1、语法专题一 名词和冠词,-2-,高考感悟,考点归纳,1.(2018全国,语篇填空改编)The study showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all (cause). 2.(2018全国,语篇填空)This switch has decreased (pollute) in the countrys major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for
2、people. 3.(2018全国,语篇填空)Unexpectedly,Im face-to-face with the gorilla,who begins screaming at top of her lungs.,1.causes cause是可数名词,根据前面的修饰语all可知,该名词要用复数形式。 2.pollution decrease“减少”,是及物动词,后接名词做宾语,故填pollution。 3.the at the top of her lungs“大声喊叫”,为固定搭配。,-3-,高考感悟,考点归纳,4.(2017全国,语篇填空)She is determined to
3、 carry on with her (educate). 5.(2017全国,语篇填空)She has turned down several _ (invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies. 6.(2017全国,语篇填空改编)It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible (crowd) on the roads.,4.education 根据此处句意及空前的her可知,educate需用名词形
4、式。 5.invitations 她拒绝了好几个邀请,所以invitation要用复数形式。 6.crowds 根据前面的terrible可知,这里用名词crowd的复数形式,表示“人群”。,-4-,高考感悟,考点归纳,7.(2017全国,语篇填空改编)This included building a strong roof over top. 8.(2017全国,语篇填空)Instead,she is earning 6,500 a day as model in New York. 9.(2016全国,语篇填空)Recent (study) show that we are far mor
5、e productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.,7.the 这里特指地铁的顶部。意思是在地铁的顶部建了一个坚固的顶棚。 8.a as a model “作为一名模特”。 9.studies 根据后面的谓语动词show可知,此处主语要用复数形式,用studies。以辅音字母+y结尾的名词变复数时需要将y变为i再加-es。,-5-,高考感悟,考点归纳,10.(2016全国,语篇填空)Then,handle the most important tasks first so youll feel a real sense of (ach
6、ieve). 11.(2016全国,语篇填空)Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for while,exercising,or doing something you enjoy. 12.(2016全国,语篇填空)The nursery team switches him every few (day) with his sister so that while one is being bottle-fed, other is with mumshe never suspects.,10.achievement of为介词
7、,后面用名词形式。 11.a for a while “一会儿”,为固定搭配。 12.days;the 根据前面的修饰词few可知,第一个空用名词的复数形式。根据前面出现的代词one可知,第二个空用定冠词the修饰other,特指两个中的“另一个”。,-6-,高考感悟,考点归纳,13.(2016全国,语篇填空)But for tourists like me,pandas are its top(attract). 14.(2016四川,语篇填空)Any smell might attract natural _ (enemy) that would try to eat the little
8、 panda. 15.(2015课标全国,语篇填空)In addition to their simple beauty, what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their (able) to “air condition” a house without using electric equipment.,13.attraction 根据前面的两个修饰词its top可知,此处用名词形式。 14.enemies 熊猫的敌人不止一个,故用复数形式。注意enemy变为复数时要把y变为i,然后再加-es。 15.ability 由空前的their可
9、知,此处应用able的名词形式,指他们的能力。,-7-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,六,一、可数名词的复数 1.规则变化,-8-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,六,-9-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,六,注意以-o结尾的下列名词要加-es,它们是:英雄爱吃土豆和西红柿,即heroes,potatoes,tomatoes。但下列以-o结尾的名词既可以加-es,也可以加-s,它们是:mosquitos (mosquitoes)蚊子,volcanos(volcanoes)火山。 以-f或-fe结尾的下列名词需要把f或fe去掉,加-ves。它们是:为了自己活命,小偷和
10、他的妻子手里拿着刀子和树叶站在架子上,把狼劈成两半,即selves,lives,thieves,wives,knives,leaves,shelves,wolves,halves。 但有的以-f结尾的名词既可以去掉f加-ves,也可以直接加-s,如:handkerchiefs (handkerchieves)手帕。 名词前有man或woman修饰,变复数时,做定语的man或woman和后面的名词都要变成复数。如:woman doctorwomen doctors,-10-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,六,2.不规则变化 常见单复数同形的名词 Chinese中国人;means方式;w
11、orks工厂;sheep绵羊;deer鹿;series系列; fish鱼;fruit水果等。其中 fish,fruit表示种类时,可加复数词尾,即fishes,fruits。 自身有特殊变化的名词 child孩子children man男人men foot脚,英尺feet tooth牙teeth medium传播媒介media mouse老鼠mice phenomenon现象phenomena,-11-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,六,3.有些名词通常只用复数。如:glasses眼镜,clothes衣服,goods货物,trousers裤子,belongings所有物,wages工
12、资,riches财富,surroundings环境,ashes灰尘,compasses圆规,cattle牛,congratulations祝贺等。有些固定搭配中的名词通常用复数。如:have words with sb.同某人吵架,in high spirits 情绪高昂,give ones regards to sb.向某人问候,in rags衣衫褴褛,have good manners 有礼貌等。,-12-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,六,二、不可数名词 1.不可数名词没有单复数之分,它包括抽象名词、物质名词和专有名词。例如:fun,advice,weather,progres
13、s,information,bread,butter, baggage,clothing,equipment,furniture,homework,juice,luggage,luck, music,milk,meat,production,permission,rice,soup,wealth,health, English,America 等。 Wealth starts with a goal and saving a dollar at a time. 财富始于一个目标,要一美元一美元地积攒。,-13-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,六,2.有些名词既可以用作可数名词,也可以
14、用作不可数名词,但意义不同。例如:work“工作”(不可数),“作品;著作”(可数);glass“玻璃” (不可数),“杯子”(可数);room“空间”(不可数),“房间”(可数); experience “经验”(不可数),“经历”(可数);paper“纸”(不可数),“报纸、文件、试卷”(可数)。,-14-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,六,名词所有格表示所属关系,它分-s所有格和of所有格两种形式。 1.-s所有格 多用来表示有生命的东西。 Many students eyesight is getting poorer and poorer. 很多学生的视力变得越来越差了。
15、用and连接的并列名词的所有格要分两种情况,即表示各自的所有关系时,要分别在并列名词后加-s或;表示共同的所有关系时,只在最后一个名词后加-s或。,-15-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,六,Toms and Jims rooms 汤姆和吉姆(各自)的房间 Tom and Jims room 汤姆和吉姆(共同)的房间 表示店铺、办公室或某人的家时,名词所有格后被修饰的名词一般省略。 at the barbers在理发店 at the teachers在老师办公室,-16-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,六,2.of所有格 表示无生命的事物的名词通常用of所有格表示所有关系;
16、名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用of 所有格。 From the top of the hill,you can get a birds view of the city. 从山顶上,你可以鸟瞰整个城市。 3.双重所有格 指名词所有格或名词性物主代词同of构成的所有格,即 “of+名词所有格”。 a play of Shakespeares莎士比亚的一个戏剧 a friend of my wifes我妻子的一个朋友,-17-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,六,1.动词变名词的后缀,-18-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,六,-19-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,
17、四,五,六,-20-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,六,2.形容词变名词的后缀,-21-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,六,-22-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,六,不定冠词表示泛指,一般修饰可数名词单数。a用于以辅音音素开头的单词前,an用于以元音音素开头的单词前。例如:a pen 一支笔 an old man 一位老人 一、不定冠词的基本用法 1.用在首次提到的人或物的可数名词单数前面,泛指某(一)个人或某(一)个事物。 The “Chinese Dream” is a dream to improve peoples well-being and a dr
18、eam of harmony,peace and development. “中国梦”是一个改善民生的梦,一个和谐、和平、发展之梦。,-23-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,六,2.表示“一”,相当于one,如:Ill return in a day or two. 3.表示“每”,相当于per,常用于表示时间、重量、长度等单位前。如:We have three meals a day. 4.表示“同一性”,常构成“of+a/an+名词”形式,相当于the same,如:The children are of an age. 5.表示类指,意为“某类”,如:He wants to b
19、e a doctor. 6.后面接人名可以表示“一个叫的人”,或是其作品。如:A Mr.Smith is asking to see you. 7.与抽象名词连用,可以表示“一场、一次、一件”。a success一件成功的事/一个成功的人,a pity一件遗憾的事,an honour一个引以为荣的人/一件引以为荣的事。 8.与物质名词连用,表示“一种、一阵、一份”。 What a heavy rain!,-24-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,六,9.序数词前使用冠词的情况 “the+序数词”表示排序;“a/an+序数词”不表示排序,而表示“又一;再一”。如: Mr.Li has d
20、ecided to buy a second car. I have failed twice,but Ill try a third time. 10.比较级和最高级前冠词的选择 “a/an+比较级”表示“(众多人或事物中)比更的一个”,属于泛指;“the+比较级”表示“两者中较的一个”。“the+最高级”表示三者或三者以上的人或事物中“最的一个”;“a most+形容词”表示“一个很/非常”,此时后面没有比较范围,most只表示“很,非常”,如: Tom is the older of the two boys. The first unit is a most difficult par
21、t but not the most difficult.,-25-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,六,二、常用不定冠词的固定搭配 all of a sudden突然 as a matter of fact事实上 once a week每星期一次 at a loss不知所措,茫然 be on a visit参观,拜访 be/go on a diet节食 give sb.a lift让某人搭便车 have a gift for.在方面有天赋 have a good time玩得开心 have a word with.与谈话 in a hurry匆忙地 in a way从某种意义上说 m
22、ake a living谋生 take a walk散步 take an interest in.对感兴趣 take/have a rest休息一会儿,-26-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,六,一、定冠词的基本用法 1.特指上文提到过的、特定的人或事物,或双方都明确的人或事物 I have a car.The car is red. Pass me the book,please. 2.表示某一类人或物。如:The bike is a useful means of transportation. 3.用于世上独一无二的事物名词前。如:the universe,the moon,t
23、he Pacific Ocean 4.用于乐器前。如:play the violin,play the guitar 5.表示“一家人”或“夫妇”。如: Could you tell me the way to the Greens,please? Sorry,we dont have a Green here in the village.,-27-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,六,6.用于表示国家、党派等以及江、河、湖、海、山川、群岛等名词前。如: the United States,the Communist Party of China 7.用于表示发明物的单数名词前。如:
24、 The compass was invented in China. 8.在逢十的复数数词之前,指世纪的某个年代。如: in the 1990s(在20世纪90年代) 9.用于表示度量单位的名词前。如: I hired the car by the hour.(对比I hired the car by time.) 10.用于形容词和分词前表示一类人。如:the rich,the living,the wounded,-28-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,六,11.用于方位名词、身体部位名词前。如:The sun rises in the east. hit sb.on the
25、head 12.用于普通名词转化而来的专有名词前。如:the Great Wall,the West Lake 13.与比较级和最高级连用。如: the+比较级,the+比较级,表示“越越”。 The more,the better. 表示两者间“较的一个”,比较级前加the。 Who is the taller of the two boys? 三者或三者以上相比较,表示最高程度时,用“the+最高级”的结构表示。这种句式一般常有表示比较范围的介词短语。如: Mary is the tallest child in her family.,-29-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,六
26、,二、常用定冠词的固定搭配 at the moment此刻,目前 at the same time同时 by the way顺便说一下 on the spot当场 make the best/most of.充分利用 in the distance在远处 in the end最终 in the habit of有的习惯 the other day前几天 on the one hand.,on the other hand.一方面,另一方面 to the point中肯,切题,-30-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,六,一、零冠词的基本用法 1.专有名词、物质名词和抽象名词表示一般概念
27、时,其前不用冠词。 Beijing is the capital of China. Kindness is virtue. Snow dissolves into water.,-31-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,六,2.表示季节、月份、星期、节假日、棋类、球类、学科、一日三餐、语言、运动等的名词前一般不加冠词。 Spring is the best season of the year. I have been studying in this college since July,2015. We have a seven-day holiday on Chinas Nat
28、ional Day. Tom enjoys playing chess. The boys like playing football after class. They can choose other subjects like Art and Computer Science. Do you have breakfast at home or at school?,-32-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,六,3.称呼语、自己的家庭成员及表示头衔、职务的名词做表语、补足语及同位语时,一般不加冠词但用作主语或宾语时要用冠词。 Sam has been appointed manag
29、er of the engineering department to take the place of George. Im captain of the class team at school. The chairman declared the meeting open. 4.当by与表示交通工具的名词连用表示方式时,名词前不用冠词。 Id rather travel by bus than airplane.,-33-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,六,二、常用零冠词的固定搭配 in fact事实上 for example例如 in danger在危险中 with ple
30、asure高兴地 in time及时 in fear恐惧地 at work在上班 at dinner在吃饭 after school放学后 at first起初 at last最终 by hand手工做的 pay attention to注意 set fire to放火 take pride in以为豪 take care of照顾,-34-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,六,take office就职 take part in参加 in town在城里 keep.in mind牢记 in trouble处在麻烦中 on foot步行 leave word留言 on time按时 c
31、atch sight of看见 do harm to对有害 lose weight减肥,-35-,.单句填空 1.Driven by the (curious) in my heart,I came to China and took part in a cruise along part of the river last year. (2018武汉武昌区调研) 2.It is reported the housing prices in some big cities which fall in different (degree).(2018北京石景山模考) 3.He is going
32、to visit university which is located in the west of USA.(2018北京海淀区期末),1.curiosity 根据前面的冠词the可知,此处应填名词形式。driven by the curiosity意为“受好奇心驱使”。 2.degrees degree是可数名词,根据前面的different可知,此处要用复数形式。 3.a university是以辅音音素开头的单数可数名词,此处是泛指,所以填a。,-36-,4.Later,her role as Queen Amidala in Star Wars made her _ interna
33、tional superstar.(2018浙江嘉兴模考) 5.Lighter tea with jasmine(茉莉),rose or other (flower), usually served after dinner,is special to Chinas Changjiang River regions.(2017河南郑州高中第一次质量预测) 6.However,as for William and Kate,the (decide) to dress George in shorts is more likely down to the tradition than a clas
34、s issue.(2017河北石家庄高三复习教学质量检测),4.an 根据句意可知,她成了一位国际巨星,表示泛指“一个”,且international以元音音素开头,前面需用不定冠词an。 5.flowers flower是可数名词,由前面的other可知,此处表示复数概念。 6.decision 根据定冠词the可知,空处用名词形式。,-37-,7.I eventually came to long staircase.(2017山西八校高三第一次联考) 8.Like university students,the US high school students have the (free
35、) to choose the courses that most interest them. 9.When Sammy looked up,the train was just a couple of (foot) away.,7.a staircase作“楼梯”讲时是可数名词,且其前无限定词修饰,故用不定冠词a表示泛指。 8.freedom 由定冠词the可知,此处应用名词,即freedom。 9.feet a couple of后跟可数名词的复数形式。故填foot的复数形式feet。,-38-,10.Actually with my (confident) built up,I now
36、 turn out to be a great speaker. 11.Art creates (aware) of social issues. 12.Four boys were taking walk in the woods near Montaigne. 13.Experts hope whole society pays more attention to the mental health of adolescents.,10.confidence 由形容词性物主代词my可知,此处应用名词形式,即confidence。 11.awareness create是动词,后面应用名词做
37、宾语。故填awareness。 12.a take a walk为固定短语,意为“散步”,故用不定冠词a。 13.the the whole society意为“全社会”,为固定用法,故填the。,-39-,14.Solving problem of plastic pollution is important. 15.I dont remember the first two operations very well,but I do recall third. 16.Art is means of communication. 17.My parents had moved to Engl
38、and from India during 1970s.,14.the 因problem后有of plastic pollution做后置定语,表示特指,故填the。 15.the 序数词前一般用定冠词the修饰,表示第几的概念。 16.a 此处表泛指,艺术是一种交流的方式。故填a。 17.the the 1970s为固定用法,意为“20世纪70年代”;表示“某世纪某年代”时应在数字前加the。,-40-,.单句改错 1.Could you please give me some advices on how to behave properly?2.There goes a old sayi
39、ng,“When in Rome,do as the Romans do.” 3.We talked about what measure should be taken to improve the situation.,advicesadvice advice是不可数名词,没有复数形式。aan old是元音音素开头的单词,其前要用不定冠词an。measuremeasures take measures to do sth.“采取措施做某事”, measure要用复数形式,指“措施”。,-41-,4.But I call on all the people to take action an
40、d put end to the low-quality food. 5.English has become a global language,so Im convinced that learning English is of great useful.6.Hotpot is the delicious choice.,end前加an put an end to “结束”,是固定短语。usefuluse be of great use=be useful 意为“有用的”。thea 这里choice是泛指,表示“一个选择”,因此要把the改为a。,-42-,7.Its common fo
41、r a man to sit cross-legged on the floor,but its not considered acceptable for woman to do so.(2016郑州第三次质检)8.Then we visited lecture hall behind the lab building.(2016济南5月针对性训练),woman前加a woman是单数可数名词,这是泛指“一位妇女”。lecture前加the 这里特指实验楼后的报告厅,因此用定冠词the。,-43-,9.In the centre we saw a group of student playi
42、ng musical instruments.(2016济南5月针对性训练)10.There is a park just outside our building,so we have a pleasant view of grass and trees from our living room with two window.(2016济南5月针对性训练),studentstudents student是单数可数名词,其前有a group of,因此要用复数形式students。windowwindows 根据其前的two 可知,window要改为复数形式。,-44-,.语篇填空 Vill
43、ages in developing countries often lack many things:books,clean water,electricity.These shortages are easy to see.But 1._ different kind of shortage is not easy to see.That is 2. _ shortage of experts.Many villages have no doctors,engineers or scientists.They have no one who knows how to treat unusu
44、al medical 3. (problem) or design a new expert system.There is a way to ease 4. problems.They can do it with 5. .,1.a 此处表示泛指,指另一不同种类的缺乏。 2.the 此处特指“专家的缺乏”,故用定冠词the。 3.problems problem是可数名词,这里指医疗方面的问题,故用复数形式。 4.the 此处特指上文提到的这些问题,故用定冠词the。 puters/a computer 从后文的computer scientists以及后文的关于计算机的陈述可知,这里是用计
45、算机解决这个问题。,-45-,In 6. past few years,computer scientists around the world have developed what they call “expert systems”.An expert system is a special kind of computer program.In some situations,it can take 7. place of 8. human expert.For example,an expert in the medical system can help to take care
46、of a sick person.After asking a few 9. (question) of the patient,it can tell what medicine or other 10. (treat) is needed.,6.the in the past few years“在过去的几年里”为固定结构,故用the。 7.the take the place of “代替;取代”为固定搭配。 8.a 根据句意“它能取代一个人类专家”,表示泛指,又因空格后的单词以辅音音素开头,故用不定冠词a。 9.questions 此处表示向病人提问几个问题。 10.treatment
47、 由other可知,这里用动词treat的名词形式。,-46-,.短文改错 (2017安徽高三阶段性测试) This morning,I got an email from the library.It said the book I reserved was ready to be picking up.Because I had always been waiting to read it,so at that moment I was very exciting.Outside the library,I saw the man driving around the small park
48、ing lot,try to find a parking space.He head for the disabled parking space,the only one that was free.He got off his car with a pile of library book to return.Seeing that,I offered to return them to him.He thanked me and jumped quick in his car and drove off,keeping the disabled parking space free f
49、or someone needed it.,-47-,-48-,1.pickingpicked 根据语境可知,pick up和句子主语book构成逻辑上的动宾关系,故用被动语态。 2.删除so so和because都是连词,不能同时使用,故删除so。(删除Because保留so也是可以的。) 3.excitingexcited excited一般修饰人,而exciting一般修饰物。 4.thea man第一次在语境中出现,故用不定冠词修饰。 5.trytrying try与drive是并列关系,都是非谓语动词的用法,表示a man的动作,故用动词-ing形式做状语。 6.headheaded 由后面的“was free”可知,应用一般过去时。 7.bookbooks 根据a pile of可知,书不止一本,故用复数形式。 8.tofor 介词for表示“为了”,符合语境。 9.quickquickly 此处应用副词修饰动词jumped,在句子中做状语。 10.someone后加who who引导定语从句,在从句中做主语。,
