1、孟子与墨子,Hundred School of thoughts,The”hundred school of thoughts” were philosophers and schools that had flourished from 770 BC,an era of great cultural and intellectual expansion in China.Even though this period, known in its earlier part as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring State Period
2、in its latter part, was wrought chao and bloody battles ,it is also known as the Golden Age of Chinese philosophy because various thoughts and called the Contention of a Hundred School of Thought.,百家思想,百家思想是指活跃在公元前770年至221年的哲人和学派。是一个在中国有着很好的文化与智慧的年代。甚至经历在这样的时期，众所周知在这一时期较早的春秋时代和较晚的战国时期造成了混乱和血腥的战争，同样也
3、是因为多样的思想和被称为“百家争鸣”而知名的中国哲学的黄金时期。,Mencius and His philosophy,孟子和他的哲学思想,Mencius and His Philosophy,Mencius(327-289 BC) is regarded as the second sage in the Confucia school .Mencius inherited and developed Confucianism and carried it to a new height. His philosophy,together with Confucius,is know as “
4、the philosophies of Kong Zi and Meng zi” (孔孟之道) in the history of Chinese culture.孟子（公元前372-289年）被认为是继孔子之后第二个圣人，孟子继承和发展了孔子学说并带领它达到新的高度。孟子和孔子的思想在中国历史中被称为“孔孟之道”。,Mencius and His Philosophy,Mencius believed that all men are born virtuous. Every person can be as sage(圣人). They have the inclination towar
5、d goodness, just as natural as the inclination of water to flow downward. All the social corruptions and perversions are due to the distortion of human nature and the falling away of mans character from its original goodness.孟子认为人性本善，每个人都是圣人。他们向善，就像大自然中的水会向下流。所有社会中的腐败和变坏是由于人性的扭曲和远离人性中原始的善良。,Mencius
6、and His Philosophy,It is the neglect and abuse of innate goodness that leads men into evil dongs. Once the individual has recovered his original goodness and the state returned to the purity and order of ancient times ,all the individual and in society will vanish. This is the core of Mencius doctri
7、ne , the orthodoxy of the Confucian school.忽略和滥用“性本善”会导致人们陷入邪恶之洞。一旦个人恢复他原始的善良，国家回到纯洁而有秩序的与以往的时代。那么个人和社会的罪恶将会消失。这是孟子学说的中心，孔子学派的正统。,Mencius and His Philosophy,A famous dispute about human natural arose between Gao Zi(告之) and Mencius when Gao Zhi said ,”appetites for food and sex are human nature.”(食色，
8、性也). Mencius did not contradict with this statement , and he even admitted that desires and appetites constitute the greatest part of human nature.当告之说“食色，性也。”时，在告之和孟子之间有了一个关于人性呈现的著名争论。孟子没有与这个争论矛盾，而且他甚至同意陈述中渴望和欲望构成人性中最重要的部分。,Mencius and His Philosophy,Therefore “Slight is the difference between man
9、and the beast . The commom man loses this difference ,while the gentleman retains it.”(人之所以异于禽兽者几希，庶民去了，君子存之) It is this slight difference that sets man apart from animals.因此“人之所以异于禽兽者几希，庶民去了，君子存之”，这是人和动物微小的不同。,Story,Pot Calling Kettle Black(五十步笑百步.孟子)Mencius said to King Hui,Lets use fighting of a
10、battle as an example. After a fierce engagement , the soldiers threw down their armament and retreated.Some soldiers retreated 50 paces; other 100 pacces. Those retreating 50 paces laughed at those who retreated 100 paces.What do you say?The King replied,”No. Even if one does not retreat 100 paces,
11、it is retreating nevertheless.”,Story,五十步笑百步孟子对惠王说，请让我用战争做例子。一场残忍的 战争之后，士兵们丢盔弃甲。一些士兵后退 五十步，另一些后退一百步，后退五十步的 士兵嘲笑那些后退一百步的士兵，你怎么看？惠王回答说：“不，即使他们没 有退后一百步，那也是退后啊。”,Moism and Mo Zi,墨家和墨子,Moism and Mo Zi,Mo Zi (468-376 BC) was born a few years after Confucius death .He had an important place in the history
12、of Chinese culture . Although Moism did not hold this position for long, its founder and his teaching left an indelible impression on the Chinese mind.墨子（公元前468-376年）出生在 孔子死后不久，他在中国文化史上有着重要的地位。尽管墨子没有保持这个地位太久，但墨家的创建和墨子的教育给中国思想留下永久的影响。,Moism and Mo Zi,The core of Moism is “universal love(兼爱)”, close t
13、o the assertion that “all men equal before God.” In his life time , rulers of the feudal states , to satisfy their endless material needs , sought after aggressive wars of annexation at the sacrifice of their neighbors, thus bringing the people into disastrous impasse.墨家思想的中心是“善变”，接近“上帝面前人人平等”的主张，在他
14、生活的时期，封建专制来满足他们无穷无尽的物质需求，寻找他们牺牲的邻国在侵略战争后吞并，因此带给人们灾难性的绝境。,Moism and Mo Zi,Mo Zi, standing by the common people, claimed the right 0f survival for the people and the weak and small states. He advocated economy and thrift . He condemned all forms of ritual, extravagant funerals, expensive entertainment
15、, and offensive warfare , which would deteriorate the feeding ,cloth common people.墨子从广大人民中站出来，声称会立刻解救百姓和弱小国家。他提倡节约节俭，谴责所有宗教仪式，过度的丧礼，昂贵的娱乐和进攻战争等使百姓衣食恶化的仪式。,Moism and Mo Zi,In contrast to those of Confucius, Mo Zis moral teachings emphasized self-reflection and authenticity rather than obedience to r
16、itual. He observed that we often learn about the world through adversity. 与孔子的思想对比，墨子的道德教育强调自身的影响和可能性而不是遵循仪式，他注意到我们通常通过逆境了解世界。,Moism and Mo Zi,By reflection on ones own successes and failures , one attains ture self-knowledge rather than mere conformity with ritual . Mo Zi exhorted the gentleman to lead a life of asceticism and self-restraint ,renouncing both material and spiritual extravagance.通过对一个人自认的成功和失败的反应，他获得真实的自我认知，而不是与仪式相符。墨子劝告有教养的人去引导一个禁欲并自我约束的生活，并宣布放弃我只和过度的精神。,谢谢观看！,
