1、運動生理學專有名詞與符號解釋名詞 名詞解釋ATP-PC 系統磷酸肌素分解產生 ATP 的無氧能量系統。此系統代表可被肌肉利用的最快的 ATP 來源。為期 10 秒或少於 10 秒最激烈的活動中的能量(ATP)由此系統來供給。乙醯膽鹼(ACh) 具有諸如自一神經纖維經過突觸傳送衝動至另一神經纖維等數種生理功能的化學物質。大腦皮質 腦的一部分，負責心智功能，動作，內臟功能，感覺和行為反應，並將這些功能聯合和綜合者。心肺耐力 肺和心臟攝入和輸送足夠量氧到活動肌的能力，使大肌肉的活動（如跑、游泳和騎車）能持續一段相當長時間的能力。肌耐力 一肌肉或肌群，抵抗一輕負荷，維持相當時間的反覆收縮能力。血紅素(
2、Hb) 紅血球中的複雜分子，含鐵（heme）和蛋白（globin） ，可以攜氧。血壓 將血液送往循環系統的力量。血液擠向動脈時的壓力稱為心縮壓，血液從動脈流初的力量稱為心舒壓。再生氣(second wind)在長而持續的運動之初，從困擾或疲勞的感覺，突然地轉變成較為舒適，較少干擾的現象。克勞伯環(Krebs cycle)在粒線體內發生的一系列化學反應，產生 CO2，而氫離子和電子由碳原子移去（氧化） 。也叫 tricarboxcylic acid cycle（三氯乙酸環，TCA）或 citric acid cycle。自主神經系統 一種自己控制的神經系統，控制內臟器官的活動和分泌，排尿、體溫、
3、心跳率，副腎分泌和血壓等。乳酸系統 一種無氧的能量系統，葡萄糖分解成乳酸製造 ATP。13 分鐘高強度的運動所使用的能量（ATP）主要來自此一系統。乳酸性氧債 運動後的恢復期裡，用來將血中堆積的乳酸清除所使用的氧債部分。非乳酸性氧債 運動後，使用於再合成以及儲存 ATP-PC 肌肉中所使用的恢復期的成分。抑制性突觸後膜電位(IPSP)後突觸神經元動作電位，瞬時的減少（低於安靜膜電位） 。柔軟度 一關節的活動範圍（靜性柔軟度） ，或一關節對動作的抵抗或阻力（動性柔軟度） 。活體檢查(Biospy)從生體中取出阻織，並加以檢查。粒線體 所有帶氧細胞內，進行克勞伯環和電子傳送系統的地方。等力收縮(i
4、sokinetic)肌肉收縮時，產生張力，但在整個運動範圍內產生的力量都是該角度所能發揮的最大力量。等長收縮(isometric)肌肉收縮時產生張力，但長度不發生變化者。等張收縮(isotonic)肌肉收縮舉起某一定負荷時，產生不同的張力，也叫動的或向心收縮。過度換氣(hyperventilation)肺內呼吸深度和次數增加，而造成的過度換氣，通常使二氧化碳大量減少。動作電位 (Action Potential)在活動或去（毀）極時，由肌細胞或神經細胞產生出的電氣活動。動靜脈血含氧差(a-v O2diff)動脈和混合靜脈血中含氧量的差。最大耗氧量 每分鐘氧所能消耗掉的最大量；代表有氧或氧系統的
5、動力或能量。腺瞟呤核甘三磷酸(ATP)一種儲藏於細胞，尤其存在肌肉中，由食物所釋放能量所形成的複雜化學成分。細胞藉此成分分解產生的能量才能收縮。道格拉斯袋(Douglas bag)一種用來採集呼氣的橡膠袋。電子傳送系統(electron transport system)在粒線體發生的一系列化學反應，電子和氫離子結合氧形成水，同時 ATP再合成。也叫呼吸鍊（respiratory chain） 。解剖學的死腔(DS)滯留在呼吸管道中（鼻、口、喉、咽、氣管、支氣管、小支氣管）不進行氣體交換的新鮮空氣。興奮性突觸後膜電位(EPSP)後突觸神經元由靜止膜電位而增加電位（毀極） 。離心收縮 收縮時（產
6、生張力）肌肉增長。體能訓練(conditioning)透過運動訓練提高肌肉的能量（energy capacity） 。體能訓練不像技術訓練般地著重在技術上。醣分解(glycolysis)肝醣不完全的化學分解。有氧的醣分解時，終產物為丙酮酸；無氧的醣分解時（乳酸系統） ，終產物為乳酸。穩定狀態(steady-state)運動中生理功能（如 Vo2）保持一定值（穩定）的一段時間。1 repetition maximum(1RM)the maximum strength from one contraction. Typically, the 1RM is obtained during dynam
7、ic contractions. When the contraction is isometric, this strength measure is termed the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC)3-methylhistidine methylated amino acid that is used as a urine marker for muscle protein catabolismaccumulated oxygen deficitthe amount of energy able to be generated by contra
8、cting skeletal muscle that did not involve mitochondrial respirationAcetyl-CoA molecule produced from carbohydrate and FFA catabolism that enters into the TCA cycleadaptation a modification in structure or function that benefits life in a new or altered environmentadaptation change in function or st
9、ructure in response to changing conditionsaerobic metabolismreactions that are involved in the use of oxygen. However, this term loosely refers to mitochondrial respiartion and in particular the combined reactions of pyruvate oxidation, the TCA cycle, and electron transport chainaging the process of
10、 growing old, involving the inability to reverse the gradual deterioration of cells important to the life process.alanine cycle the release of alanine from muscle into the circulation for uptake by the liver and conversion to glucoseamino acid oxidationthe catabolism of amino acids involving the rem
11、oval of the amine group and subswquent oxidation of the remaining carbon chain in the TCA cycleamino acid amine (NH2) containing molecules that are the primary components of proteinsammonia a bi-product of the AMP deaminase reaction, forming IMPanabolism the reactions of the body that involve the sy
12、nthesis of moleculesanaerobic capacity the capacity of skeletal muscle to regenerate ATP from nonmitochondrial respiration pathwaysanaerobic capacity the maximal amount of ATP able to be regenerated from creatine phosphate hydrolysis and glycolysis during intense exerciseanaerobic metabloismreaction
13、s of metabolism that do not require the presence of oxygen. However, this term is also used to loosely refer to the reactions of creatine kinase, adenylate kinase, and glycolysisanaerobic thresholdthe term used to denote the intensity of exercise when there is an abrupt increase in creatine phosphat
14、e hydrolysis and glycolysis, resulting in increased latate production and the decrease in muscle creatine phosphateanatomic dead space the conducting zone of the lyng; typically 150 ml in the average-sized individualandroid obesity the storage of fat on the upper part of the body around the abdomina
15、l areaanemia abnormally low erythrocyte content, hemoglobin concentration, or hematocrit of the bloodanthropometery the srudy of body and body part dimensionsanti-oxidants substance that provides electrons to reduce free radicals, thus preserving other, more important moleculesantibodies immune prot
16、ein that binds to an antigen to invoke and immune responseantigen substance that induces an immune responsearrhythmia abnormal cardiac rhythm; many different cardiac arrhythmias existBeta-oxidation the reactions of the oxidation of FFA molecules to acetyl-CoAbioelectrical impedance(BIA)the method of
17、 determining body fat, fat free body mass, and total body water by measuring the resistance to current passed through the bodybiologic age the functional age of an individual, based on physiologic conditioningblood dopingthe term used for the removal of blood from the body, and its eventual reinfusi
18、on at a later date for the purpose of increasing hematocrit and blood oxygen carrying capacitybody composition the science of determining the absolute and relative contributions of specific components of the bodybody mass index body weight expressed relative to stature (BMI=weightkg/height2m)bradyca
19、rdia a heart rate below 60 bpmcyclic AMP the second messenger produced by the activation of adenylate cyclase in response to the binding of certain hormones to their cell receptorcardiac rhythm the electrical patterm of the electrocardiograph. The rhythm can be normal or abnormal. When normal, it si
20、 usually described as normal sinus rhythmcentral fatigue fatigue caused by alterations in the central nervous system processing and execution of motor patternschronologic age the age of a person expressed relative to time (usually years)clinical exercise physiology study of how exercise alters the s
21、tructure and functuon of the human bodycontraction cyclingthe repeated cycling of actin and myosin binding, movement, and release during contractionCori cycle the release of lactate from muscle into the circulation for uptake by the liver and conversion to glucosedetraining the absence of training,
22、usually occurring after the attainment of training adaptationselectrocardiograph(ECG) the equipment used to detect and record the electrical activity of the heartelectron transport chainthe series of electron receivers located along the inner mitochondrial membrane that sequentially receive and tran
23、sfer electrons to the final electron reciver - molecular oxygenEPOC the abbreviation for excess post exercise oxyeng consumptionEPSP excitatory postsynapstic membrane potentialergogenic aida physical, mechanical, nutritional, phychologic, or pharmacologic substance or treatment that either directly
24、improves physiologic variables associated with exercise performance or removes subjective restraints which may limit physiologic capcaityergometer a device used to measure workessential fat fat and lipid component of the body that comprises cell membranes, bone marow, intramuscular fat, etc.exercise
25、 induced hypoxemiathe hypoxemia that occurs in highly endurance-trained individuals during intense exercise, even at sea level barometric pressuresexercise physiology the study of how exercise alters the structure and function of the human bodyexternal respiration gas exchange that occurs in the lun
26、g between the respiratory zone and bloodfat free body mass the component of the body that is not storage and essential fatfatigue when concerned with exercise fatigue can be generally defined as the inability to continue to exercise at a given intensityfiber type a categorization of muscle fibers ba
27、sed on their enzymatic and metabolic characteristicsfitness a state of well being that provides optimal performancehealth-related fitness fitness that provides benefit to health and well beinghypoxic ventilatory response(HVR)the increase inventilation for for given changes in oxyhemoglobin saturatio
28、n. The HVR is expressed as the slope of this linear relationship, and by convention is reported as a positive valueIPSP inhibitory postsynapstic membrane potentialinternal respirationgas exchange that occurs by tissues for the purpose of energy metabolismisokinetic in reference to skeletal muscle co
29、ntraction; a contraction involving a constant velocityisometric in reference to skeletal muscle contraction; a contraction involving no change in the length of musclelactate threshold the term used to denote the intensity of exercise when there is an abrupt increase in lactate accumulation in blood
30、or musclelean body mass the component of the body that is not storage fatleft ventricular hypertrophy the increased mass of the myocardium of the left ventriclemass action effect lactate production caused by an increased rate of glycolytic metabolismmass action ratio the product of product concentra
31、tions divided by the product of substrate concentrations for a reaction under physiologic conditionsmaximal oxygen consumption(VO2max)the maximal rate of oxygen consumption by the bodymitochondrial respiration reactions of the mitochondria that ultimately lead to the consumption of oxygenmotor unit
32、an alpha motor nerve and the muscle fibers that it innervatesmuscle biopsy the procedure of removing a sample of skeletal muscle from an individualmuscle fatigue fatigue resulting from altered function of skeletal musclemuscle power the mechanical power during dynamic by muscle contractionsmuscle pu
33、mp the action of contracting muscles that forces venous blood flow against gravity towards the heartmuscle spindle the sensory receptor within skeletal muscle that is sensitive to static and dynamic changes in muscle lengthmuscular endurance the ability of muscle to contract repeatedly over timemusc
34、ular strength the maximal force generated by contracting skeletal muscle for a given contractile velocitynatural killer cells a leukocyte that assists in the destruction of foreign substances in the bodyneural adaptation the decrease in discharge frequency of action potentials that leave a sensory r
35、eceptorobesity having “excess fat“ relative to body weight. Body fat percentages greater than 20% for men or 30% for women are considered an indication of obesityorthostatic tolerancethe ability to withstand gravitational force in opposing blood flow back to the heartoverfat a condition of excess bo
36、dy fat, as determined from body composition analysisoverload exposure of the body to unaccustomed stressovertraining training that causes excess overload that the body is unable to adapt to, resulting in decreased exercise performanceoverweight a condition of excess weight based on either a height-w
37、eight relationship, or computed from body composition analysisoxygen deficit the difference between oxygen consumption and the oxygen demand of exercise during non-steady state exercise conditionsoxygen drift the increase in oxygen consumption during presumably “steady state“ exercise when it is per
38、formed for extended periods of timeproprioceptive neuromuscularfacilitation(PNF)a type of stretching routine where a muscle is contracted for 4 to 6 secends, followed by an immediate 8 to 12 second static stretchQ10 value the relative increase in enzyme acitvity with a 10 C increase in temperaturera
39、ting of perceived exertion(RPE) a reting based on an individuals perception of exercise intensityresidual volume the volume remaining in the lungs after a forced maximal exhalationresistance exercise muscle contractions performed against a resistance, typically in the form of external loads like tha
40、t used in weight liftingrespiratory exchange ratio(RER)the ratio of carbon dioxide production to oxygen consumption, as measured from expired gas analysis indirect calorimetryrespiratory quotient(RQ)the ratio of carbon dioxide production to oxygen consumption during metabolismrespiratory zone the re
41、gions of the lung, comprising the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli, that are involved in gas exchangeset point theorythe theory that explains in individuals body fat content to be based on a genetically predetermined regulation of food intake to several physiologic stimulii such as blood glucose,
42、 fatty acids, and adipocyte number and sizestatic stretching when a muscle, or group of muscles are slowly stretched and held for a short period of time (usually 8 to 12 seconds)storage fat fat and lipid stored in adipose tissuestroke volume the volume of blood ejected from the ventricle each beatti
43、dal volume(TV)the volume of air inhaled and exhaled each breath; typically 500 ml at rest in the average-sized individualVE ventilationventilatory thresholdthe increase in ventilation corresponding to the development of metabolic acidosis; usually detected during an incremental exercise testVmax the
44、 maximal rate of catalysis of an enzymeVO2peak the largest VO2 during an incremental exercise testwaist-to-hip ratio waist circumference divided by hip circumference運動生理學專有名詞Acceleration Sprint（加速跑）：速度由慢跑、滑步跑而後全速跑的跑步。Acclimatization（適應）：由於不斷地滯留在不同的天氣下，例如高度和溫度的變化，而獲得某種生理上的調整（adjustment）。Acetycholine（
45、乙醯膽鹼，ACh）：具有諸如自一神經纖維經過突觸傳送衝動至另一神經纖維等數種生理功能的化學物質。Acid（酸）：某一化學物質在水中放出氫離子（H+）者。Actin（肌動蛋白）：肌肉收縮有關的蛋白質。Action Potential（動作電位）：在活動或去（毀）極時，由肌細胞或神經細胞產生出的電氣活動。Active Transport（主動運輸）：分子或物質違反它們的濃度梯度，藉代謝的能量消耗而進行的運動。Adenosine Triphosphate（腺瞟呤核甘三磷酸，ATP）：一種儲藏於細胞，尤其存在肌肉中，由食物所釋放能量所形成的複雜化學成分。細胞藉此成分分解產生的能量才能收縮。Adipoc
46、yte（脂肪細胞）：一種儲藏脂肪的脂肪細胞。Adipose Tissue（脂肪組織）：脂肪組織。Aerobic（有氧的）：氧存在的。Aerotitis（航空性耳炎）：耳的發炎或疾病。Afferent Nerse（向心神經）：由受納器傳導感覺神經衝動到中樞神經系統的神經原。Alactacid Oxygen Dedt（非乳酸性氧債）：運動後，使用於再合成以及儲存 ATP+PC肌肉中所使用的恢復期的成分。Alkaline（鹼性傾向）：傾向於鹼性。Alkali Reserve（預備鹼）：可以在體內用做緩衝劑的重碳酸鹽（鹼）的量。Alkalosis(鹼中毒)：細胞外液中過量的鹼離子（重碳酸鹽離子）。Al
47、pha Motor Neuron( 運動神經)：興奮束內肌纖維的一種離心神經細胞。Alveolar-Capillary Membrane (肺泡微血管膜)：介於肺泡和微血管中薄層組織，在此膜上進行氣體交換。Alveolar Ventilation (肺泡換氣)：吸氣中能夠到達肺泡的部分。Alveoli(複數)；Alveolus（單數）（肺泡）：肺的末端小囊，在此與微血管中的血液進行氣體交換。Ambient(周圍環境的)：周圍環境的。Amphetamine(安非他命)：類似於副腎髓質荷爾蒙的人工製造藥品，具有刺激中樞神經的功能。Anabolic(同化的)：製造蛋白質的。Anaerobic(無氧的
48、)：氧不存在的。Anatomical Dead Space(解剖學的死腔，DS)：滯留在呼吸管道中（鼻、口、喉、咽、氣管、支氣管、小支氣管）不進行氣體交換的新鮮空氣。Androgen(雄性素)：任何賦予男性活動的物質。Anemia(貧血)：缺乏足夠的紅血球或血色素。Anthropometry(人類測量)：人體大小和部分的測量。Apnea(Apneic，息)：呼吸停止。Aqueous(水的)：水的。Arteriovenous Oxygen Difference(動靜脈血含氧差，a-vOdiff.)：動脈和混合靜脈血中含氧量的差。Artery(動脈)：攜帶血液離開心臟的血管。ATPase(ATP?
49、)：協助 ATP分解的酵素。ATP-PC System(ATP-PC系統)：磷酸肌素分解產生 ATP的無氧能量系統。此系統代表可被肌肉利用的最快的 ATP來源。為期 10秒或少於 10秒最激烈的活動中的能量(ATP)由此系統來供給。ATPS(環境狀態)：環境溫度壓力、飽和的蒸氣壓軸(參閱附錄 B，P521)。Autonomic Nervous System (自主神經系統)：一種自己控制的神經系統，控制內臟器官的活動和分泌，排尿、體溫、心跳率，副腎分泌和血壓等。Barometeric(Atmospheric)Pressure(PB)(大氣壓力)：地面上大氣所產生單位面積的壓力。在海平面為每平方吋 147磅或 760毫米汞柱（mm.Hg）。Bends (Decompwession Sickness，屈痛症)：因為過快的減壓引起氮氣氣泡的氣體栓塞，可能引起循環阻塞和阻織傷害。Bioenergetics (熱力學)：有機物（生物）能量轉化有關的趼究。Biospy（活體檢查）：從生體中取出阻織，並加以檢查。Black Bulb Thermometer(黑球溫度計)：普通溫度計置於一黑球中。黑球測量幅射能，是使用於計算 WBGT指數所需三種溫度中的一種。Blood Pressure(血壓)：將血液送往循環系統的力量。血液擠向動脈時的壓力稱為心縮壓，血液從動脈流初的力量稱為心
