1、1美国文学史复习提纲一、殖民主义时期的文学(The Literature of Colonial America) 17th.c一、时期综述1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：narratives 日记 , journals 游记2、清教徒在美国的写作内容：1） about their voyage to the new land2) about adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops3) about dealing with Indians4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitat
2、ion to bold spirit3、清教徒的思想：1）Puritans wanted to make pure their religious beliefs and practices 净化信仰和行为方式2) Puritans wished to restore simplicity to church services and the authority of the Bible to theology.重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位3） Puritans looked upon themselves as a people chosen by God, and it follo
3、wed logically that anyone who challenged their way of life was opposing Gods will and was not to be accepted.认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝4）Puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated.反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步 5） Puritan religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wra
4、thful God and to forget his mercy.强调上帝严厉的一面，忽视上帝仁慈的一面。4、典型的清教徒： John Cotton 约翰 科登 ， Roger William 罗杰 威廉姆斯他们的不同：John Cotton was much more concerned with authority than with democracy; William begins the history of religious toleration in America.5、 William 的宗教观点：Toleration did not stem from a lack of
5、 religious convictions. Instead, it sprang from the idea that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others. He also felt that no political order or church system could identify itself directly with God. 行为上的德，信仰上的诚，并没有给任何人强迫别人该如何行事的权利。
6、没有任何政治秩序和教会体制能够直接体现神本身的意旨。6、英国最早移民到美国的诗人：Anne Bradstreet 安妮 布雷兹特里特(女) sincere belief in God7、在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人：the best of the Puritan poets was Edward Taylor 爱德华 泰勒 (1642-1729)8、Captain John Smith, his reports of exploration has been regarded as the first distinctly American literature.2学习指南：1、 Could y
7、ou give me a description of American Puritans? (关于美国清教徒的描绘)Like their brothers back in England, were idealists, believing that the church should be restored to the “purity“ of the first-century church as established by Jesus Christ himself. To them religion was a matter of primary importance. They m
8、ade it their chief business to see that man lived and thought and acted in a way which tended to the glory of God. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God, all that John Calvin, the great Frenc
9、h theologian who lived in Geneva had preached. It was this kind of religious belief that they brought with them into the wildness. There they meant to prove that were Gods chosen people enjoying his blessings on this earth as in Heaven.2、Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the Puritan values
10、that dominated much of the earliest American writing.3、 The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet power of the grant nature; evil of the world.Pequod : is the microcosm of the human society; is the ship of American soul.Whiteness is a paradoxical color, too, signifying as it does death and corruption
11、 as well as purity, innocence and youth.主人公： Ishmael 伊什米尔，取自圣经。 在书中说： to write a mighty book you must have a mighty theme. 写一部宏大的著作，必须有一个宏大的主题。故事人物：Captain Ahab.船长阿哈比；Queequeg 捕鲸人奎因奎格，was a friendly person；the rebellious struggle of Captain Ahab against the overwhelming, mysterious vastness of the u
12、niverse and its awesome, sometimes merciless forces. The fitting symbol for his theme was the “gliding great demon of the seas of life.”阿哈比舰长和各种危险之间的激烈斗争，他同那些强大的、神秘的自然展开斗争，他们令人毛骨悚然，有时还冷酷无情。他把那只大白鲸贴切的比喻为“生命海洋中滑行的恶魔”。“Moby Dick”：one of the major themes in Melville is alienation, which he sensed existi
13、ng in the life of his time on different levels, between man and man, man and society, and man and nature. Captain Ahab seems to be the best illustration of it all. The voyage itself is a metaphor for “search and discovery, the search for the ultimate truth of experience.” He had Ahab topmost in his
14、mind. In a sense Ahab embodies all of the evil he once consigned to Moby Dick. 9、Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利沃兹沃思朗费罗 poet 诗人it would be hard, also, to overestimate the importance of his anthology “The Poets and Poetry of Europe”. His own poetry became a means of teaching readers of his day somethin
15、g of the possible range of poetic subject matter and techniques, ancient, medieval, and modern. 我们欧洲诗人及诗歌不能把这部作品估计过高。他自己的诗歌成为9了他教学的材料，在书中他讲述了诗的主题和一些写作技巧。从古代的，中世纪的一直到现代的诗歌，他都一一作了阐述。殊荣： After his death, he became the only American to be honored with a bust in the Poets corner of Westminster Abbey.朗费罗去
16、世后被安葬在威斯敏斯特教堂的诗人之角，他也是美国惟一获此殊荣的诗人。The gentleness, sweetness, and purity for his poetry was popular during his lifetime. 他的诗歌因高雅宜人、纯正有韵味而大受欢迎。he was consistently high-minded but conventional, and untouched by the religious and social struggles that disturbed his contemporaries. 他接受正统的思想，但并不保守。他的思想没有受
17、到当时社会、宗教和各种政治斗争的影响。特点： exercised a great influence in bringing European culture to the U.S., and likewise did much to popularize American folk themes abroad where his work was immensely popular and widely translated.在引进欧洲文化上起巨大推动作用，也把美国民间文化传播到国外，他的作品还被翻译成多种文字，在海外受到高度评四、现实主义文学(The Literature of Reali
18、sm）一、Background1）Mechanization 机器化 2）Urbanization 城市化 3）Industrialization 工业化4）Federal government(race 种族平等进入宪法）标志着马克 吐温的镀金时代开始5） Railway system 工业化的一大标志，电力和石油的应用二、文化特征：1）女性发挥作用明显，女性的作者和读者明显增多 2）开始关注 Mid class3）现实主义（realism）New York replaced Boston as the nations literary center. 纽约成为新的文化中心。一、时期综述：1
19、、镀金时代：The Gilded Age, an age of excess and extremes, of decline and progress, of poverty and dazzling wealth, of gloom and buoyant hope. 无节制、走极端，倒退和进步、贫困和富有并存，既令人沮丧又让人有希望的时代。2、Although Americans continued to read the works of Irving, Cooper, Hawthorne, and Poe, the great age of American romanticism
20、had ended. By the 1870s the New England Renaissance had waned. 新英格兰的文艺复兴已开始接近尾声。3、现实主义和自然主义作家的人物刻画方法：19 世纪末,the literary naturalists who followed them, rejected the portrayal of idealized characters and events. Instead, they sought to describe the wide range of American experience and to present the
21、 subtleties of human personality, to portray characters who were less simply all good or all bed.反对在作品中描绘理想化了的人物和事件，关注人性中的微妙之处。 104、Realism：（现实主义）appeared in the United States in the literature of local color, an amalgam of romantic plots and realistic descriptions of things was immediately observab
22、le. the dialects, customs, sights and sounds of regional American.现实主义首先出现在“地方色彩”的文学作品中，成为浪漫主义故事情节和现实主义描写相结合的产物：美国风味的方言、风俗、各种观点及美国特色的发音等。5、 Naturalism：自然主义 a new and harsher realism, 新型的更为冷峻的现实主义，产生悲观的流派 ，产生于 the end of the century 十九世纪末，因为 Perception of societys disorders 对社会无序的感知。They attempted to
23、 achieve extreme objectivety and frankness presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were dominated by their environment and heredity. 他们竭力客观、真实地展现出受环境与出身局限的下层人民和各种经济阶层人物的真正生活。The naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that their liv
24、es were controlled by heredity and the environment, the religious “truths” were illusory, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. 他们强调世界的非道德性，认为人们并没有意志的自由，人们的生活状况往往被生活环境与自己的出身所局限，他们还认为宗教上的“真理”是虚幻的，人类的是世俗的，现实生活是痛苦的，死亡以后，一切就都烟消云散了。 Deterministic 决定论，宿命的，代表作家：Stephen Cran
25、e 史蒂芬克莱恩，Frank Norris 弗朗克诺里斯，Henry Adams 亨利亚当，Jack London 杰克 伦敦，Theodore Dreiser 西奥多德莱塞6、Darwinism: 达尔文主义:an evident influence on naturalism, to stress the animality of man, to suggest that he was dominated by the irresistible forces of evolution. 对自然主义影响极大，强调人的动物性，意味着人的命运受进化的不可抗力来决定的。 7、William Dea
26、n Howells 威廉 迪安豪威尔The arbiter of 19th century literary realism in America。十九世纪美国现实主义文学泰斗，提拔许多年轻作家His defined realism: nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material.不加一分，不减一分，百分之百描写现实。中央视角：an objective point of view 8、the greatest of Americas realists: Mark Twain usually short
27、 简单; plots are exceedingly clever and interesting，humor abounds 情节极度聪明有趣并富于幽默; the end is always surprising 结尾意外; contain a great deal of slang and colloquial expressions 使用大量的俚语和口语.代表作：“ The Four Million”四百万 小说集 、“The Gift of the Magi”麦琪的礼物 单部小说 6、Henry James 亨利 詹姆斯 novelist 小说家；Literature theoreti
28、cian 文学理论家，从小受欧洲教育12心理现实主义的开创者：the founder of psychological realism. The literary career of him is generally divided into three periods, in the first periods, James took great interest in international theme; exemplify the mature and formidable style of a third literary period, which critics have co
29、me to praise as “The Major Phase”.特点：(1)deeply into the individual psychology of his characters, writing in a rich and intricate style that supported his intense scrutiny of complex human experience.深刻探讨人物人性心理，用深厚、复杂的写作方式对复杂的个人经历进行揣摩(2)1st person and 3rd person narration，第一和第三人称的叙述(3)omniscient 全视角是
30、不真实的 ;家庭背景：father: philosopher 哲学家, 富有；brother: psychologist, philosopher 心理学家, 哲学家；创作原则：The art of Fiction 小说的艺术;art vs. life, brings the meaning of life;贡献 contribution：in his critical commentaries, he made major contributions to the art of fiction itself, helping to transform the novel from its a
31、lliance with journalism and romantic story-telling into an art from of penetrating analysis of individuals confronting society, chronicles of the psychological perceptions that James himself defined as the highest from of experience. 詹姆斯把小说从新闻形式和浪漫故事转变成为了对个人在社会大环境中面对种种冲突，进行深刻剖析的文学形式；对人们心理感受进行反映的一种文学
32、形式，他把这种定义为人生感受的最高形式。代表作： “The American”、“ Daisy Miller”、“The Portrait of a Lady”(早期最好的作品)美国人 黛西米勒 一个贵妇人的画像Last full-length novel =“The Wings of the Dove”、“ The Ambassadors”、“The Golden Bowl”晚期，长篇小说 鸽翼 大使 金碗The name of the heroine “in the Portrait of a Lady” is Isabel Acher. The novel is representati
33、ve of the best of James mature work. The plot concerns the courtship, marriage, and development of the character of Isabel Archer, a young American girl who has been left penniless by the death of her father. The intricate novel of psychological and moral interrelationships is in one sense another t
34、reatment of the Jamesian theme of the American in conflict with European culture and in another sense the most personal of his novels, an intimate picture of a womans soul presented with masterly psychological finesse. 7、Jack London 杰克伦敦代表作：“ The People of the Abyss”深渊中的人们 、“ The Call of the Wild”荒野
35、的呼唤、“The Sea Wolf”海狼、“Martin Eden”马丁伊登(autobiographical novel 自传体小说)while embracing the socialism of Marx, London also believed in the triumph of the strongest individuals. This contradiction is most vividly projected in the patently autobiographical novel. 138、Theodore Dreiser 西奥多德莱塞代表作： “Sister Ca
36、rrie” 嘉莉妹妹 the first novel, which traces the material rise of Carrie Meeber and the tragic decline of G. W. Hurstwood.讲述了嘉丽米贝的发迹和 G. W.伍兹的悲剧性陨落。“Jannie Gerhardt”珍妮姑娘，嘉莉妹妹的姐妹篇“The Financier”金融家、“The Titan”巨人、“The Stoic”斯多葛-Trilogy of Desire 欲望三部曲“An American Tragedy”美国悲剧，The identification of potency
37、 with money is at the heart of Dreisers greatest and most successful novel,德莱塞最恢宏、最成功的小说，表达了金钱万能的主题。五、20 世纪文学(Twentieth-century Literature）一、Background World War I 第一次世界大战， America have great profit. Jump in technology (automobile / radio) 科技方面的跳跃 （汽车/ 收音机） old moral code breaks 旧道德体系破碎 1、Imagism 意象
38、派：is a poetic movement of England and the United States, flourished from 1909-1917. Its credo, expressed in Some Imagist Poets, included the use of the language of common speech, project matter, the evocation of images in hard, clear poetry, and concentration. 2、Lost Generation：迷惘的一代 ，Writers of the
39、 first postwar era self-consciously acknowledged that they were a “Lost Generation,” devoid of faith and alienated from a civilization. It describes the Americans who remained in Paris as a colony of “expatriates” or exiles. It describes the writers like Hemingway who lived in semipoverty. It descri
40、bes the Americans who returned to their native land with an intense awareness of living in an unfamiliar changing world.3、 Modernism 现代主义：is loosely a synonym of anything contemporary. Strictly, especially in literary criticism, which began in the late 19th century and the theory of psycho-analysis
41、as its theoretical base. They pay more attention to the psychic time than the chronological one. 4、现代主义的标志：T. S. Eliots “The Waste Land”, the most significant American poem of the twentieth century, helped to establish a modern tradition of literature rich with learning and allusive thought. 5、典型的迷惘
42、一代：F. Scott Fitzgerald, “The Great Gatsby” 了不起的盖茨比 novelErnest Hemingway “The Sun Also Rises”太阳照样升起 “A Farwell to Arms”告别了，武器William Faulkner “The Sound and the Fury” 喧嚣与骚动 6、Playwrights 戏剧、剧作家：Eugene ONeill(诺贝尔奖) “The Emperor Jones”琼斯皇帝、“Anna Christie”安娜.克里斯蒂、“The Hairy Ape”毛猿 147、The Jazz Age(享乐时代
43、)：when New Orleans musicians moved “up the river” to Chicago, and the theatre of New Yorks Harlem pulsed with the music that had become a symbol of the times. Fitzgerald portrays the Jazz Age as a generation of “the beautiful and damned”, drowning in their pleasures. 二、代表作家：1、Ezra Pound 埃兹拉 庞德 诗人Ima
44、gism 意象派的代表人物。Pound and Eliot became the early leaders in restoring to poetry the use of literary reference as an imaginative instrument. 庞德和爱略特都是运用意象主义作为文学表现手法的早期诗人。major work of poetry is the long poem called “The Cantos” 诗章 2、Robert Frost 罗伯特 弗洛斯特 自然主义诗人 poet诗歌特点和内容：(1)rejected the revolutionary
45、poetic principles of his contemporaries, choosing instead “the old-fashioned way to be new.” He employed the plain speech of rural New Englanders and preferred the short, traditional forms of lyric and narrative.(2)He saw nature as a storehouse of analogy and symbol.(3)His concern with nature reflec
46、ted deep moral uncertainties, and his poetry, for all its apparent simplicity, often probes mysteries of darkness and irrationality in the bleak and chaotic landscapes of an indifferent universe where men stand alone, unaided and perplexed.he become a national bard 美国民族诗人的翘首, win four Pulitzer Prize
47、s 获得了四次普利兹奖.“The Road Not Taken”、“Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”向往大自然，想逃避社会；死亡、迷惑 3、 Wallace Stevens 华莱士斯蒂文斯 诗人His work is primarily motivated by the belief that “ideas of order,” that is ,true ideas, correspond with an innate order in nature and universe, and that it is the high privilege of
48、 individuals and mankind to discover this correspondence. 作品动机起源于秩序理念，他的秩序就是真理，就是自然与宇宙天然一致的次序，是人类与个体发现这种一致性的特权。代表作：“ The Man with the Blue Guitar”带蓝吉他的人 ；“Necessary Angel”必要的天使，collection of his occasional lectures on poetry 诗歌的评论.“Anecdote of the Jar”坛子的轶事jar man made art, wildness nature, jar brin
49、g order/meaning to the nature, 艺术到自然的秩序， integrated 统一体特点：(1)he adopted a variety of experimental styles, created poetic surfaces of Frenchified elegance, exotic imagery, odd sounds, curious analogies, and inscrutable titles.尝试过多种实验性的写作风格。15(2)he confronted the contemporary abandonment of traditional values and sought to come to terms with the confusions of hi
