1、 数理化，相信会有点用CHEMISTRYPrefix Power Meaning Examples of measurements nano (n) 10-9 one-billionth nanometer (nm): wavelength of light micro (m) 10-6 one-millionth micrometer (mm): width of a hair milli (m) 10-3 one-thousandth milliliter (mL): volume of acid in burette centi (c) 10-2 one-hundredth centim
2、eter (cm): length of paper deci (d) 10-1 one-tenth deciliter (dL): amount of liquid kilo (k) 103 one thousand times kilogram (kg): your weight 1 gallon equals 4 quarts, 12 inches equals 1 foot,Nomenclature 系统命名法binary ionic compounds 二元离子化合物Ammonium ion NH4+ Acetate ion C2H3O2- Cyanide ion CN- Hydro
3、xide ion OH- Nitrate ion NO3- Chlorate ion ClO3- Sulfate ion SO42- Carbonate ion CO32- Phosphate ion PO43- HCO3-is called either the bicarbonate ion or the hydrogen carbonate ionHPO42-and H2PO4-.These are named hydrogen phosphate and dihydrogen phosphate,When the acid has only an element following t
4、he H, use the prefix hydro-, followed by the elements root name and an -ic ending.hydrocyanic acid.HCNIf the acid has an -ate polyatomic ion after the H, that makes it an -ic acid. H2SO4 is sulfuric acid.When the acid has an -ite polyatomic ion after the H, that makes it an -ous acidMe eat peanut bu
5、tter.” This corresponds to meth-, eth-, prop-, and but-, which correspond to one, two, three, and four carbons, respectively. -ane = alkane (all single bonds and saturated); CnH2n+2; saturated: it contains the maximum number of Hs -ene = alkene (contains double bond, unsaturated); CnH2n -yne = alkyn
6、e (contains triple bond, unsaturated); CnH2n-2; polyunsaturated: it contains more than one double or triple bond Naming positive ions (usually metals) Monatomic, metal, cation: simply the name of the metal from which it is derived. Al3+ is the aluminum ion (these are often referred to as group A met
7、als). Transition metals form more than one ion; Roman numerals (in parentheses) follow the ions name. Cu2+ is copper (II) ion. Exception: mercury (I) is Hg22+, that is, two Hg+ bonded together covalently. NH4+is ammonium. Roman numerals are not usually written with silver, cadmium, and zinc 银镉锌. Arr
8、ange their symbols in alphabetical orderthe first one is 1+ and the other two are 2+. Naming negative ions (usually nonmetals or polyatomic ions) Monatomic, nonmetal, anion: add the suffix -ide to the stem of the nonmetals name. Halogens are called the halides. Cl- is the chloride ion. Polyatomic an
9、ion: you must memorize the polyatomic ions name. NO2-is the nitrite ion. Naming Binary Molecular Compounds a molecular compound? a combination of nonmetals, both of which lie near each other on the periodic table. Use the following set of prefixes, and dont forget the -ide ending to the name. Subscr
10、ipt Prefix 1 mono- (usually used only on the second element, such as carbon monoxide or nitrogen monoxide) 2 di- 3 tri- 4 tetra- 5 penta- 6 hexa- 7 hepta- 8 octa- 9 nona- 10 deca- butane 丁烷 C4H10propane 丙烷 C3H8 14 carbons tend to be gases at room temperature; butane and propane are among the lightes
11、t hydrocarbons and are used for fuel 510 carbons tend to be in the liquid state at room temperature; compounds that fall in this size range are used to make gasoline and solvents 1218 carbons make up jet fuels and kerosene 煤油 More than 18 carbons tend to be solids at room temperature polymer 聚合物mono
12、mer 单体Amino acids 氨基酸polypeptide 多肽Starch 淀粉Polyethylene 聚乙烯Polypropylene 聚丙烯PolyethyleneMany ethenes strung together with covalent bonds (ethylene is another name for ethene); shopping bags and plastic bottles are made of polyethylene. PolypropyleneMany propenes strung together; glues and carpets P
13、olystyrene 聚苯乙烯A clear, hard, brittle polymer used in CD cases; if you blow carbon dioxide into it during manufacture and you get the soft, opaque, foamy polymer used in a coffee cup. Functional Groups 官能团Hydroxyl group, OHCarboxylic acid group, COOHtrichloroethanoic acid 三氯乙醇酸Amine group, NH2Isomer
14、 同分异构体substitution reaction 取代反应addition reaction 加成反应muriatic acid (HCl)Brass: copper and zinc Sterling silver: silver and copper Steel: iron and carbon Bronze: copper, tin, and other metals Pewter 白蜡: mixture of tin, copper, bismuth, and antimonywooden splint 小木条burning splint 燃着的木条colorless, odor
15、less 无色无味fire extinguisher 灭火器Chlorofluorocarbons, or CFC 氟氯化碳stratosphere 平流层moisture 湿度Rules for Basic Laboratory Safety Safety goggles must be worn at all times in the laboratory. No eating or drinking in the laboratory. Never taste or touch the laboratory chemicals. Always wash your hands before
16、 leaving the laboratory. Wear proper clothingsafety glasses, closed-toed shoes, and an apron; tie long hair back and remove all jewelry. Always follow the written directions, and never perform an unauthorized experiment. Always add acid to water. This prevents the acid from spattering. Point heating
17、 test tubes away from others and yourself, and heat them slowly. Never return unused chemicals to their original containers. This prevents contamination. Always use a pipette bulb or a pipetter to transfer when using a pipette 吸液管. Never use your mouth. Always use a fume hood when working with toxic
18、 substances. Never inhale fumes directly. Never use an open flame near flammable liquids. Dispose of chemicals in the designated disposal sitenot in the sink or trash can. fume hood 通风橱Common Laboratory Equipment when obtaining the mass of solid chemicals, always use some type of weighing paper to p
19、rotect the pan of the balance.Burette 量滴管 tube for measuring liquid:a glass tube with measurements marked on the side and a stopcock at the bottom. Use: in laboratories to release an accurately measured quantity of liquid.beakers are not accurate measuring instrumentsRemember always to take measurem
20、ents of liquids from the bottom of the meniscusfiltrate 滤出液颜色反应Ion Flame color Li+, Sr2+, Ca2+ Red Na+ Yellow K+ Purple (pink) Ba2+ Light green Cu2+ Blue-green Fe3+ Gold Ion Solution color Cu2+ Blue Fe3+ Yellow to orange (rusty) Ni2+ Green Purple Yellow Orange 色谱法 Chromatographygraduated cylinder 量筒
21、A titration (also called volumetric analysis) is a laboratory procedure that usually involves either an acid and base neutralization reaction or a redox reactionThe burette must be rinsed 润湿 with the solution to be placed in it before filling.The equivalence point is the point in the reaction where
22、enough titrant has been added to completely neutralize the solution being analyzed. The end point is the point during the titration where the indicator changes color. It is important to choose an indicator that has an end point that is at the same pH as your expected equivalence point.titrant 滴定剂cof
23、fee-cup calorimeterThe sum of all of the potential and kinetic energy in a system is known as the internal energy of the system.Potential energy, in chemical terms, is the energy stored in chemical bonds.Enthalpy 焓the change in enthalpy of the system, DH Enthalpy of reaction (DHrxn)The amount of hea
24、t absorbed or released by the chemical reaction Enthalpy of combustion (DHcomb)The amount of heat absorbed or released by combustion (burning; usually in the presence of O2) Enthalpy of formation (DHf)The amount of heat absorbed or released when 1 mole of a compound is formed from elements in their
25、standard states Enthalpy of fusion (DHfus)The amount of heat that must be absorbed to melt 1 mole of solid to liquid at the normal melting point Enthalpy of vaporization (DHvap)The amount of heat that must be absorbed to change 1 mole of liquid to gas at the normal boiling point enthalpy is a state
26、function, meaning that its value is fixed when temperature, pressure, composition, and physical form are specifiedEntropy (DS)熵pellets 硬丸A calorie is defined as the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1.00 gram of water by 1.00C, and joules are the SI units for energy; 1 calorie = 4.18
27、4 joules.molar heat capacity (J/mol-K or J/mol-C)specific heat (J/g-K).q = mCpDT where q = quantity of heat (joules or calories) m = mass in grams DT = Tf - Ti (final initial) Cp = specific heat capacity (J/g C)the specific heat of liquid water is 4.184 J/g C (or 1.00 cal/g C), which is unusually hi
28、gh (this is due to hydrogen bonding).DH = Hfinal - HinitialAll diatomic molecules are assigned zeros for the same reason, they are in the free state葡萄糖 glucoseDH = bonds broken - bonds formedThe third law of thermodynamics says that the entropy of a perfect crystal at 0K is zerowe can calculate the
29、entropy of any substance thats at a temperature higher than 0KThe greater the disorder or randomness in a system, the larger the entropy. The entropy of a substance always increases as it changes state from solid to liquid to gas. When a pure solid or liquid dissolves in a solvent, the entropy of th
30、e substance increases. When a gas molecule escapes from a solvent, there is an increase in entropy. Entropy generally increases with increasing molecular complexity. Reactions that increase the number of moles of particles often increase the entropy of the system.The units of entropy（s） are J/K. The
31、 higher the S value, the more disordered the system, so a positive (+) S value is more disordered, and a S value is less disordered.Gibbs Free Energy 吉普斯自由能 DG = DH - TDSIf G is negative, the reaction is spontaneous in the forward direction. If G is equal to zero, the reaction is at equilibrium. If
32、G is positive, then the reaction is nonspontaneous in the forward direction, but the reverse reaction will be spontaneous. for elements at standard state (pure elements at 25C and 1 atm are assigned a value of zero). During a phase change, equilibrium exists between phases, so if the G is zeroThe un
33、its for DG are the same as the units as for enthalpy: J/K.Standard state(25C and 1 atm)STP(0C and 1 atm)factors that influence reaction rate again: Concentration of the reactants Temperature (Its a general rule of thumb that a 10C increase in temperature will double the reaction rate.)Presence of a
34、catalyst Physical state of the reactants activation energy 活化能The activation energy is defined as the minimum energy needed to initiate a chemical reaction, and it is symbolized by Ea.At the peak of the activation energy hump, the reactants are in the transition state, halfway between being reactant
35、s and forming products. This state is also known as an activated complex.活化复合物Kc symbolizes the equilibrium constant in an aqueous solution, Kp symbolizes the partial pressures of gases in equilibrium, and Ksp symbolizes the solubility product of solids classified as insoluble.K 1 means that the rea
36、ction favors the products at equilibrium, while a K 重油-柴油煤油-汽油- 石油气Gases are often discussed in terms of standard temperature and pressure (STP), which means 273K (or 0C) and 1 atm.Boyles LawP1V1 = P2V2 Charless LawAs the temperature of the gas increases, the gas molecules will begin to move around
37、more quickly and hit the walls of their container with more forcethus the volume will increase.larger nonpolar molecules tend to have stronger London dispersion forces.Larger molecules have more electrons that can polarize; thus they have a greater chance for more attractive forces.Nuclear transmuta
38、tion is the conversion of one chemical element or isotope into another, which occurs through nuclear reactions. Natural transmutation occurs when radioactive elements spontaneously decay over a long period of time and transform into other more stable elements. Artificial transmutation occurs in mach
39、inery that has enough energy to cause changes in the nuclear structure of the elements. Machines that can cause artificial transmutation include particle accelerators and tokamak reactors as well as conventional fission power reactors. Nuclear transmutation is considered as a possible mechanism for
40、reducing the volume and hazard of radioactive waste.The strength of the acid formed when each of these hydrogen halides is dissolved in water is dependent on the size of the molecule and the strength of the bond in the molecule.Fe(NO3)3 is an acidic salt. In order to be neutral, the salt must have b
41、een formed from a strong acid and a strong base (or from a weak acid/base that have the same Ka/Kb values). Since you know that nitric acid is a strong acid and Fe(OH)3 is not a very soluble hydroxide (it is a weak base), the resulting salt must be acidic.Alpha particles are the least penetrating fo
42、rm of radiation: these particles can be stopped by paper, skin, and clothing.Shieldingtransmutation decay Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract a shared pair of electrons when a chemical bond is formed. Electron affinity is the attraction that an atom has for electronsThe balanced c
43、omplete ionic equation isMg2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) + 2Ag+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq) Mg2+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq) + 2AgCl(s) .Zinc is used to galvanize metals, and galvanization makes metals resistant to oxidation (rusting). This is a useful process since it does things like make nails or screws suitable for use outdoors.Th
44、e definition for enthalpy of formation states that you form one mole of a compound from its elements in their standard states.Elements are assigned an enthalpy of formation of zero when in their standard states.Volume versus temperatureV=yT=xvapor pressureArrhenius baseWhen a solute is added to a so
45、lvent, the freezing point of the resulting solution is depressed (lowered) due to the drop in vapor pressure. If the solute ionizes, this effect is even greater, and the more ions released, the larger the drop in the freezing point.MATH LEVEL2抱歉这个看得比较少如何使用 CASIO 学生用计算器（本人认为完全不用 TI 等高级货中国小孩儿手绘快）MODE
46、2SD 统计，输入方法：A;B M+ 一组 之后 SHIFT 【 S-VAR】standard deviation 标准偏差 Xon-1其他不用说了MODE3REG 求回归函数吧常用的是 LIN 线性，LOG 对数， QUAD 二次,（废话）输入方法 A,B M+ 一组之后 SHIFT 【 S-VAR】线性： Y= a+ bX二次： Y=a+bX+cX2对数： Y=a+bInXindirect proof 反证 In an indirect proof of “if p, then q,” you assume the negative of the conclusion rhombus 菱形
47、parallelogram 平行四边形slant height 斜高pentagon 五边形挑几个我当时觉得有问题的给大家找找自信41.If and , then AB =(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) You left this question blank. You should have selected B.ExplanationThe number of rows in A equals the number of columns in B. Accordingly, to form product matrix AB, multiply each row of B by e
48、ach column of A, arranging the six resulting entries in a 3-row, 2-column matrix as follows: (B row 1)(A col. 1) = (3)(4) + (0)(1) = 12 (B row 1)(A col. 2) = (3)(3) + (0)(2) = 9 (B row 2)(A col. 1) = (1)(4) + (5)(1) = 9 (B row 2)(A col. 2) = (1)( 3) + (5)(2) = 7 (B row 3)(A col. 1) = (2)(4) + (4)(1)
49、 = 4 (B row 3)(A col. 2) = (2)( 3) + (4)(2) = 14 Topic: 46. What is the least positive integer n for which 2n has 16 digits?(A) 48 (B) 49 (C) 50 (D) 51 (E) 55 You left this question blank. You should have selected B.ExplanationSince this problem asks you to solve for n when n is an exponent, you need to use logarithms in your solution. Your first step, though, should be to set up an inequality. The smallest positive integer with 16 digits is 1015, since it is a 1 followed
