1、What factors influence literature much?,Religion Literature is a reflection of culture which is influenced by religion much in western history. Nearly every piece of English literature is affected by religion deeply. What is about Chinese Literature?,Wars Literature is a reflection of reality which
2、is influenced by war much too in western history. Nothing shattered peoples idealism more than World War I.,Part One COLONIAL PERIOD AND EARLY AMERICAN LITERATURE (1620-1800),Chapter 2 The Founders of the Nation History: The American Revolution Movement: the Age of Reason and Revolutionthe Age of Am
3、erican Enlightenment18th Century Literature Writer: Franklin,History: American Revolution,Conflicts between America and Britainover settlements, government, taxes Economically: Br. prevented Am. Economic development Export raw materials, import finished goods Politically: state instead of colony; ta
4、xes, no representative in Parliament Results of the conflicts 1775, Lexington, beginning of the Independence War 1776, Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence 1778, alliance with France, turning point for American army 1778, English army surrendered 1783, formal recognition from Britain govern
5、ment The American War of Independence lasted 8 years from 1775-1783,Literary movement: Enlightenment,The military victory formed strong nationalistic hopes for a great new literature. Call for Americas independence in literature“America must be as independent as she is in politics, as famous for the
6、 arts as for arms” In 1783, Noah Webster,Enlightenment,the Age of Reason and Revolution the Age of Rationality 18th Century Literature the Age of American Enlightenment (1) Originated in Europe in the 17th century The spiritual life in the colonies during the period was to a great degree molded by t
7、he bourgeois Enlightenment.,(2) Sources: Newtons theory; 牛顿提出运动定律和万有引力学说Newtons laws of motion and theory of gravity，宇宙受一定的自然法则约束，而不受上帝控制，由此产生了自然神论。 deism（自然神教派); Deist 自然神论者认为上帝确实创造了宇宙万物，但上帝使万物遵循自然法则而存在。因此， 崇敬上帝的最好方法就是研究上帝的作品人类和自然界，并为人类做善事。富兰克林是这一思想的代言人。 God created everything and let it go. It is
8、up to the human beings themselves to take care of themselves and to run the world. In order to get on in this world, one has to be industrious, frugal and prudent. French philosophy (Rousseau, Voltaire),II. Enlightenment,(3) Basic principles: the 18th-centry American Enlightenment was a movement mar
9、ked by an emphasis on rationality rather than tradition, scientific inquiry instead of unquestioning religious dogma, and representative government in place of monarchy. Enlightenment thinkers and writers were devoted to the ideals of justice, liberty, and equality as he natural rights of man.For: F
10、reedom, Democracy and Reason Against: Tyranny, Intolerance不容异说and Superstition,II. Enlightenment,(4) Significance: accelerating social progress; (education) freeing people from the limitations set by prevailing Puritanism; making spiritual preparation for American Revolution,Puritanism: God is all,
11、and man is nothing. Deny mans nature and power; predestined by God; see man as a sinful failure,In 18th century people believed in mans own nature and power. man could improve himself; want to create a happy society based on justice and freedom,II. The Declaration of Independence,The following state
12、ments have become world-famous since then: We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. 我们认为下面这些真理是不言而喻的：造物者创造了平等的个人，并赋予他们若干不可剥夺的权利，其中包
13、括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。,American Enlightenment,(5) Influence on literature In form: imitating English classic writersremain derivative and dependent In content: utilitarian tendency功利主义(for political or educational purpose） Political purpose：Journals, speeches, pamphlets, broadsides, declaration （shape th
14、e nations belief with reasons） Aphorisms格言, almanac, letters public and private,American Enlightenment,Definition: a term to describe the intellectual culture of the British North American colonies and the early United States. It was a part of a larger intellectual movement known as the Age of Enlig
15、htenment. Influenced by the scientific revolution of the 17th century, the enlightenment took scientific reasoning and applied it to human nature, society and religion. Politically the age is distinguished by an emphasis upon Liberty, democracy, republicanism and religious tolerance-culminating in t
16、he drafting of the United States Declaration of Independence. The attempts to reconcile science and religion resulted in a widespread rejection of prophecy, miracle and revealed religion in preference for Deism.,Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790),He was the symbol of America in the Age of Enlightenment (
17、Age of Reason). He brought the colonial era to a close. A man defining American thinking; his Autobiography , a book of Am. Dream “If you would not be forgotten as soon as you are dead & rotten, either write things worth reading, or do things worth the writing.”,I. Life,He was a jack of all trades;
18、To have golden touch “Master of each and mastered by none” Successful businessman Born in a poor candle makers family in Boston and had no regular education; Became an apprentice to a printer when he was 12; An editor of a newspaper and published lots of essays when he was 16; He went to Philadelphi
19、a when he was 17 and became a successful printer and publisher;,Wealthy at 42, devote rest of life to science, literature, diplomacy,The body of Benjamin Franklin, Printer, lies here, food for worms, but Epitaph墓志铭on Himself ( composed in 1728 ),Franklins Contributions to Society,Humanitarian Americ
20、an first circulating library Found University of Pennsylvania Postmaster of Philadelphia Philadelphia hospital Pennsylvania militia,Serving god best is to contribute your talent to the people and community,Franklins Contributions to Science,A scientist with lots of inventions and a famous experiment
21、 (kite, electricity, thunderstorm); first applied the terms “positive” and “negative” to electrical charges. effective street lighting, the Franklin stove, bifocal glasses and efficient heating devices.,“the new Prometheus who had stolen fire from heaven.” and give it back to humans,Franklins Contri
22、butions to the U.S.,a statesman, diplomat ,negotiator He conducted the difficult negotiations with France that brought financial and military support for America in the war.He was the only American to sign the four documents that created the United States: The Declaration of Independence, The Treaty
23、 of Alliance with France,The Treaty of Peace with England, The Constitution,A man of elasticity and suppleness; view from different angles; not say I too often; create a storm of attention esp. among women,自传,格言历书,(4) a writer 1. Works,The AutobiographyPoor Richards Almanac,An embodiment of the “Ame
24、rican Dream”,II. Literary career,As an author he had power of expression. His works are well-known for their simplicity, subtle humor and being sarcastic. 1. Representative works (1) Poor Richards Almanac Modeled on farmers annual calendar; kept publishing for many years; includes many classical say
25、ings, such as: “A penny saved is a penny earned.” God help those who help themselves Honesty is the best policy,Who is rich? He that is content. Who is that? Nobody. Three may keep a secret, if two of them are dead. If you would persuade, you must appeal to interest rather than intellect. You may de
26、lay, but time will not. Search others for their virtues, thyself for thy vices. Content makes poor men rich; discontentment makes rich men poor. Energy and persistence conquer all things. At 20 years of age the will reigns, at 30 the wit, at 40 the judgment. Glass, china, and reputation are easily c
27、racked, and never well mended.,II. Literary career,(2) The Autobiography Written when he was 65 An introduction of his life to his own son Including four parts written in different times The first success story of self-made Americans; still read today; First great example. Rags-to-riches story. A pi
28、cture of his early life and struggle Make autobiography a genre.,II. Literary career,In The Autobiography we will be able to notice: 1)Puritanisms influence, such as self-examination and self-improvement a how-to-do-it book (timetable, thirteen virtues, life style) Hard work was an ethic, a step tow
29、ard salvation; 2)Enlightenment spirits (mans nature is good, rights of liberty, virtues include “order”) a success story of self-reliance, the fulfillment of the American dream. Material life is just fine, happiness in real, a virtue,II. Literary career,3) Style: fresh，simple, clear in order, direct
30、, vivid, true to life, concise and humorous, utilitarian, witty, satirical, fair, not dull and amusing (“Nothing should be expressed in two words that can as well be expressed in one.”) (Puritanisms influence); 文笔清新流畅，叙述生动真实，充满时代气息，保留清教纯朴，简洁和精准的特点,5 6 78 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 11 12 1 2 3 4,
31、Morning Question: What good shall I do this day? Rise, wash, and address Powerful Goodness; contrive days business and take the resolution of the day; prosecute the present study; and breakfast,Work,Read, or overlook my accounts, and dine,Work,Put things in their places, supper, music, or diversion,
32、 or conversation. Examination of the day,Evening Question: What good have I done today? Sleep.,1. Temperance. Eat not to dullness; drink not to elevation. 2. silence. speak not but what may benefit others or yourself; avoid trifling conversation. 3. Order. Let all your things have their places; let
33、each part of your business have its time. 4. Resolution.5. Frugality.6. Industry. 7. Sincerity.8. Justice.9. Moderation.10. Cleanliness. 11. Tranquillity.12. Chastity.13. Humility. 节制饮食，自我克制，沉默寡言，有条不紊，坚定信念，勤俭节约，工作勤奋，忠诚老实，办事公正，衣履整洁，平心静气，品行高尚，谦虚恭顺 “有交往而无友谊，有友谊而无力量，有力量而无意志，有意志而无效果，有效果而无利益，有利益而无美德，都属一文不值之类。”,Thirteen Virtues,THE END THANK YOU,
