1、1Part One 主句和从句之间的六种常见关系因果关系（cause and effect）标志词类型 单词 解释 说明assince 因为 后跟从句而非只跟一个名词due to原因owing to因为 后只跟名词，不跟从句hencethustherefore因此 用在句首和句中都可以，如果用在句中的话，则句中用分号，后面跟它们引导的从句as a consequenceas a result结果Consequently作为结果 一般用在句首，后面用逗号目的 Thereby 为此达到 不能用在句首，2的目的 而且后面是加动名词（v.+ing）举例说明例句：The ecological probl
2、ems are being aggravated; hence/thus/therefore, it is imperative that we take measures to combat the pollution of the environment.生态问题正在被恶化；因此，我们必须采取措施解决环境污染。讲解: aggravate （v.）表示“导致恶化”It is imperative that = It is very important that +sb. (should) do sth.例句：The government should raise the public awa
3、reness of environmental preservation, thereby promoting sustainable development and creating a more livable environment.政府应该提高公众的环境保护意识，以此来促进可持续发展并且创造一个更适合人类生存的环境。举例关系（exemplification）标志词单词 解释 说明3takefor example 以为例 省略号里只能填名词，不能填句子for instance 比如 =for examplesuch as 例如 后面跟名词，注意不能用在句首This point is be
4、st illustrated with the example of这个观点可以用的例子最有力地证明。后面跟名词This point can be confirmed by the example of这个观点可以被的例子支持后面跟名词considerfor example以为例 后面跟名词或者 that从句都可以举例说明例句：The Asian countries are getting westernized at a staggering rate. Take China for example, when youngsters go to the movies, it is commo
5、n for them to choose Hollywood blockbusters over domestic films.亚洲国家正以惊人的速度变得西方化。以中国为例，当青少年去看电影的时候，他们一般都选择好莱坞大片而不选择国产电影。讲解：domestic （adj.）国内的，家里的4domestic violence 家庭暴力youngster=teenagers=adolescents 青少年对比关系标志词 单词 说明whilewhilstwhereas用在句首或者句中，表示主句和从句的对比by/in contrast, 用在句首，表示它之前一个句子和它后面引导的句子之间的对比举例说
6、明例句：While/Whilst modern man leads a stressful life, our ancestors could often perform their business in a leisurely fashion.现代人类生活压力很大，而我们的祖先却可以比较悠闲地从事他们的事务。例句：The educational and medical facilities in big cities are mostly very advanced. In contrast, their counterparts in the country tend to be of
7、inferior quality.大城市的教育和医疗设施多数都很先进。相比之下，他们在乡村的对应设施多半质量较差。5让步关系（concession）标志词单词 解释 说明despitein spite ofnot with standing尽管 后面跟名词或者代词nonethelessnevertheless尽管如此 后面直接跟完整的句子even though 尽管 很多时候可以替换although,后面跟从句，表示对已存在的状况让步even if 即使 后面跟从句，表示对还没有发生的状况的让步举例说明例句：In spite of this, the obvious benefits of computer skills for young children cannot be denied.例句：The government plays a crucial role in scientific research; nonetheless, private companies hold certain advantages in conducting scientific research.6政府在科学研究中起关键作用；尽管如此，私人公司在从事科学研究方面还是有特定的优势。
