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初中英语英语国际音标基础知识.doc

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1、初中英语国际音标-音标基础知识一音节什么是音节?音节通常由一个元音加上一个或几个辅音构成,也可以由单独一个元音构成。此外,l、m 、n在后面没有元音的情况下也可与它前面的辅音构成一个音节。相关链接:A syllable is part of a word that contains one vowel sound;it may also contain one or more consonant sounds.In general,the number of vowels in the word determines the number of syllables.:Pronouncing A

2、merican English一个音节通常是一个含有一个元音和一个或几个辅音的单词的一部分。一般来说,单词中元音的个数决定这个单词音节的个数。美国英语发音词典含有元音的音节和若干个辅音音素只有一个元音音素(音节核 peak)eye our hour ah含有一个元音音素和音节尾(音节核 peak+音节尾 coda)am ought ease含有一个元音音素、音节首和音节尾(音节首 onset+音节核 peak+音节尾 coda)run must fill含有成音节辅音的音节辅音+成音节/l、m、n/bottle people cotton bottom相关链接:In a word like “

3、bottle”,the weak syllable contains no vowel at all,but consists entirely of the consonants.We call this a syllabic consonant.在像“bottle” 这样的词中,非重读音节中根本没有元音,而全是辅音。我们把这样完全由辅音字母构成的音节叫做构成音节的辅音,简称“成音节”。音节的分类音节按读音可分为开音节和闭音节。开音节又可以分为绝对开音节和相对开音节。在开音节中,这个元音字母发字母本身音。绝对开音节是指元音字母后面没有辅音字母而构成的音节,如:we no see sea te

4、a bee相对开音节是指一个元音字母后面有一个辅音字母(除 r 外),最后是一个不发音的 e 构成的音节,如:name cake game face time like nice fine five nose home use cute闭音节是指元音字母后面有辅音字母(除 r 外)构成的音节,如:cat on desk not leg音节按是否重读可以分为重读音节和非重读音节。预备知识只含有一个音节的单词叫做单音节词;含有两个音节的单词叫做双音节词;含有三个或三个以上音节的单词叫做多音节词。重读音节(重音):在双音节词和多音节词中,有一个音节读得特别重,叫做重读音节,简称“重音”,用“”来表示

5、,加在重读音节的左上方。有些单词音节较多,除了重音外,还有次重音,用 “”来表示。不重读的音节为非重读音节。单音节词作重读处理,但不标重音符号。标注单词重音一般规则如下:5 4 3 2 1 _ _ _ _ _ universityju:nv:st_ _ _ difficultdfklt_ _ studystd_ goodgd重读开音节:以元音字母结尾的重读音节叫重读开音节;重读闭音节:以辅音字母结尾的重读音节叫重读闭音节。应用:单词变形。以辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节的动词,双写词尾加 ing 变为现在分词,双写词尾加 ed 变为过去式和过去分词。但 infer,refer,prefer 三个词在

6、变过去式、过去分词、现在分词时双写“r”,是重读开音节双写词尾。音节的划分划分音节的方法:元音是构成音节的主体,辅音是音节的分界线。两辅音之间不管有多少个元音,一般都是一个音节。如:beat beauty两个音节相邻处只有一个辅音字母时(除 r 和字母组合外) ,如前面是开音节,该辅音字母属于后面;如前面是闭音节,该辅音字母属于前面。如:stu-dent stud-y两个音节相邻处有两个辅音字母时(除 r 和字母组合外),一个辅音字母归前一音节,一个归后后一音节。如:run-ner win-ter两个音节相邻处有字母 r 时:相邻处是 rr 时,前者属于前面,后者属于后面,且前者按重读闭音节规

7、律发音。如:mar-ry相邻处是“元音字母+r+其他辅音字母”时,r 属于前面并按-r 音节规律发音。如:far-ther相邻处是“元音字母+r+元音字母”时,r 属于前面。r 前的元音字母按-re 音节规律发音。如:dur-ingdjr不能拆分的字母组合按字母组合划分音节。如:daugh-ter fa-ther tea-cher移行时:要按音节移,连字符“-”位于行末(如 picture)单个字母的音节不能单独留在行末(如 unit)或单独移至下行首(如 city)有连字符的在连字符处断开(如 picture-book)上行:.pic- .u- .cit- . picture- 下行:tur

8、e. nit. y. book(正确) (错误) (错误) (正确)元音气流不受阻碍,声带振动;辅音气流受阻碍,清辅音声带不振动,浊辅音声带振动。拼读方法辅音在前,元音在后,两者要相拼。先发出辅音,然后连续过渡到元音的口形,发出元音的声音,中间不要有停顿。元音在前,辅音在后,连续发出各自的音。元音音素和辅音音素:分类一:单元音(12 个):长元音:i: :u:短元音: e双元音(8 个):aeae 清辅音(11 个):ptk fststtrh浊辅音(15 个):bdgvzdzddrlrmn半元音(2 个):wj分类二:元音:前元音:i: e中元音: :后元音:: u:双元音:eaa e辅音:爆

9、破音:pbkgtdtrdr摩擦音:fvsz tsdzr鼻音:mn(舌)边音:l破擦音:htd半元音:wj 国际音标和英语字母在书写方面的联系从音标到字母和字母组合单元音: i: e:he she me weea:tea eat meatee:see tree see ei:recei ve ey:key i:police policeman policewoman machineeo:peopleie:piece field believe thief: a:ora nge cabbageay:Sunday holidaye:begin English pretty cinema ey:mon

10、key i:it is in bigy:city very sorryu:busyui:build building ai:captaine: a:any many anyone ai:sai d ay:says e:pe n bed yes egg deskea:bread head breakfastu:bury:a:bag am and at sad:a:along about banana Canana Chinae:student open children differenti:holiday Aprilo:today welcome policeu:minus autumner:

11、father mother brother sisteror:doctor forget mirrorar:sugar re:metre tired fireou:deliciou s previousur:surprise Saturdayour:colour ure:picture pleasureoar:cupboard yr:martyr satyr :ear:learn earth early hearder:her term ir:fir st girl bird skirt sir thirdor:wor k word worldur:nur se turn hurt Thurs

12、dayyr:myrtle our:journalist journal: o: come none love otheroo:blood floodou:touch country enough young u:bus sun but cut up us:a:cla ss banana father afteral:hal f palmar:car far park arm starau:aunt laughear:heart:(w)a:want wash watch whato:hot on not sorryou:cough au:Australia:(w)a:wateral:all ba

13、ll call fall hall mall small talk tall wall (w)ar:warm quarterau:August autumn daughteraw:draw saw lawoor:door floorore:more beforeor:or for short sportou:bought brought thoughtour:four yourawe:awe awed awelessoar:boar d blackboard cardboardo:story :o:wo man wolfoo:book look good footoul:could would

14、 shouldu:put sugar full pushu:ew:flew grew review Jewo:do to whooo:too zoo food pool boot schoolou:soup group throughu:blue glue Juneui:fruit juiceoe:shoe 双元音:a:i:ti me like nice fine fivey:my by whyi(g):sign high light right ie:die lie tiee:a:name cake game faceai:rain train waitay: day may okay pl

15、ay todayei:veil veinei(gh):eight eighteen eightyey:theyea:great break :oi:oil toilet boil soiloy:boy toy employeea:ou: out about house blouseow:how now cow:o:go no nose homeow:show know yellow windowoa:goat boatou:shou lder though oe:woe:e:zero cereal seriousea:real really idea cerealere:here ear:ea

16、r dear hear near cleareer:beer deer pioneere:air:air hair chairare:care hare parentear:pear wear bearere:there whereeir:their theirsa:Ma ry:ure:s ure oor:poor our:tour辅音:清辅成对辅音:p-b t-d k-g f-v s-z - - ts-dz t-d tr-dr 清音浊化:清辅音ptk tr等在s 后重读时由送气音变为不完全送气音,即发其浊辅音bdgdr,但音标仍写成清辅音。如:sportsp :t,studentstju:d

17、nt, skyska, streetstri:t。但弱读时s后的清辅音仍读请辅音,不读相对的浊辅音。如:hostess hsts。p:p: pen map help cheap pencil paperpp:apple happy appearb:b:bag by bed boy bus bluebb:rabbit cabbaget:t:t en time not get tablett:bottle bottom little prettyed:watched washed cooked helped dancedd:d:d esk door day dog dd:add daddy mid

18、dleed:played cleaned climbed answered arrived aired boiled emptied enjoyed criedk:c:c at come cut clock cry picture bloccc: occasion according occupy acclaim ch:school Christmas chemistry technique technology stomachk:book bike cake kite Kate lookck:black duck clock jacket cockq:Iraq coq que:unique

19、techniqueg:g:go girl big getgg:egg bigger biggestgu:gu essgue:dialogue gh:ghyll ghostf:f:five fish fine family fifteenph:photo phone elephant photographgh:laugh enoughff:off coffeev:v: very five havef:ofs:c:nice city cycles:sit six some bus use us desk booksss:miss class glass grasssc:science scenep

20、s:psalm psywarz:s:is his please music lose husband appleses:leaves thieves knives wivesz:z oo zerozz:buzz:th:three thank month thin:th:this the with thanthe:breathe soythe:sh:she shoe short shop washs:sure Asiac: special sufficient delicioust:stat ion national patientss:Russia professionch:machine:s

21、:u sually television pleasurez:seizurege:garagets:ts:shir ts hurts coats costs goatsts:Letstes:kites gates dateszz:pizzadz:ds:beds birds hands friendsdes:decidest:ch:chair much lunch Chinatch:watcht: picture questiond:g(e):age page huge orangeg:gentle gentleman generaldge:bridge porridge judgej:jump

22、 jacket just June Jimch:sandwichtr:tr:tree trip try true truthdr:dr:dress drive hundred children 单个辅音:h:h: he her have hand head hair(w)h:wh o whom whosel:l:l et look please lake peoplell:tell full till bell(t)l(e):whistler:r:red right threerr:sorr y worry hurry carry carrot(w)r:wr ite wrongm:m:m an

23、 meat meet timemm:common communicatem(b):climb lambm(n):autumn n:n:n ame nice nine near under(k)n:know knifenn:Ann(m)n:mn emonics:ng:sing long young morningn(k):than k think ink pinkn(g):Englishw:w: we window work walkw(h):w hat why where whitej:y:y es you year yellowj:Jensen ja hallelujah jaapi:oni

24、 on review million billion brilliant behavioure:Europe国际音标和英语字母在读音方面的联系从字母和字母组合到音标.元音字母 a 及 a+其他字母的读音a 在重 读开音节中读e:n ame cake game face a 在重读闭音节中读:b ag am and at sad a 在辅音字母 s,th,f,n,ph 前读:: class fast grasp ask father after dance grapha 在w后读或::want what waterw:ta 在 ny 前读e :any manya 弱读时读 :along abou

25、t banana Canana Chinaa 在非重 读音节中读 :ora nge cabbagea 读e:Ma ryai 读 e:rain train waitai 读 :captain ai 读 e:saiday 读 e:day may okay play todayay 弱 读读 :Sund ay holidayay 读 e:saysair 读e:air hair chairal 在多数辅音字母前读:(f,m 除外):all ball call fall hall mall small talk tall wallal 还读:l(特别当后面不是 k,f,m 时):also saltal

26、在 辅音字母 f,m 前读 ::half palmar 在重读音节中读:::c ar far park arm starar 在w后读 ::war m quarterar 弱读读:sugarare 读e:care hare parentass 在重 读音节中读: s:class glass grass passau 在重读音节中读:: August autumn daughterau 读:Australiaau 还读作::aunt laughaw 在重读音节中读:: draw saw lawawe 读:: awe awed aweless. 元音字母 e 及 e+其他字母的读音e 在重读开音节

27、中读i: :he she me wee 在重读闭音节中读e : pen bed yes egg deske 在非重读音节中读 :b egin English pretty cinemae 弱读读:student open children differente 读:zero cereal seriouse 读j :Europeea 在重 读音 节中读i::tea eat meatea 读 e:bread head breakfastea 读 e:grea t breakea 读 :real really idea cerealear 读::learn earth early heardear

28、读e:pear wear bearear 读:ear dear hear near clearear 读::hearted 在大部分清辅音后读t(t除外):watch ed washed cooked helped danceded 在元音和浊辅音后读d(d除外) :played cleaned climbed answered arrived aired boiled emptied enjoyed crieded 在td后读d:wanted neededee 在重读音节中读i::see tree seeeer 读:beer deer pioneerei 读i::receiveei 读e:v

29、eil veinei 在 gh 前读e:eight eighteen eightyeir 读e :th eir theirseo 读 i::peopleer 在重读闭音节中读::her termer 在非重读音节中读:father mother brother sisterere 读:hereere 读e:th ere wherees 在 浊辅音(d 除外)及元音后,es 发z:leaves thieves knives wivespotatoes tomatoes heroes Negroes goes does families storieses 在 sztd后读 z:buses blo

30、uses dishes garages watchesorangesew 读 ju::new newspaper reviewew 在 l,r,j 后读u::flew grew Jewex 读eks:exercise exitex 读ks:excle expensive extinctex 读g z:exam examination exactlyey 读i: :keyey 读 :monkey valleyey 读e :they. 元音字母 i 及 i+其他字母的读音i 在重读开音 节中读a :time like ricei 在重读闭音 节中读:big six siti 读i: :pol ic

31、e policeman policewoman machinei 弱读读:holi day Aprili 在非重读音 节中读:tax ii 读j:onion review million billion brilliant behaviouri 在元音字母 a,e,o 前读a:di alogue quiet pioneeri 在 g 前读a:sign high light righti 在 nd 前读a:fi nd behindi 在 ld 前读a:chi ldi 在 re 前读a:fire tired retire ie 在重读音节中辅音字母前读i::piece field believe

32、thiefie 在重读音节词词尾读a:lie dieir 在重读音节中读::b ird girl first.元音字母 o 及 o+其他字母的读音o 在重读开音节中读 :g o no nose homeo 在辅音字母 st,ld 前读:post oldo 在重读闭音节中读: hot on not sorryo 读 ::storyo 在辅音字母 m,n,v 和 th 前读:co me none love othero 读u::d o to whoo 在 w 后读:woman wolfo 在非重读音节中读 : today policemanoa 在重读音节中读: boat coatoar 读::b

33、oard blackboard cardboardoar 读:cupboar doe 读 : woeoe 读 u::shoeoi 读:oil toilet boil soiloo 一般读u::too zoo food pool boot schooloo 在 d,k 和少数 t 前读:b ook look good footoo 读:blood floodoor 读::door flooroor 读 :pooror 在重读音节中读::or for short sportor 在w后读: :w ork word worldor 读:doct or forget mirrorore 读::more

34、 beforeou 在多数情况下读a :out about house blouseou 在 ght 前读::bought brought thoughtou 读 :touch country enough youngou 读 u::soup group throughou 读 :shoulder thoughou 读 :coughou 读 :delicious previousoul 读:could would shouldour 读 ::four yourour 读::journalist journalour 读:colourour 读:tourour 读a: our hourow 读a

35、 :h ow now cowow 读:show know yellow windowowe 或 ower 读a :towe l floweroy 读:boy toy employee. 元音字母 u 及 u+其他字母的读音u 在重读开音节中读ju::stu dent Tuesdayu 在重读闭音节中读:b us sun but cut up usu 处于开音节位置,又在辅音字母 j,l,r,s 后读u::J une fluency February Sueu 在重读闭音节中还读:p ut sugar full pushu 在非重读音节中读 : minus autumnu 读:busy minu

36、teu 读e :buryui 读 ju:或 j,ju::suit suicide l,r,j+ui 时, ui 读作u:或 ,u::sluise fruit juice fluid ruin ui 读 :build buildingur 在重读音节中读::n urse turn hurt Thursdayur 读:surprise Saturdayure 读:sureure 在非重读音节中读 :pict ure pleasureure 在重读音节中读j:cure.21 个辅音字母及辅音字母组合的读音b 读b:bag by bed boy bus bluebt,mb 在词尾 时,b 不发音: d

37、ebt climb combbb 读b:rabbit cabbagec 在字母 e,i,y 前读s:nice city cycle应用:字母 c 后有 e 或 i 时,c 发s,为保持发音不变,而加 k,后加 ing 变现在分词,加 ed 变过去式和过去分词。高中阶段常见的几个词:picnic(野餐)、mimic(模仿)、traffic (交易、买卖)、 panic(使恐慌;使惊慌失措)c 在字母 a,o,u,l,r,t 前或在音节末尾读k:cat come cut clock cry picture blocc+ia,ie,io 时,c 读:special sufficient delici

38、ouscc+a,o,u 或 l 时,cc 读k:occ asion according occupy acclaimcc+e,i 时,cc 读ks :accept accidentch 读t:chair much lunch Chinach 读k:sch ool Christmas chemistry technique technology stomachch 读:machinech 读d:sandwichck 读k:black duck clock jacket cockd 读d:desk door day dogdd 读d:add daddy middledge 读d: bridge p

39、orridge judgedr 读dr:dress drive hundred childrends 读dz:beds birds hands friendsdes 读dz:decidesf 读f:five fish fine family fifteenf 读v:offf 读f:off coffeeften 读 fn:ofteng 读g :go girl big getg 在 e 前读d:age page huge orangeg 读d:g entle gentleman generalgg 读g :egg bigger biggestge 读:garagegh 在 i,ei,ai,ou,a

40、u 后不发音:right eight straight bought daughtergh 读 f:laugh enoughgh 在词 首时 ,读g:ghyll ghostgn,gm 在词尾时,g 常无声: sign phlegmgu 在词首读g :guessgu 在词中读g w:languagegue 在词尾读g:dialogueh 读 h:h e her have hand head hairh 不 发 音:h ourwh 读w:what why where whitewh 在 o 前读 h:wh o whom whosegh 在词 首时 ,h 不发音:ghyll ghostj 读d:ju

41、mp jacket just June Jimj 读j:Jensen ja hallelujah jaapk 读k:book bike cake kite Kate lookkn 在词首时,k 不发音:know knifel 读 l:l et look please lake peoplell 读l :tell full till bellm 读m :man meat meet timemb 在 词尾时 ,读m,b 常无声:climb combmm 读m:co mmon mn 在词首读n:mnemonicsmn 在 词中时 ,读mn:column istmn 在 词尾时 ,n 常无声:autu

42、mn columnn 读n:name nice nine near undern 在kg前读:pink Englishn 在 k 后读n:k now knifen 在 m 后读 n:m nemonicsnn 读n:Annng 在词尾读 :sing long young morningng 在词中读 g:E nglish fingernk 读k:tha nk think ink pinkp 读p:p en map help cheap pencil paperpp 读p:app le happy appearph 读f:photo phone elephant photographps 在词首时

43、,p 常不发音:p salm psywarq 读k:Iraq coqqu 在词 首读 kw:qu een quickque 在 词尾读 k:unique techniquer 读r:red right threerr 读r:sorr y worry hurry carry carrotwr 读r :write wrongs 在词首读s:s it six somes 在清辅音后读s:books likess 在浊辅音和元音后读z :apples windowss 读z(尤其是在两个元音字母之 间):his is please music元音字母+s+无音 e:n.,adj.读s:ba se us

44、ev.读z:lose use词中的 s,其后跟清辅音字母时,s 读s,其后跟浊辅音字母时,s 读z :des k husbands 读 :sure Asias 读 :usually television pleasuresion 读 n:television decisionsten 读s n:li stenstle 读stl :whistlesure 读 :pleasuresc+i,e,y 读s:sc ience scene scythesc+a,o,u 读sk:scarf score scudss 读s:miss class glass grassss 读:Ru ssia professionssion 读n:expressionsh 读:she shoe short shop washt 读t:ten time not get tablet 读t:pic ture questiontch 读t:watcht+ia,ie 时,t 读:mart ial patientsten,ften,stle 中,t 无声:listen often whistletes 读ts :kites gates datestt

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