get a good grade. 3. such.that.manhattan 没有 such.that.的 list 举例（可能在 GMAT 真题中出现很少或者就没出现过，这里当补充知识学习一下）看看 Ron 大神在 manhattan 论坛上的讲解：- “such + adj + noun + that“, unlike “so adj that.“, this one put emphasis not on an adj. We use this construction if the quality itself is embodied by a noun rather than by an adjective.e.g. Tom is such a hermit that he hasnt left his house in two years. (Correct, hermit itself is a quality)
