1、Tuesday Lecture Cereal Grains,Reading: Textbook, Chapter 5,McClung Museum Field Trip Review- Reciprocal effects of agricultural on plants and peoplePlants “pre-adapted” by weedy habit domesticatedPeople changes to society structure:stratificationritual uses of plants/arts, medicine- High yield agric
2、ulture supports more people, but at the cost of good health (Dr. Crites: when corn became widespread, human health “went down the crapper”),Quiz Briefly describe 2 things that you learned during the field trip to the McClung MuseumDuring his discussion of New World agriculture, Dr. Gary Crites of th
3、e Museum staff mentioned several cereal crops that originated in the New World name one of them (by scientific or common name),What is a Cereal?,See Fig. 5.1, p. 111,What is a Cereal?,See Fig. 5.1, p. 111,Ceres Roman goddess of agriculture (in Greek, Demeter). Myth: mother of Persephone, who was kid
4、napped by Hades; Ceres went on strike to demand return of daughter; Persephone had eaten a pomegranate seed forced to divide time explanation for temperate seasons,What is a Cereal?,Ceres Roman goddess of agriculture (in Greek, Demeter). Myth: mother of Persephone, who was kidnapped by Hades; Ceres
5、went on strike to demand return of daughter; Persephone had eaten a pomegranate seed forced to divide time explanation for temperate seasons,Grain = seeds/seedlike fruits of plants, particularly grasses,See Fig. 5.1, p. 111,What is a Cereal?,Ceres Roman goddess of agriculture (in Greek, Demeter). My
6、th: mother of Persephone, who was kidnapped by Hades; Ceres went on strike to demand return of daughter; Persephone had eaten a pomegranate seed forced to divide time explanation for temperate seasons,Grain = seeds/seedlike fruits of plants, particularly grasses Cereal = edible grains produced by an
7、nual grasses,See Fig. 5.1, p. 111,What is a Cereal?,Ceres Roman goddess of agriculture (in Greek, Demeter). Myth: mother of Persephone, who was kidnapped by Hades; Ceres went on strike to demand return of daughter; Persephone had eaten a pomegranate seed forced to divide time explanation for tempera
8、te seasons,Grain = seeds/seedlike fruits of plants, particularly grasses Cereal = edible grains produced by annual grasses Cereal Grain redundant?,See Fig. 5.1, p. 111,Poaceae (Gramineae) Grass Family,Poaceae (Gramineae) Grass Family,Gramineae traditional name for family,Poaceae (Gramineae) Grass Fa
9、mily,Gramineae traditional name for family Ranks: 4th (number of species) 1st (Number of individuals) 1st Economic Importance,Poaceae (Gramineae) Grass Family,Gramineae traditional name for family Ranks: 4th (number of species) 1st (Number of individuals) 1st Economic Importance Agrostology Study of
10、 Grasses,Grass Plant Overall Structure,See Fig. 5.2, p. 112,Grass Infloresence Structure,See Fig. 5.2, p. 112,Grass Infloresence Structure,Flower,See Fig. 5.2, p. 112,Grain Fruit of the Grass Family,See Fig. 5.4, p. 112,Grain Fruit of the Grass Family,See Fig. 5.4, p. 112,Grain Fruit of the Grass Fa
11、mily,See Fig. 5.4, p. 112,Grain Fruit of the Grass Family,See Fig. 5.4, p. 112,Grain Fruit of the Grass Family,See Fig. 5.4, p. 112,Changes in Cereal Grasses through Domestication,1. Simultaneous tillering or elimination of branching,See Fig. 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, pages 114-115,Changes in Cereal Grass
12、es through Domestication,1. Simultaneous tillering or elimination of branching,Reduced lodging,See Fig. 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, pages 114-115,Changes in Cereal Grasses through Domestication,1. Simultaneous tillering or elimination of branching,Reduced lodging Non-shattering,See Fig. 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8,
13、pages 114-115,Changes in Cereal Grasses through Domestication,1. Simultaneous tillering or elimination of branching,Reduced lodging Non-shattering Free-threshing,See Fig. 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, pages 114-115,Major Cereal Crops,Barley Hordeum vulgare Wheat Triticum (T. aestivum, T. monococcum, T. durum)
14、 Rye Secale cereale Oats Avena sativa Rice Oryza sativa Sorghum Sorghum bicolor Millets Eleusine coracana, Pennisetum glaucum, etc. Corn Zea mays,SeeTable. 5.2, p. 110,Barley Hordeum vulgare First King of Cereals,Barley Hordeum vulgare,Origin: near East (Fertile Crescent) Uses: Bread, Beer, Livestoc
15、k feed,6-rowed,2-rowed,See Fig. 5.9, p. 116,Wheat The Staff of Life,“Wheat penny”,Evolution of Wheat,See Fig. 5.10, p. 117,Types of Wheat,Einkorn relictual cultivation only Emmer, Durum (tetraploid) “hard” wheat used for macaroni Spelt, Bread Wheat (hexaploid) “soft” wheat - bread flour,Higher ploid
16、y higher gluten content (gluten protein),See Fig. 5.10, 5.11 p. 117,Einkorn Emmer Spelt Bread,Wheat and its Pests,Wheat rust, Puccinia graminis, is a major fungal disease that is spread by spores. It is controlled by selection of resistant cultivars (lower left),Rye Secale cereale Weed or First Cere
17、al Crop?,Standard Wisdom: originated as weed; better in cool climates New Finds: 13,000 year old rye, in Syria 3,000 years older than other cereals,Rye, Witches, and Triticale,Rye with ergot fungus,Wheat Rye Triticale intergeneric hybrid,See Fig. 5.14, p. 119,Oats A Weed Becomes (Somewhat) Respectab
18、le,Origin weed in barley or wheat Adapted to cool climates animal feed Romans: Germans “oat-eating barbarians”,Oats Close Up,Oat Spikelet Glumes + Florets,See Fig. 5.15, p. 120,Rice The Worlds Most Important Crop,See Fig. 5.18, p. 122,Rice Close Up,Processing Rice,Rice Next Steps for the Green Revol
19、ution,Rice Genomic Research Golden Rice Boon or Bane?,Pro: solve problem (vitamin A deficiency) using biotechnology Con: problem originated with technology (polishing rice) and can be reversed; problems exist with technology (“Frankenfoods”; new gene combinations); increased reliance on agrobusiness
20、,Sorghum Likes it Hot and Dry,Origin: Ethiopia,Main Types of Sorghum,Four main types:grain sorghumssweet sorghum (animal feed)Sudan grass (related species)broomcorn,See Fig. 5.22, 5.24, p. 125,Millets A Mixed Bag,See Table 5.4, p. 126,Finger millet Eleusine coracana,Pearl millet Pennisetum glaucum,Thursday Lecture Corn,Reading: Textbook, Chapter 5,
