1、新课标高一 英语必修3,Unit 4,Astronomy: the science of the stars,Warming up & reading,Teaching aims: Enable students to improve their listening skills and reading ability. Enable students to understand the development of gravity and how gravity affects us in different times and places. Arouse students interes
2、t to search for the mystery of space.Emphasis: Words and expressions: gravity, float, cheer up, now that, break out, etcAstronomic knowledge like gravity and black hole.,Warming up,Think about these questions and then discuss them with your partner.1. In our solar system eight planets circle around
3、the sun. What are they? Can you match the names with the planets?2. What interests you in astronomy? Do you know any questions that astronomers are interested in?,地球 _ 木星 _ 火星 _ 水星 _ 海王星 _,F. 冥王星 _ G. 土星 _ H. 天王星 _ I. 金星 _,Earth,Jupiter,Mars,Mercury,Neptune,Pluto,Saturn,Uranus,Venus,Pre-reading,1. D
4、o you know each religion or culture has its own ideas about the beginning of the universe?In China, we all know that Pangu separates the sky from the earth.,Pangu separates the sky from the earth,中国神话传说中有盘古开天地的说法。巨人盘古用一把利斧劈开混沌,将天地分开。死后,他的气息化成风和云,声音变成轰轰的雷声,左眼化为太阳,右眼化为月亮,手足与四肢变成大地的四极与五方的名山,血液化成江河,筋脉铺成
5、道路,肌肉形成田地,须发成为星星,牙齿和骨骼化为金属、珍珠、玉石,汗水成为滋润万物生长的甘霖和雨露。,Other legends about the beginning of universe,The Biblical Account,Day 1: God spoke and separated light from darkness creating Day and Night Day 2: God spoke and separated the water creating sky and ocean Day 3: God spoke and created dry land,Day 4:
6、 God spoke and created the sun, moon and stars Day 5: God spoke and created living creatures in the air and sea Day 6: God spoke and created the land animals and man Day 7: God rested and blessed this day calling it Holy,IndiaBrahma is the god first represented in the Hindu Triad. He is the creator
7、of the universe and all living beings are said to have evolved from him.,2. Do you know what a scientific idea is?It should be an idea coming from scientific theory.,想一想,HOW LIFE BEGAN ON THE EARTH?,Reading,Where do we come from? Or we can say: Who are our ancestors? Do you really think space flight
8、s are meaningful? Why is the earth the only one of all the plants on which life can survive?,Cooperative learning,海洋里的细胞开始分裂,登陆,爬行动物,恐龙,Mammals,人类的兴起,Do you know what it was like before life appeared on earth?,可以演化成低级生命的小液滴，水泡状的太空原始生命体,It was full of water.,Big Bang,Gas,New stars,Dying stars,remnant
9、s,平面图,1948年，美国物理学家伽莫夫提出了宇宙大爆炸学说。他认为：我们所观测到的宇宙始于150亿前的一次爆炸事件。 爆炸之初，宇宙是一个极度高温、高密度的“辐射地狱”，物质只能以中子、质子、电子、光子和中微子等基本粒子形态存在。宇宙爆炸之后不断膨胀，导致温度和密度很快下降。随着温度的下降，逐步形成原子核、原子、分子，并复合成通常的气体。气体逐渐凝聚成星云，星云进一步形成各种各样的恒星和星系，形成现在我们所看到的宇宙。 宇宙大爆炸学说的主要证据 (1) 星系距离越远，退行速度越大（红移） (2) 3K宇宙微波背景辐射（1978年诺贝尔物理奖） (3) 宇宙氦丰度（76%的氢和24%的氦）,
10、The Big Bang,从1948年伽莫夫建立热大爆炸的观念以来，通过几十年的努力，为我们勾画出这样一部宇宙历史： 大爆炸开始时 150200亿年前，极小体积，极高密度，极高温度。 大爆炸后10-43秒 宇宙从量子背景出现。 大爆炸后10-35秒 同一场分解为强力、电弱力和引力。 大爆炸后10-5秒 10万亿度，质子和中子形成。 大爆炸后0.01秒 1000亿度，光子、电子、中微子为主，质子中子仅占10亿分之一，热平衡态，体系急剧膨胀，温度和密度不断下降。 大爆炸后0.1秒后 300亿度，中子质子比从1.0下降到0.61。,大爆炸后1秒后 100亿度，中微子向外逃逸，正负电子湮没反应出现，核
11、力尚不足束缚中子和质子。 大爆炸后13.8秒后 30亿度，氘、氦类稳定原子核（化学元素）形成。 大爆炸后35分钟后 3亿度，核过程停止，尚不能形成中性原子。 大爆炸后30万年后 3000度，化学结合作用使中性原子形成，宇宙主要成分为气态物质，并逐步在自引力作用下凝聚成密度较高的气体云块，直至恒星和恒星系统。,Reading,Scanning 1. What was there on the earth before life could begin? Water vapour, carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen and other gases.,2. Why d
12、o scientists think there has never been life on the moon? Because there is no water on the moon. 3. Why did animals first appear in the seas? Because water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases into the oceans and seas.,4. Why did green plants help life to develop? Because green plants can tak
13、e carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and fill the air with oxygen.,5. Why were mammals different from other animals?They were different because they produced their young from within their bodies.,Read the passage quickly and find out the answers to the questions below.,1. Whats the main idea of the
14、text? 2. How many parts can the text be divided into? Whats the main idea for each part?,1. Whats the main idea of the text?,How life began on the earth.,2. How many parts can the text be divided into?,Two parts: Part 1 (para 1)Part 2 (para2.3.4),Water made it possible for life begin to develop.,The
15、 development of living things.,Fill in the blanks with the proper words:,After the_,the earth was a cloud of _. Later the dust began to_ Into_. And then it _ loudly with fire and rock,which were in time to _ the water vapour,carbon dioxide, which were to make the earths_.As the earth _ down,_ began
16、to _ on its surface. Water had _ from planets or satellites,but it _on the earth.That made it possible for life to begin to _.,energetic dust,combine,exploded,produce,cooled,appear,disappeared,stayed,develop,“Big Bang”,a ball,atmosphere,water,Fill in the blanks with the proper verbs:,The arrival of
17、_ encouraged the _of early _. Many millions of years later _ began to appear_. Later _ appeared. Some were_. Others called _,were able to live on lands well as _. When the plants grew into forests, _appeared for the first time. After they disappeared,_became more important. They were the last group
18、of animals different from because they _from within their bodies.,development,shellfish and all sorts of fish,on land,land animals,amphibians,dinosaurs,mammals,produced,small plants,the fist green plants,insects,in the sea,Comprehending,1. Read the passage carefully and analyse its structure. Write
19、down the main idea for each paragraph. (P27),A widely accepted theory about the formation of universe.,Paragraph 1:,The formation of the earth.,Paragraph 2:,The importance of water for life.,Paragraph 3:,The development of plants and animals on the earth.,Paragraph 4:,The arrival of humans and their
20、 impact on the earth.,Paragraph 5:,2. Put the order of development of life into a timeline.Use the reading passage to help you.,10- 7- 3- 8- 4- 9- 6- 1- 5- 2- 12-11,3. Think about what you have read and discuss these questions in pairs.,1. Because the water remained on the earth.2. Because plants pr
21、ovide oxygen for animals to breathe.3. Because dinosaurs died out long before human beings developed on the earth.,4. The name is Pluto.Scientists now think it is too small to be called a plants.5. Human beings caused globalwarming.,1. The earth became violent because it was not clear whether the so
22、lid shape was to last or not.whether可以引导主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句;而if只能引导宾语从句。,Explanation,1) 引导宾语从句既可以用whether, 也可以用if,两者常可以互换。He asked me whether / if I could lend him my bike.Could you tell us whether / if it snows in winter in Australia?,值得注意的是： whether 和if都可以和or not连用,但是whether之后可以直接跟or not,而if则不能,如
23、：I dont care whether or not your car breaks down.,I dont know whether or not hes coming. 但是不可以说： I dont care if or not your car breaks down., whether引导的从句一般不可以为否定结构(选择问句的后一部分除外);而if则可以跟否定结构,如:I dont care if she doesnt come.I dont care if it doesnt rain.,但是，在某些动词或形容词之后，则可以用whether引导一个否定结构的句子，这种结构往往表示
24、肯定的含义，如：I wonder whether he doesnt think too much of himself.其意思相当于:I think he does think too much of himself., 在个别动词之后, 如discuss 等, 只跟用whether引导的宾语从句, 如:They discussed whether they should close the shop.We discussed whether Mary could join us., whether 可以引导从句作介词的宾语,而if则不能,如： Im not interested in wh
25、ether theyll go or not., whether可以直接跟动词不定式连用，而if则不能, 如:I didnt know whether to laugh or to cry.She hasnt decided whether to go or not.,2) 引导主语从句 (包括从句在句首的位置) 应当用whether, 不用if, 如：Whether it is true remains a problem.Whether he will come, I am not sure.,3) 引导表语从句用whether,不用if,如:The question is whether
26、 you should accept it.The question is whether he will speak at the meeting.,4) 引导同位语从句用whether,不用if,如:The question whether hell attend the meeting is essential.I am in doubt whether I should agree to the plan.,2. It exploded loudly with fire and rock. They were in time to produce the water vapour.in
27、 time: sooner or later; eventually; Ill see him in time.in time (for sth. /to do sth.): not lateShe will be back in time to prepare dinner.,与time相关的短语:in no time 立刻,马上at times 有时at a time 每次;依次once upon a time 从前,on time 按时;准时 at one time 从前 for the time being 暂时 from time to time 不时地,3. as the eart
28、h cooled down, water began to appear on its surface. 随着地球的冷却, 地球的表面就开始出现了水。 1) cool down 变凉, 冷却,2) appear “出现,似乎”是不及物动词当表示 “似乎,好像”时是系动词,该词无被动语态。Our teacher appeared on TV this morning.,I. 含义上的差异 appear 是指根据事物的外表表象做出判断的, 但实质上并不一定如此; seem是表示说话人主观上的判断, 暗含有一定的根据, 往往接近事实的判断; look是根据视觉印象而得出的判断, 实质上也可能如此。,
29、She is fifty but she appears young. 她五十岁了,但看起来很年轻。(其实并非如此) Se seems young. (I think he is rich.) 她看起来很年轻。(根据个人的主观判断而推断出) She looks young. 她很年轻。(从他外表可出感觉出),II. 用法上的差异 appear, look, seem 后均可带名词、形容语、to be 结构。The man who came yesterday appeared / seemed / looked an honest man . 昨天来的那个人看来是一个诚实的人。,b. look
30、 可用于进行时,而 seem, appear 一般不能。He is looking very happy. 他现在看起来很高兴。,Remember !,c. appear 和 seem 之后可接动词不定式的一般式、完成式以及其他形式,而 look 之后除了能接to be 结构外,不接其它动词不定式形式。 She appeared to agree with you. 他好像同意你的意见。They dont seem to have read this novel. 他们好像没有读过这本小说。,d. look, seem 能与介词 like 构成习语，意思是“看上去象”, 而 appear 却不
31、能。例如:It seems like years since I last saw you . 自从上次见到你后,好像很久没有见到你了。He looks like a student. 他看起来象个学生。,e. seem, look 后均可接 as if , as though 引导的表语从句,从句中既可用陈述语气也可用虚拟语气,而 appear 则不能。It seemed / looked as if he had been to Beijing. 看起来他去过北京。,f. appear 和seem 均可接 that 引导的从句,而 look 不能。It seems / appears th
32、at we wont finish this work today. 我们好像今天完不成这项工作。,g. appear 和 seem 可用于there be 结构中,而 look 不能。如: There appears to have been an accident . 好像出了一次事故。,4. They laid eggs too. 它们也生蛋。lay-laid-laid-laying 放, 把 放在; 产卵He laid his books on the desk. 注意:lay (laid; laid; laying) 放置;产卵 lie (lay; lain; lying) 躺;位于
33、 lie (lied; lied; lying) 说谎,The naughty boy _ to me that the hen that _ there just now had_ two eggs the day before. A. laid; laid; laid B. laid; lay; lain C. lied; laid; lain D. lied; lay; laid,D,5. They are putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which prevents heat from escaping from
34、 the earth into space. 他们把太多的二氧化碳释放到大气层中,这就是使得热量不能从地球上散发到太空中去。,The rules are intended to prevent accidents. (防止) What can we do to prevent this accident (from) happening? prevent sth. / sb. (from) doing sth. 制止(防止)某人(某物)做某事,I intend to go and nothing you do can prevent me! (阻止) Nothing can prevent t
35、his plan from being carried out.,注意:与prevent sb. from doing sth.类似结构的有keep/stop sb. from doing sth.,但keep sb. from doing sth.中from不可省略prevent / stop sb. from doing sth.中的from可省,但如在被动语态中,他们中的from都不可省。,6. the earth may become too hot to lives on.地球可能会因此变得太热而不适合生物的生存。,有关too的一些用法 too作 “太” 讲。 There is to
36、o much water.水太多了。 This shirt is too large for me. 这衬衫我穿起来太大。 The problem is rather too hard for me. 这个问题对我来说太难了。,2) 当“too adj.(形容词)inf.(动词不定式)”时,有两种不同的意义,一种为“太以至(不)”, 在翻译时要加上一个否定词;另一种是“太”,语意肯定, 但too后的形容词常用ready, heavy, beautiful等。,The question is too hard to understand.问题太难,理解不了。 He is too proud to
37、 see his own shortcomings. 他太骄傲了以至于看不到自己的缺点。 You are too ready to find fault with others.你太爱挑别人的毛病了。,3) 当“only/all/not/buttoo adj. (形容词) inf. (动词不定式)”时, 后面的动词不定式在翻译时不必加否定词。only等与too连用等于very (非常)。,I shall be only too pleased to hear from you further. 我非常欢迎你再来信。 They are but too glad to do so. 他们非常喜欢这
38、么做。 We are only too pleased to work together with the workers. 我们和工人们一起劳动, 非常高兴。,4) 在“cannotcan never.too”结构中，应理解为“无论怎样也不会过分”。 You cannot praise him too highly. 你无论怎样表扬他也不过分。,We cannot be too careful in doing experiments. 我们做实验无论怎样小心也不过分。 You can never be too careful of your health. 你越注意健康越好。,5) 当to
39、o用于数量增减时,表示“过 (多、少、长等)”的意思。It is too long by half. 它长了一半。He has given me six too many (few).他多(少) 给了我六个。This rod is 3 inches too long. 这杆长了3英寸。,- Are you going to the football game? - No. The tickets are _ expensive for me. A. very much B. far too C. highly D. so much 解析: too+形容词+for sb. 表示 “太”, far
40、 可置于too前表示 程度。,B,7. Whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can be solved.在未来的千百万年中,生命能否在地球一延续将取决于这个问题能否得到解决。,depend vi. 相信,信赖;依靠,依赖 (尤指钱); 视而定 You can depend on John he is always on time. 你可以相信约翰,他总是很准时。,相关短语：,believe sb. 相信某人（所说的话）
41、believe in sb. 信任/信赖某人 trust (in) sb. 相信/信任/信赖某人 depend on count on sb. rely on,信任/相信/依赖/依靠某人,Tell him what you want to say; hes a man to _. A. count B. believe C. trust D. depend 解析:相信/信赖某人:count on sb./believe in sb./depend on sb./trust (in) sb.,C,Surf the Internet to find more information about Astronomy and you are expected to present it to your peer in the next class.,Homework,
