1、- 1 -高中英语语法- 定语从句定语从句在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常 出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。 关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which 等。 关系副词有：when, where, why 等。 18.1 关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 1）who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中作主语和宾语。例如： I
2、s he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that 在从句中作主语） He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that 在从句中作宾语） 2） whose 用来指人或物，（只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同 of which 互换）。例如： They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。 Please pass me the book whose
3、（of which） cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。 3）which, that 所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。例如： A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that 在句中作宾语） The package （which / that）you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。（which / that 在句中作
4、宾语） 18.2 关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。 1）关系副词 when, where, why 的含义相当于“ 介词+ which“结构，因此常常和“介词+ which“结构交替使用。例如： There are occasions when （on which） one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。 Beijing is the place where（in which ） I was born. 北京是我的出生地。 Is this the reason why （for which） he refused o
5、ur offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？ 2）that 代替关系副词，可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代 when, where, why 和“ 介+which“引导的定语从句，在口语中 that 常被省略。例如： His father died the year （that / when / in which） he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。 He is unlikely to find the place （that / where / in which） he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方
6、。 及物动词和不及物动词A 有些动词只是及物动词; 它们不可以单独用，后面必须跟宾语。 False: They always want after lunch.Right: They always want a cup of tea after lunch. False: He is sending now.Right: He is sending a letter now. B 有些动词只是不及物动词；它们可以单独用，如果后面想接宾语，动词后面必须加上介词。- 2 - Right: He is looking around. False: He is looking me.Right: He
7、 is looking at me. Right: He is listening carefully.False: He is listening the teacher carefully.Right: He is listening to the teacher carefully. C 有些动词既是及物动词 ，又是不及物动词; 但是有时候词义会改变。 The customer is asking loudly.The customer is asking for you now. The customer is asking a question now. If you work ha
8、rd, you will succeed.If you work hard, you will succeed in passing the exam (same meaning).If you work hard, you will succeed John as the manager of this company (different meaning).18.3 判断关系代词与关系副词 方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则 要求用关系副词。例如： 判断改错： （错） This is the mountai
9、n village where I visited last year. （错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. （对） This is the mountain village （which） I visited last year. （对） Ill never forget the days （which） I spent in the countryside. 习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when 联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。 方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句
10、中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、状），也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。 例 2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held. A. where B. that C. on which D. the one 答案：例 1 D，例 2 A 例 2 变为肯定句： This is the museum _ the exhibition was held. 而句 2 中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语 (状语(adverbial)是句子的重要修饰成分。状语是谓语里的另一个附加成分,它附加在谓语中心语的前面,从情况,时间,处所,方式,条件,对象,肯定,否
11、定,范围和程度等方面对谓语中心进行修饰或限制。)表地点，既可用副词 where，又因 in the museum 词组，可用介词 in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词 on 用的不对，所以选 A。 关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词（who, whom, that, which, whose）； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 （ where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语） 。 18.5 介词+关系词 1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。 2）that 前不能有介词。 3）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的“介
12、词+关系词“结构可以同关系副词 when 和 where 互换。例如： This is the house in which I lived two years ago. 这是我两年前住过的房子。 This is the house where I lived two years ago. Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? 还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗？ Do you remember the day when you joined our club? - 3 -18.6 as, which 非限定性定语从句 由 a
13、s, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as 和 which 可代整个主句，相当于 and this 或 and that。As一般放在句首，which 在句中。例如： As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health. 如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。 The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. 太阳使地球暖起来，这对我们人类很重要。 典型例题 1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, _came as a surprise. A. it
14、 B. that C. which D. he 答案 C. 此为非限定性从句，不能用 that 修饰，而用 which.，it 和 he 都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选 he 句意不通。 2）The weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect. A. what B. which C. that D. it 答案 B。which 可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而 what 不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句，it 不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不
15、通。 3）It rained hard yesterday, _ prevented me from going to the park A. that B. which C. as D. it 答案 B. as 和 which 在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点： （1）as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而 which 不可。 （2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用 which.。在本题中，prevent 由于是行为动词，所以正确选
16、项应为 B。 as 的用法 例 1. the sameas；suchas 中的 as 是一种固定结构, 和一样。例如： I have got into the same trouble as he （has）. 我碰到了跟他一样的麻烦。 例 2. as 可引导非限制性从句，常带有 正如。例如： As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health. 如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。 As is known, smoking is harmful to ones health. As 是关系代词。例 1 中的 as 作 know 的宾语；例 2 中，它充当从句的主
17、语，谓语动词 know 要用被动式。 18.7 先行词和关系词二合一 1） Whoever spits in public will be punished here. （Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替） 2） The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.（what 可以用 all that 代替） 18.8 what/whatever; that/what; who/whoever 1）what = the thing which ；whatever = anythin
18、g。例如： What you want has been sent here. 你要的动词都送来了。 Whatever you want makes no difference to me. 不管你要什么，跟我没什么关系。 2） who= the person that whoever= anyone who 。例如： （错）Who breaks the law will be punished. （错）Whoever robbed the bank is not clear. （对）Whoever breaks the law will be punished. 王子犯法，与庶民同罪。 （对
19、）Who robbed the bank is not clear. 谁抢了银行还不清楚。 3） that 和 what 当 that 引导定语从句时，通常用作关系代词，而引导名词性从句时，是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的 that 常可省略。What 只能引导名词性从句，用作连接代词，作从句的具体成分，且不能省略。例如： - 4 -I think（that ）you will like the stamps. 我想你会喜欢这些邮票的。 What we need is more practice. 我们需要的是更多的实践。 18.9 关系代词 that 的用法 1）不用 th
20、at 的情况 a） 引导非限定性定语从句时。例如： （错）The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here. b） 介词后不能用。例如： We depend on the land from which we get our food. 我们依赖土地获得食物。 We depend on the land that/which we get our food from. 2） 只能用 that 作为定语从句的关系代词的情况 a） 在 there be 句型中，只用 that，不用 which。 b） 在不定代词，如：any
21、thing, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little 等作先行词时，只用 that，不用 which。 c） 先行词有 the only, the very 修饰时，只用 that。 d） 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用 that。. e） 先行词既有人，又有物时。例如： All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油问题。 Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 那贼最终把偷的全部东
22、西交给了警察。练习、定语从句选择填空：1. The man _ visited our school yesterday is from London.A. who B. which C. whom D. when2. The woman _ is talking to my mother is a friend of hers.A. whose B. who C. whom D. which3. Because of my poor memory, all _ you told me has been forgotten.A. that B. which C. what D. as4. Do
23、 you remember those days _ we spent along the seashore very happily?A. when B. where C. which D. who5. Tom did not take away the camera because it was just the same camera _ he lost last week.A. which B. that C. whom D. as6. Those _ want to go please sign their names here.A. whom B. which C. who D.
24、when7. Where is the man _ I met this morning?A. when B. where C. which D. who8. Who is the woman _ is sweeping the floor over there?A. who B. / C. that D. when9. The man _ you talked just now is a worker.A. who B. whom C. to whom D. to who10. The man _ you are going to make friends is my fathers nei
25、ghbor.A. with whom B. when C. to whom D. which11. The doctor _ is leaving for Africa next month.A. the nurse is talking to him B. whom the nurse is talkingC. the nurse is talking to D. who the nurse is talking12. The man _ around our school is from America.A. which you showed B. you showed him C. yo
26、u showed D. where you showed- 5 -13. He talked about a hero _ no one had ever heard.A. of whom B. from whom C. about that D. who14. In fact the Swede did not understand the three questions _ were asked in French.A. where B. who C. in which D. which15. Have you read the book _ I lent to you?A. that B
27、. whom C. when D. whose16. Finally, the thief handed over everything _ he had stolen to the police.A. that B. which C. whatever D. all17. The foreign guests, _ were government officials, were warmly welcomed at the airport.A. most of them B. most of that C. most of whom D. most of those18. This is t
28、he very letter _came last night.A. who B. which C. that D. as19. I know only a little about this matter; you may ask _ knows better than I.A. whoever B. whomever C. anyone D. the one20. This is the school _ we visited three days ago.A. where B. / C. when D. what21. This is the factory _ we worked a
29、year ago.A. where B. that C. which D. on which22. Nearby were two canoes _ they had come to the island.A. which B. in which C. that D. /23. Jack is pleased with _ you have given him and all _ you have told him.A. that, what B. what, that C. which, what D. that, which24. Do you work near the building
30、 _ colour is yellow?A. that B. which C. its D. whose25. In the dark street, there wasnt a single person _ she could turn for help.A. whom B. who C. to whom D. form whom26. Is this school _ we visited three years ago?A. the one B. which C. that D. where27. Is this the school _ we visited three years
31、ago?A. the one B. where C. in which D. /28, How many students are there in your class _ homes are in the country?A. whose B. who C. whom D. which29. Alice received an invitation from her boss, _ came as a surprise.A. it B. which C. that D. he 30. The train was crowded and I had to get into a carriag
32、e _ already seven other people.A. when there were B. which there were C. that there were D. where there were31. I live in the house _ windows face south. A. which B. whose C. where D. in that32. - What game is popular with them? - The _ most is tennis.A. game they like it B. game they like C. best g
33、ame they like D. best game they like it33. They stayed with me three weeks, _ they drank all the wine I had.A. which B. which time C. during which time D. during which34. The room _ Mr. White lives is not very large. A. that B. which C. where D. when35. Dont forget the day _ you were received into t
34、he Youth League.A. when B. that C. at which D. where36. Ive finished writing the novel, _ is to be published next month.A. that B. what C. which D. when- 6 -37. He returned home safe and sound after a fierce battle, _ was unexpected.A. which B. as C. that D. it38. _ is known to all, English is not v
35、ery difficult to learn.A. What B. As C. That D. Which39. The old man had three sons, all of _ died during World War .A. whose B. that C. whom D. who40. There was _ to prevent the accident.A. something could do B. anything we could doC. nothing we couldnt do D. nothing we could do41. Do you know the
36、reason _ she has changed her mind?A. why B. which C. for that D. of which42. He failed in the exam, _ proves that he wasnt working hard enough.A. which B. what C. it D. that43. During the week _ he tried to collect materials for his article.A. following B. followed C. to follow D. that followed44. _
37、 was expected, he succeeded in the exam.A. It B. Which C. As D. That45. He studied hard and later became a well-known writer, _ his father expected.A. that was what B. what was that C. and which was D. which was what46. We should read such books _ will make us better and wiser.A. when B. as C. whose
38、 D. what47. You must show my wife the same respect _ you show me.A. when B. as C. whose D. what48. That is one of those books that _ worth reading.A. is B. are C. has D. have49. This is the only one of the students whose handwriting _ the best.A. is B. are C. has D. have50. This is the only book _ I can find.A. that B. which C. it D. with which15 ABACD 610 CDCCA 1115 CCADA 1620 ACCAB 2125 ABBDC 2630 ADABD 3135 BBDCA 3640 CABCD 4145 AADCD 4650 BBBAA
