1、1汉英翻译（下）教案主讲：魏志成教授第 8 单元I 提示原文来源岳阳楼记作者是北宋作家范仲淹（1892-1941），原文选自戴抗选、谢百魁译，1996 年,中国历代散文一百篇。北京：中国对外翻译出版公司。（3 个译文所依据的原文版本有差异，这些差异主要体现在断句和标点符号。由此而产生的译文差异不在详细讨论之中）译文来源译文 1 选自戴抗选、谢百魁译，1996 年,中国历代散文一百篇。北京：中国对外翻译出版公司。译文 2 选自中国文学出版社编, 1998 年，中国文学古代散文卷汉英对照, 外语教学与研究出版社 and this is the superb view from Yueyang Pa
2、vilion. All this has been described in full by writers of earlier ages. However, since the lake is linked with Wu Gorge in the north and extends to the Xiao and Xiang rivers in the south, many exiles and wandering poets gather here, and their reactions to these sights vary greatly. During a period o
3、f incessant rain, when a spell of a bad weather continues for more than a month, when louring winds bellow angrily, tumultuous waves hurl themselves agianst the sky, sun and stars hide their light, hills and mountains disappear, merchants have to halt in their travels, masts collapse and oars splint
4、er, the day darkens and the roars of tigers and howls of monkeys are heard, if men come to this pavilion with a longing for home in their hearts or nursing a feeling of bitterness because of taunts and slander, they may find the sight depressing and fall prey to agitation or despair. But during the
5、mild and bright spring weather, when the waves are unruffled and the azure translucence above and below stretches before your eyes for myriads of li, when the water-birds fly down to congregate on the sands and fish with scales like glimmering silk disport themselves in the water, when the iris and
6、orchids on the banks grow luxuriant and green; or when dusk fall over this vast expanse and bright moon casts its light a thousand li, when the rolling waves glitter like gold and silent shadows in the water glimmer like jade, and the fishermen sing to each other for sheer joy, then men coming up to
7、 this pavilion may feel complete freedom of heart and ease of spirit, forgetting every worldly gain or setback, to hold their winecups in the breeze in absolute elation, delighted with life. But again when I consider the men of old who possessed true humanity, they seem to have responded quite diffe
8、rently. The reason, perhaps, may be this: natural beauty was not enough to make them happy, nor their own situation enough to make them sad., When such men are high in the government or at court, their first concern is for the people; when they retire to distant streams and lakes, their first concer
9、n is for their sovereign. Thus they worry both when in office and when in retirement. When, then, can they enjoy themselves in life? No doubt they are concerned before anyone else and enjoy themselves only after everyone else finds enjoyment. Surely there are the men in whose footsteps I should foll
10、ow!译文 3 The Yueyang TowerIn the spring of the fourth year of Qingli, Teng Zijing was exiled to Baling jun to be the prefect there. In the second year of his office, because of his excellent administration, people lived in peace and contentment, and all previous neglected matters were taken care of.
11、The Yueyang Tower was renovated and enlarged, and inscribed on its wall were the poetry and the rhymed prose of learned men of the Tang and the present dynasty. I was invited to record this restoration effort in writing.The beauty of Baling centers round the Dongting Lake, which holds the mountain r
12、anges in the distance and swallows the water of the Yangtze River. It is so vast and mighty that it seems boundless. Dazzling in the morning sun and fading in the gray evening mist, it offords a myriad of scenes. This is the magnificent view that the Yueyang Tower commands, of which many description
13、s have been written. This beautiful scenic spot is linked with the Wu Gorge in the north 5and the Xiao and Xiang Rivers in the south. Exiled officials and poets often gather here. How could there be no difference in their feelings?In the rainy season, an unbroken spell of wet weather lasts for month
14、s. Chilly winds howl and turbid waves surge sky high. The sun and the stars lose their luster, and the mountain ranges are scarcely visible. Merchants and travelers have to put off their voyage, for the masts of the shipd have collapsed and their oars broken. It is dark towards evening, and the roar
15、ing of tigers and the cry of monkeys can be heard. At such a time anyone ascending the tower will be filled with nostalgia for the imperial court and his home as well as fears of calumny and derision against him. Around him is a scene of desolation. Emotions well up in him so strong that he feels pa
16、in at heart.In springtime it is warm and the sun is bright. The Lake is tranquil and it merges with the azure sky into a vast expanse of blue. The water-birds are playing, some fluttering in the sky, some gathering together on the sandbars. Fishes of varied hues are swimming merrily in the water. Th
17、e sweet-smelling grass by the banks and the faintly scented orchids on the sandy beaches are lush and green. Sometimes, when the mist over the Lake vanishes, the glorious moon shines over the vast land, its brightness glistening with golden light on the lake. The reflection of the moon is like a pie
18、ce of jade in the depths of the water. The fishermens songs chime in with each other. How delightful they are! On ascending the Tower at such a time, one will feel spiritual uplift, caring for neither glory nor shame. With a cup of wine in the gentle breeze, he will enjoy the greatest happiness in l
19、ife!Ah! I have tried to study the minds of people of lofty ideals in ancient times. Perhaps they were different from the people I mentioned above. Why is this? The reason is that they were not thrown into ecstasies over their success, nor felt depressed over their failures. When they were in high po
20、sitions at court, they were concerned about people. When they were in remote places, they were concerned about their emperor. They worried when they got promoted or when they were sent into exile. Then, when were they happay? They would say:”To be first to worry about the affairs of the state and th
21、e last to enjoy oneself.”Alas! Who else should I seek company with save them? IV 比较分析与译法（1（ 庆历四年春，滕子京谪 守巴陵郡。译文 1 In the spring of the fourth year of the Qingli period, Teng Zijing was relegated to the position of the prefect of Baling. 译文 2 In the spring of the fourth year of the region of Qingli, T
22、eng Zijing was banished from the capital to be governor of Baling Prefecture. 译文 3 In the spring of the fourth year of Qingli, Teng Zijing was exiled to Baling jun to be the prefect there.8.1 变通：阐释或注释(II) 相对于现代汉语文本而言，汉语典籍的传统文化特征应该说更加强烈一些。有些传统文化信息的表达在英语文化中是空缺的。因此，在面对这样一些传统文化特征非常浓厚的6表达时，我们认为双语转换中可以适当地
23、采用阐释或注释，目的是以利于读者的理解。譬如原文中出现的“庆历四年”和“巴陵郡”，就是两个传统汉语文化特征极强的表达。“庆历四年”，指的是宋仁宗庆历四年，即公元 1044 年；“巴陵郡”，指的是现在位于湖南省的岳阳市。考虑整个译文语篇并不是有太多的地方需要采取括号阐释法，所以我们还是建议译文可以修改为：446 In the spring of the fourth year of the Qingli period(1044), Teng Zijing was banished from the capital to be governor of Baling Prefecture( now
24、known as Yueyang City in Hunan Province).（2（ 越明年，政通人和，百废具兴。译文 1 The following year witnessed a great change there in terms of the smooth conduct of government and the harmonious human relations as well as the resumption of a great many neglected undertakings.译文 2 After he had governed the district f
25、or a year, the administration became efficient, the people became united, and all things that had fallen into disrepair were given a new lease on life. 译文 3 In the second year of his office, because of his excellent administration, people lived in peace and contentment, and all previous neglected ma
26、tters were taken care of. 8.2 变通：SVO 时间主语句汉语的时间常常作为状语或主语补语，虽然时间主语也是存在的。与汉语相比，英语虽然也有常常将时间作为状语或主语补语，但是时间主语的用法却比汉语更常见，而且英语时间主语句都可以用于英语的 5 种基本句型：(魏志成.2003 ：356-367)447Thursday came:all work had been completed the previous evening.(C.Bronte:Jane Eyre. SV 时间主语句)448My first quarter seemed an age; and not t
27、he golden age either.（C.Bronte:Jane Eyre. SVC 时间主语句）449The nights and mornings no longer by their Canadian temperature froze the very blood in our vein.（C.Bronte:Jane Eyre. SVO 时间主语句）450The forty years, 1840-1888, brought almost ten million migrants to America.（P.Bromhead: Life in Modern American. S
28、VoO 时间主语句的变式）451Morning would break, and find him there.（N.Hawthorne: The Scarlet Letter. SV 及SVOC 时间主语句）汉英转换时，我们可以从语篇的角度适当地运用英语时间主语来处理汉语主题时间状语。如下面一个例子：452这几天心里颇不宁静。（朱自清荷塘月色） 译文 1： I have felt quite upset recently.（Tr.朱纯深）译文 2： The last few days have found me very restless.（Tr.杨宪益、戴乃迭）在例452中，译文 2 就运
29、用了英语 SVOC 时间主语句来转换原文的主题时间状语句，显得比译文 1 更具有语篇意识上的翻译策略性。就原文“越明年”一句的 3 个译文而言，虽然3 个译文都完成了达意的任务，但是译文 1 因为使用了 SVO 时间主语句来变通原文的主题状语句，而显得更为地道、更为可取。（3）1乃重修岳阳楼，2 增其旧制，3 刻唐贤今人诗赋于其上，4属予作文以记之。7译文 1 Thus Yueyang Pavilion was rebuilt on a scale larger than before and was graced with the inscriptions of the poems and
30、rhythmic prose of the Tang and contemporary celebrities. I was requested to write something to mark the event. 译文 2 Then he restored Yueyang Pavilion, adding new splendour to the original structure and having inscribed on it poems by famous men of the Tang Dynasty as well as the present time. And he
31、 asked me to write an essay to comemmorate this.译文 3 The Yueyang Tower was renovated and enlarged, and inscribed on its wall were the poetry and the rhymed prose of learned men of the Tang and the present dynasty. I was invited to record this restoration effort in writing.8.3 所指与能指原文是一个由 4 个分句组成的主动语
32、态并列句，只不过是句中的主语都因语境而省略。分句12都是 SVO 结构，分句34为 SVOC 结构。3 个译文中，译文 2采取顺译的方式保留了原文的语态或句式结构，译文 1、3 辨证地采取了变通-语态和句式结构都发生了转换。从语言符号学的所指与能指理论来看，译文 2 的顺译有明显的不妥。什么是所指和能指理论？人们一般把日常的实用性语言和科技语言的符号归为所指优势符号，因为其符号特征是直接使能指（形式）指向所指（内容），从而使所指部分显得十分重要；把文学语言符号归为能指优势符号，因为文学符号的特点是形式与内容的关系是截然不可分开的，在许多情况下，抛弃了形式就是抛弃了意义。 所指优势符号的符码是一
33、种强制性的，使解释者按严格的规定来理解，尽量排斥不同的解释，使编码有一定权威性，能指与所指的关系具有单一性和透明性。所以十分适用于科学与实用文本。能指符号的符码不指向具体客体，而是使符码具有象征性，形象性，隐喻性等诸多特点，具有这些特点的文学语言往往会有多种解释，能指与所指之间都不是一种强制性关系，解释者会从不同的角度去理解同一句话。这种结果正是文学符号的能指所优势性所引起的，使得符码失去了强制性。（吕俊.2001：88-95）如译文 2 所示，增添的主语 he（指在岳阳主政的滕子京）成为了句中一系列动作的施动者-这一系列动作包括“重修 restore”“增 add to”“刻inscribe
34、”“属 ask”等。很明显，译文 2 所表达的能指与所指关系是单一的、强制性的、排斥其他解释的。但是根据事实或语境逻辑推理，这些动作-除了“属 ask”之外-并非he（滕子京）亲自所做，而是他命令或指示其他人所做。那么，到底是谁在亲自实施“重修”“增”“刻”这些动作？原文并没有交代，也没有必要交代-这就是文学语言的复义性，解释者会从多种视角去理解这句话。译文 1、3 将原文主动语态变通为被动语态也就避免了这个障碍，（关于主动变通为被动的语用理据还可以参见 10.8）而且留下同样的空白和空缺给译文读者去想象。随着语态的转换，译文 1、3 的句式也就自然发生相应的转换，于是译文也就更加流畅地表达了
35、原文语义。考虑到诸如炼词、合译、句式、阐释等其他因素，我们建议在译文 3 的基础上将译文综合性修改为： 453The Yueyang Tower was renovated and enlarged, where were inscribed the poetry and the rhymed prose of the Tang (618-907) and contemporary celebrities. I was invited to record this restoration effort in writing.（4）予观夫巴陵胜状，在洞庭一湖。衔远山，吞长江。浩浩 汤汤，横无 际
36、涯。朝晖夕阳，气象万千，译文 1 In my view, the grandeur of Baling lies only in Lake Dongting, which looks as if it were holding in its 8mouth the distant mountains and gulping down the Yangtse River. Boundless and marvellous, it presents in the morning sunshine and the evening twilight a most gorgeous spectacle.
37、译文 2 Now I have found that the finest sights of Baling are concentrated in the region of Lake Dongting. Dongting, nibbling at the distant hills and gulping down the Yangtze River, strikes all beholders as vast and infinite, presenting a scene of boundless variety; 译文 3 The beauty of Baling centers r
38、ound the Dongting Lake, which holds the mountain ranges in the distance and swallows the water of the Yangtze River. It is so vast and mighty that it seems boundless. Dazzling in the morning sun and fading in the gray evening mist, it offords a myriad of scenes. 8.4 夸张与 Hyperbole作为修辞格，汉语夸张与英语 Hyperb
39、ole 都是指故意运用夸大或超越客观事实的说法来渲染强调某事物，以求给人突出的印象。另外，汉语夸张与英语 Hyperbole，在形式或内容方面也都存在着许多共性。（李国南.1999：130-154）从手段上来看，夸张 /Hyperbole 可以分为直接夸张和融合夸张两类。第一类、直接夸张。所谓直接夸张就是不借助于其他修辞手段，而直接采用夸大或缩小的词项进行夸张。如：454同车的人告诉她：“黑龙江人常说，这里的土，插根筷子都会发芽。”（丁玲杜晚香。通过“插根筷子都会发芽”来直接夸大黑龙江土地的肥沃。）455A grizzle old soldier was sobbing like a chil
40、d.The immense sound rolled through the hall, burst windows and doors and soared into the quiet sky.(John Reed, Ten Days That Shock the World 通过 burst windows and doors 来直接夸大老战士的哭声之大。)第二类、融合夸张。所谓融合夸张就是指借助于其他修辞手段来进行夸张。常借用的修辞手段有比喻、拟人和借代。其中以借用比喻为最常见。456君不见高堂明镜悲白发，朝如青丝暮成雪。（李白将进酒。借用“朝如青丝暮成雪”这个比喻来夸大人生的短暂。）
41、457 A man with a mouth like a mastiff, a brow like a mountain and eyes like burning anthracite-that was Danl Webster in his prime.（S.V.Benet, The Devil and Daniel Wester 借用 like a mastiff, like a mountain, like burning anthracite 这 3 个比喻来夸大 Danl Webster 这个人的嘴之大、额之高、双眼之明亮有神。）原文“衔远山，吞长江”是一个融合夸张，集暗喻、拟人
42、于一体来夸张洞庭湖“浩浩汤汤，横无际涯”之大。3 个译文虽然都基本上扣住了原文融合夸张，但是译文 1 将原文暗喻转换成了以 as if 引导的明喻，这似乎不如译文 2、 3 直译暗喻，因为暗喻比明喻要更加有力和生动。（李国南.1999：196）综合 3 家优译，建议将译文修改为：458In my view, the beauty of Baling centers round the Dongting Lake, which, holding in its mouth the distant mountains and gulping down the Yangtse River, seems
43、 so vast and mighty that it presents us in the morning sunshine and the evening twilight with a most gorgeous spectacle. （5）1此则岳阳楼之大观也，2 前人之述备矣。译文 1 This is the general view from the pavilion, already described in full by our predecessors. 译文 2 and this is the superb view from Yueyang Pavilion. All
44、this has been described in full by writers of earlier ages. 译文 3This is the magnificent view that the Yueyang Tower commands, of which many descriptions have been 9written. 8.5 翻译审美功能的可变性无论是从西方抑或从中国的翻译理论传统来看，翻译理论与文艺美学一直是密不可分。翻译美学理论的任务，就是运用现代美学的基本原理，分析、阐释和解决语际转换中的美学问题，包括对翻译中的审美客体、审美主体和审美客体与接受者的关系研究，对
45、翻译中审美体验的一般规律的研究，对翻译中审美手段及翻译美的标准的探讨，等等。翻译的审美主体就是译者，译者在翻译实践的审美活动中要发挥审美主体的审美功能，使审美意识尽量处于最佳能动状态。翻译审美功能具有稳定性和可变性这样双重的能动性。一般说来，在翻译中保证审美功能的稳定性是不难做到的，因为语言形式的运用从根本上说是语言现实，优美的词章是客观存在的。但是翻译审美的可变性却是一个仁者见仁、智者见智的问题。这首先是因为原文的模糊性审美构成是非定量的、流变的。再者，在翻译中，语言形式的运用变化在特定的语篇中也是一个常数，但是作者的神思、文章的寓意、读者的感受却都是变数。因此，译者必须使自己的审美功能具有
46、充分的可变性，以把握审美客体的模糊性审美构成。（刘宓庆.1999：203-210）譬如原文的 3 个译文。译文 1、3 从变通的角度采取合译，似乎不仅比译文 2 在达意或语气上更加接近原文，而且从语言形式上来看，译文 1、3 分别使用的过去分词结构和 of+关系代词 which 结构，使翻译语言更加具备一种美感-尤其是 of+which 这个结构使用得非常漂亮。从表意的角度来讲，如我们所知， “介词+关系代词”结构，不仅能够修饰后面的动词，而且还能够修饰前面的先行词，成为一个形容词短语。所以译文 3 用 of+which 这个结构即衔接了句子，又完成了表意。类似的语言结构或多样化的句式所产生的
47、美感，是需要从语篇的角度仔细品味的。需要我们从结构上进一步了解的是：如果“介词+关系代词”结构成为一个形容词修饰前面的先行词时，具体又有两种表达方式：第一种方式是“名词+of+which”结构，如下面例句中的 a 类；第二种方式是“of+which+名词”结构，如下面例句中的 b 类。459 a . I have been in the north, the climate of which is unbearbale.b . I have been in the north, of which the climate is unbearbale.460 a . Tomorrow I go t
48、o Hongkong, the market of which I will make a study.b .Tomorrow I go to Hongkong, of which the market I will make a study.461 a .There are in this class fifty students, the backgrounds of whom are almost the same.b .There are in this class fifty students, of whom the backgrounds are almost the same.
49、462 a .Most of the villagers are peasants, the land of whom is not very fertile. b .Most of the villagers are peasants, of whom the land is not very fertile.译文 3 选用第二种“of+which+名词”结构，当然也可以选用第一种“名词+of+which”结构，请比较句463a、b 两句。463 a. This is the magnificent view that the Yueyang Tower commands, many descriptions of which have been written.b. This is the magnificent view that the Yueyang Tower commands, of which many descriptions have been written . （6）然则北通巫峡，南极潇湘，迁客骚人，多会于此， 览物之情，得无异乎？译文 1 However,
