1、一些语法总结（终于写完了，算对大家有个交待）承蒙朋友们错爱，我在把笔记本上的语法总结录成文本。但是在很难写，因为我是记录在每一天的复习日志里的，汇总起来好像不太容易。我早上起来试着写了一些。大家看看行不行。我的总结参考了黄金规则，珠江老师的笔记，og 解释，大全注释等，我复习时只是摘抄和总结，所以我没什么贡献的。（再次感谢珠江老师！）我的一些语法总结：As 和 when 的区别 as 是指一段时间，而 when 则是指一个具体的时间点， “as when”的意思可以理解为“ 正如当的时候我在语法大全里找到了一句：1. With diamonds, as with all gems, one s
2、hould ask for a written description of ones purchase; the description may prove useful later if you have reason to believe the jeweler misled you.(A) one should ask for a written description of ones purchase(B) you should ask for a written description of your purchase(C) a written discretion of your
3、 purchase is what one should ask for(D) a written description of ones purchase is what should be asked for（B）(E) a written description of your purchase is what should be asked for我用 GOOGLE 搜的也几乎是 as with + n.(n.词组）的用法。我想意思为“正如用”“正如对”Indirect socialization also occurs, as when television shows or fil
4、ms reinforce stereotyped images of women and men.那么白勇是这么解释的：“as 偶尔作指代词,指代简单主句”具体区别还是要在题目里看的吧。with 是介词 when 是关系副词而且只指时间，很多时候应该很容易区别啊，把题目贴出来看看？总之就是,especial 和 especially 强调显著性special 和 specially 强调特性关于这个问题，OG 里面最权威的解释是来自这个题：243. Some scientists have been critical of the laboratory tests conducted by t
5、he Federal Drug Administration on the grounds that the amounts of suspected carcinogens fed to animals far exceeds those that humans could consume.(A) far exceeds those that humans could consume(B) exceeds by far those humans can consume(C) far exceeds those humans are able to consume(D) exceed by f
6、ar those able to be consumed by humans（E）(E) far exceed those that humans could consumeIn D, the use of the passive voice in the phrase those able to be consumed by humans is unjustified, as it increases wordiness while stating the meaning less precisely: it is accurate to call humans “able,” but no
7、t to call those amounts “able.” 用 able to be 在大全里搜索，几乎所有的题目考察点和正确选项的特点都惊人的一致，感觉 ETS 好像认为 be able to 是一个主动性很强的词，该词的逻辑主语必须具有发出 be able to 后动词的能力，如果是该动作的承受方则一般都改成了 can/could。看完下面若干例子，相信以后不会再上 ETS 的当了，呵呵。236. The Coast Guard is conducting tests to see whether pigeons can be trained to help find survivor
8、s of wrecks at sea.(A) to see whether pigeons can be trained to help find(B) to see whether pigeons can be trained as help to find(C) to see if pigeons can be trained for helping to find(D) that see if pigeons are able to be trained in helping to find（A）(E) that see whether pigeons are able to be tr
9、ained for help in finding10. Climatic shifts are so gradual as to be indistinguishable at first from ordinary fluctuations in the weather.(A) so gradual as to be indistinguishable(B) so gradual they can be indistinguishable(C) so gradual that they are unable to be distinguished(D) gradual enough not
10、 to be distinguishable（A ）(E) gradual enough so that one cannot distinguish them6. There is ample evidence, derived from the lore of traditional folk medicine, that naturally occurring antibiotics are usually able to be modified to make them a more effective drug.(A) are usually able to be modified
11、to make them a more effective drug.(B) are usually able to be modified to make them more effective drugs(C) are usually able to be modified, which makes them more effective drugs(D) can usually be modified to make them a more effective drug（E）(E) can usually be modified to make them more effective d
12、rugs10. When Congress reconvenes, some newly elected members from rural states will try and establish tighter restrictions for the amount of grain farmers are to be allowed to grow and to encourage more aggressive sales of United States farm products overseas.(A) and establish tighter restrictions f
13、or the amount of grain farmers are to be allowed to grow and to encourage(B) and establish tighter restrictions on the amount of grain able to be grown by farmers and encouraging(C) establishing tighter restrictions for the amount of grain farmers are allowed to grow and to encourage(D) to establish
14、 tighter restrictions on the amount of grain capable of being grown by farmers and encouraging（E ）(E) to establish tighter restrictions on the amount of grain farmers will be allowed to grow and to encourage210. If additional deposits of oil are found, it will expand the amount that can be used as f
15、uel and reduce the price of oil, even if the deposits are not immediately tapped.(A) it will expand the amount that can be used as fuel and reduce the price of oil(B) the amount that is able to be used as fuel will expand and the price of oil be reduced(C) it will cause an increase in the amount tha
16、t is able to be used as fuel and a reduction in the price of oil(D) the amount that can be used as fuel will increase and the price of oil will drop（D）(E) it will increase the amount of oil that can be used as fuel and cause a drop in the price正确的用法：主动态985 Those who have visited the Grand Canyon hav
17、e typically seen layers of sediment in the gaping canyon, with different colors that mark the passage of time like the rings in a tree trunk.(A) seen layers of sediment in the gaping canyon, with different colors that mark(B) see layers of sediment in the gaping canyon, whose different colors mark(C
18、) been seeing layers of sediment in the gaping canyon, whose different colors are markers of(D) been able to see layers of sediment in the gaping canyon, with different colors marking（D）(E) seen layers of sediment in the gaping canyon, marking by different colo3. Because the financial review covered
19、 only the last few fiscal years, and therefore the investigators were unable to determine the extent to possible earlier overpayments.(A) and therefore the investigators were unable to determine the extent to possible(B) so therefore the investigators were not capable of determining the possible ext
20、ent of(C) therefore the investigators were unable to determine the possible extent of(D) the investigators were not capable of determining the possible extent of（E）(E) the investigators were unable to determine the extent of possible1. and 后面有主语出现则 and 前要有逗号特例:如果有从句或插入语跟着捣乱, 那就只好不要逗号来保持意思的清晰2. yet 前
21、面需要逗号, 无论是否在 yet 后有新主语出现. 特例同上种情况.一. 所谓的原则：1 定语从句尽量省略原则：which be/that be+形容词/过去分词，which be/that be 应尽量省略。2 whose/which/that 就近指代原则。3 There be/enough/instead of(相对于 rather than)/due to/because of（相对于 because）/despite/if(相对于 whether)/maybe 出现错原则。4 表 命令/ 建议 /要求的实意动词+that 后面省略 should 原则（这些实意动词已包含了 shoul
22、d 的意思，所以省略 should）5 状语从句尽量省略主语+be 动词原则。（注意逻辑主语一致）状语从句引导次后接 adj/done/doing正确，接 n/prep 短语错。6 宾语从句 that 保留原则。注意平行结构中三个 that的平行。7 强语气词（ only, only if,情态动词,however/whatever/whenever/wherever）不改变原则。8 Have+动作性名次错原则。改为 do 或者 be adv done。9 Be to do 表将来时错原则10Having/being 出现错原则。（having 的特例，credit 后面用 having；be
23、ing 的特例，the chance of being/the distinction of being）。11.Consider +n1+ n2/adj 出现正确原则。12.Compare/base 用被动原则。13.Similar to/differ from 不位于 句首原则14.Continue 不用进行时原则。15.if/when/because 三种关系强加/丢失错原则。二平行结构。1. 引起平行的结构：a. and, or, but, yetb. not only A, but also B/not A, but B/c. rather thand. can do, do, an
24、d do/to do, do, and do/that A, that B, and that Ce. 比较结构2. 平行的原则:形势对称，概念对等，功能相同。a. 单复数的一致。b. 时态的一致c. 主被动的一致d. 主谓宾顺序的一致e. 介词结构的一致二. 比较结构1. 引起比较的结构a. like/unlike：be like/be unlike/do like 对，do unlike 错。Like/unlike+ 句子或介词短语错。b.as 后接句子及其省略形式（省略不引起歧义的主语）c.asasd.比较级+thane. compare to/withf. the more, the
25、more 的结构2. 比较的原则a. 数的一致b.概念对等（常考 人名与所有格等逻辑意思上不可比的两个概念）c.比较时必须将自己排除在外：any+n 改为 and other+nd.倍数表达法 twice as many as/twice the n/twice what/sth double（出现即正确）/sth be doubled（被动不好）e. than 后面尽量补足助动词（因为介词也可省略, 若不补足助动词，或引起歧义）f. 状语与非状语不具可比性。g.A 至少等于 B 的表达：at least as more as/as more as, if not more so/as mor
26、e as, or more than.as more as, and even more than（两个 as 必须全，有 more 必有 than）三. 主谓一致1. 解题思想：分析句子结构，找出主谓宾，主句的主谓一致，从句的主谓一致分开考虑。抛弃所有修饰成分思考。2. 需要注意的结构：a. one of 名词复数 +that+ 谓语复数/the one of 名词复数+that 谓语单数b.n1 of n2 that 谓语的单复数由 that 修饰的对象决定c.倒装结构，由谓语后的名词形成分分析谓语单复数。d.复合主语：数主语有几个 a, the, that，大于二则谓语用复数。e. ea
27、ch 作代词：each of n+谓语单数。 Each 作副词：名词复数+each+谓语复数。f. 物质名词和学科名词后接谓语单数g.百分比结构 1 percent 0f 名词，由名词的单复数决定谓语的单复数h.a body of/an array of/a series of/a collection of/ a set of /the number of +n/ns +谓语单数 i. a number of/numbers of 名词复数+谓语复数j. one in/out of 名词复数+ 谓语单数k.two out/in of 名词复数+谓语复数四。句子的时态。1。关于时态的一些原则a
28、.时态尽量简单（一般过去，一般现在，一般将来，一般进行，复杂的时态如：过去将来完成时等都算错。having/being 错误标志，但有特例。credit+having，the chance of being, the distinction of being.而且这些特例出现就选）b.不能毫无根据改变句子时态。c.主从举时态关系：主将从将错，主过完从过完错，主现完从现完对，主将从现对，主过从过完对（新东方朱江老师的口诀）2。时态的判断a.since(完成时)，originally(过去时 )，generally,the most common(现在时)，表持续时间的时间状语（完成时）b。表真理
29、及普遍规律用现在是。（根据经验，这一点只有一种情况：sb said 后接一般现在时。）五.独立主格结构1。标准形式： a.svo, n +doing/done/adj/prep/n（ets 的 preference，因为的确简洁） b.svo,with/without + n +doing/done/adj/prep/n（不得不谈的 with，作为正确选项概率很小，因为会有修饰歧义，不只是修饰最近的名词性成份还是主句主语，很多有争议的 GWD 都是从这里来的。个人意见：多半是错的，别对 with 有好感）c.svo, each+doing/done/adj/prep/n（ets 的 prefe
30、rence）六.虚拟语气。1.可能引起虚拟的结构：a.表命令/建议/要求（demand/suggest/advvise/mandate/order/propose/advocate.recommend/decree），且 should 必须省略。b.it is important that （这个结构可以虚拟， og 上有例子）2.不得不说的几个问题：a.考察虚拟语气，可以直接找 be，因为是动词原型。一般都这么出。因为 be 动词的圆形与其他形式区别最大。b.require of sb that/require sb to do/it is required of sb to do sth(
31、require 唯一的三种正确形式)c.suggest 可以后接 doing,这个时候要注意平行问题，而不再是考察虚拟。d.demand sb to do sth 是错误表达。og 上 cocacola 那道题是最好的例证。e.顺便提一下 禁止 ：gmat 里只有两种表达： prohibit sb from doing/ forbid sb to do不能互换。七.逻辑主语。1.这个考点只需要注意一个问题，什么时候去思考是否有逻辑主语的问题？标志性结构：a.doing, svo.b.prep +doing/done, svoc.adj, svod, conjunction +doing/don
32、e, svo.e,doing/done 放在主从句之间，一定错！（主义是主从句，不是主谓之间。这个考点一定会被拍砖，非常欢迎大家拍，好好拍，一定要弄清楚那道一年了没有结论的题）逻辑主语是最重要亦是最有效的考点，一定要注意！八.代词。1.代词遵循规则：a.that 只能指代单数名词b.指代唯一：同一句话里, 所有的 that 都指代统一对象，所有的 it 也是。（tip, 若前句用的是所有格形式，后句的代词若想指代前句的所有者，是绝对错的）c.主句在前从句在后，只有从句可以用代词。从句在前主句在后，谁用代词都可以。d.任何代词不能指代句子，改为 so.（高频考点！）e.this/that/tho
33、se/these 不能单独作主语。f.such as +代词是错误的。2。错误代词的修改：a。用一个名词指代 （正确选项标志）b.改为现在分词的伴随状态。3。关于就近指代 1 which 在从句中的作用。 a.prep+which 后接完整句。b.which 后接不完整句，which 在从句中要做成分。c. 百分比结构，如 10% of which 整个作名词性结构。2 2。which 的指代。这一点太烦了。首先，比较传统的理解是这样的结构（介词为 of）：1.A of B which. 2. A of B, which(区别在于有无 comma)，前者只能就近指代，（诚然，由题目违反了这一点
34、）；后者可以越前指代，但也不一定越前指代。其次，如果介词不是 of，能越前指代吗？其实，很多的语法争端都是从这里开始的，也很难平息。但是，有几点是可以肯定地，1.A of B which 显然是不好的结构，应该改为 that（可以用 word 试试，office 认为这是语法错误）.2.就近指代是主流。因为从阅读的角度来讲，越前指代会造成理解的困难，而 og 是最不喜欢任何造成理解困难的用法的。3.逻辑意思决定 which后的谓语单复数。所以，把 which 可能引起的指代作为相对错也许比较合理。（当然，我现在脑海里都浮现出很多范例了。比如 a group of birds that那道题。）
35、对了对了，还要注意 body of/an array of/a series of/a collection of/ a set of /the number of +n/ns +谓语单数这些特殊用法。九.关于 redundancy 的总结1. amount to a sum2. annual and a year3. after when4. substitute and in place of5. once in every number time6. both A as well as B7. regain and again8. soar and rise and increase9.
36、 increase/decrease and up to/down to10. opposition and against 11. be able to/ability and afford12. can and capability13. now and currently14. can and potentially(can, potentially,is right)15. consequence and result16. may and likely17. that of his own18. return back19. although and may20. use as an
37、d borrow against21. also and like/as22. share the same23. withhold disclosure24. no less than/nothing other than(在完全美有比较的情况下赤裸裸的出现在名次前 )25. pay and payment26. reason and because十.关于 Set Phrase 的总结1. be believed to be2. be estimated to be3. distinguish between A and B/ distinguish A from B4. rates fo
38、r(when rates means prices charge)5. the cost to sb of doing sth; cost sb sth in sth6. attribute A to B; B is attributed to A7. in the coming moth8. admit that SVO/admit to sth9. introduce into10. in an attempt to11. known to do sth/known to be sth/known as sth;/known for sth12. the extent to which13
39、. be necessary to do/the necessity of doing/sth14. consider n1 n215. in danger of16. cite A as an instance of B; for instance17. all things adj/all the adj things18. creditv sb with having done/the creditn to sb for having done19. substitute A for B20. be expected to21. both A and B22. demand that s
40、 v o; demand s to do is wrong.23. mistake A for B.24. all of which can not be of which all25. at a time when/ the year that/the period when/ an age in which26. A is the reason why27. threaten to do28. allow sth to be done/sb to do sth29. be responsible to sb/for doing sth/sth30. forbid sth/doing sth
41、; prohibit sb from doing sth31. depict sth as sth/ as if SVO32. contribute to sth/doing sth33. the use of sth to do sth34. the same as/that用 as 与用 that 意思不同35. be capable of doing sth/the capability of doing sth/be able to do sth/the ability to do sth/the possibility of doning36. be capable of being
42、 done/be able/unable to be done are wrong！37. effort to do sth38. think of A as B39. , +who; prep+whom40. supply for sth41. it is hoped that42. just as SVO, so SVO43. the rivalry between A and B; rival A and B;A rival B for sth.44. help to do/help do; be helpful in doing45. sth prove adj46. the nece
43、ssity of sth47. break with sb in sth48. dispute over sth49. on comparison of A with B50. on condition that +subjunctive mood or past tense51. be native to52. in contrast with/to53. with the intention of doing54. the importance of sth/doing sth 55. plan to do/on doing56. whatever sth(v is unnecessary
44、 and can be omit)57. the proposal to do/propose to do58. allocate sth to sb/sth for sth/sth sth.59. aid in doing sth/with the aid of sb/in aid of sth/aid to do60. use sth as/to do sth61. at speed62. date back to/date from sth/ the date of63. connection between A and B64. the consequence of65. if onl
45、y because这里 only 不是强语气词66. increase between A and B; increase of A to B67. A and B alike68. suggest A as B69. distinction of being doing70. aim at/to do71. go unnoticed72. a method of doing sth/to do73. the chance of doing74. said that +V用一般现在是哦 75. damage to sth/damage sth76. at a disvantage77. be/
46、have/give grounds for78. does more than do79. alliance and treaties必须一起出现80. even as = just as81. have difficult in82. restitution for83. reversion to sth84. carry on as position85. take sb sth to do sth86. target at87. share sth with sb88. that is表示那就是说,不能用 which means89. make do without90. A is to
47、 B what C is to D91. the reason why（可省略，虽然 og 说不能但她自己都省过）SVO92. it is important that A besubjunctive mood B93. on surface; at pole/line94. eachthe other95. be intended on/up (doing) sth96. impact on/upon97. diminish不能用 impede the possibility of doing sth98. call sth to consider99. recoup sth/recoup
48、sb for sth100. A be done that101. looking to sb to do sth102. make up for103. At the invitation of sb在某人的邀请之下104. skill in/at doing sth105. namely that SVO106. One A for every Bs107. SVO at onceat once 的位置108. S V1 O1, then V2 O2109. reversion to + n终于大体上写完了，还有很多细节。我会不断增补。毕竟翻 88 天的日志真得满苦闷的。希望大家按照这样的
49、结构能很好地总结出自己的一套应对 sc 的方案。我算是抛砖吧。一定会有不严谨的地方，还望各位前辈多批评指正。 比较结构中的代词选择及为谓语动词补出几个星期前在语法版发了几个关于比较结构的问题，up 了几次都没有人回。这几天总结了一些 notes, 决定贴出来，大家一起切磋。若有错误，还望指正!第一种比较： 同一主语之间（自己与自己）比较OG 198 198. Although Napoleons army entered Russia with far more supplies than they had in their previous campaigns, it had provisions for only twenty-four days.(A) they had in their previous campaigns(B) their previous campaigns had had(C) they had for any previous campaign(D) in their previous campaigns （E）(E) for any previous campaign同一 army 的两件事情比
