1、Contents,1,2,General introduction,Affixation (30%-40%) Compounding (28%-30%) Conversion ( 26%),The most productive methods,Shortening(8%-10%),Blending 1%-5%,clipping,acronymy,Backformation,Sound reduplication,Lead-in,Word formation refers to the process of how words are formed,Eg: politicspolitical
2、apolitical politicianpolitical prisoner,3,Affixation=derivation,affixation,prefixation,suffixation,1. Affixation,Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding affixes to bases.Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to bases.Suffixation is the formation of
3、new words by adding suffixes to bases.,4,1.1 Prefixation,5,The major prefixes can be classified into 10 categories by their meaning. Negative Prefixes否定前缀 Reversative or privative prefixes逆反前缀 Pejorative prefixes贬义前缀 Prefixes of degree or size表范围和程度的前缀 Prefixes of orientation and attitude表方向和态度的前缀 L
4、ocative prefixes方位前缀 Prefixes of time and order表时间和顺序的前缀 Number prefixes数字前缀 Conversion prefixes转化前缀 Miscellaneous prefixes其他类型的前缀,1.1 Prefixation,6,Classify the words into types of prefixations:unhappy multi-dimentional non-violence malodorous bilingual, archbishop, subway, hemisphere foresight ant
5、isocial,uniform, translate endanger neo-Nazi miniskirt postwar befriend, triangle, decode,1.1 Prefixation,7,1.1 Prefixation,8,1) Negative prefixes (1),un,1) Negative prefixes (2),non,1) Negative prefixes (3),dis,1) Negative prefixes,2) Reversative prefixes (1),un,2) Reversative prefixes (2),de,2 Rev
6、ersative prefixes (3),dis,2) Reversative prefixes,3) Pejorative prefixes (1),mis,3) Pejorative prefixes (2),mal,3) Pejorative prefixes (3),pseudo,3) Pejorative prefixes,4) Prefixes of degree or size (1),arch,4) Prefixes of degree or size (2),super,4) Prefixes of degree or size (3),out,1.1 Prefixes o
7、f degree or size,24,5) Prefixes of attitude (1),co,5) Prefixes of attitude (2),counter,5) Prefixes of attitude (3),anti,5) Prefixes of attitude,6) Locative prefixes (1),sub,6) locative prefixes (2),inter,6) locative prefixes (3),trans,6) locative prefixes,7) Prefixes of time and order (1),fore,7) Pr
8、efixes of time and order (2),pre,7) Prefixes of time and order (3),post,7) Prefixes of time and order,8) Number prefixes (1),semi,hemi,8) Number prefixes (2),uni,mono,8) Number prefixes (3),bi,di,8) Number prefixes,8)Number prefixes,9) Conversion prefixes (1),a,9) Conversion prefixes (2),be,Before n
9、ouns and adjectives to form transitive verbs befriend (to behave as a friend to) becloud (to cover with clouds使遮暗, 蒙蔽) benumb (To make numb, especially by cold;To make inactive; dull:使失去知觉：使失去活力；使迟钝 belittle becalm (To make calm or still; soothe)使平静：成为安静的或静止的；使镇静) With nouns plus ed to yield adjecti
10、ves bespectacled( Wearing eyeglasses) Benighted(Overtaken by night or darkness陷入黑暗;Being in a state of moral or intellectual darkness; unenlightened)蒙昧的：处于道德或智力的愚昧状态的；未启蒙的),9)Conversion prefixes (3),en,en-( em before p,b,m),Before nouns or adjectives to create transitive verbs 使成为 使处于状态 Before nouns
11、, enslave(cause to be); empower(v) 授权） embody (v) 体现） endanger(V)使处于危险之中) Before adjectives to form verbs enable enrich enlarge endear使受喜爱 ensure担保,9) Conversion prefixes,10) Miscellaneous prefixes (1),auto,10) Miscellaneous prefixes (2),neo,10) Miscellaneous prefixes,Exercises 用否定前缀in-(及其变体), un-,
12、non-构成下列单词反义词,1.mature: 2. regular: 3.considerate: 4.noble: 5.contentious: 6.legitimate 7.metal: 8.passive: 9.ferrous 10.accuracy: 11.endurable: 12.variance 13.inductive: 14.legible: 15.reasonable 16.rational: 17.scrupulous: 18.staple 19:balance: 20.legalize:,Keys to the exercises,52,1. immature 2.
13、irregular 3. inconsiderate 4. ignoble 不光彩的 5. noncontentious非争论性的 6. illegitimate 不合法的 7. nonmetal 8. impassive 冷漠的 9. nonferrous不含铁的 10. inaccuracy 11. unendurable 12. invariance 13. noninductive 无电感的 14. illegible难辨认的 15. unreasonable 不合理的非理智的 16. irrational adj. 不合理的；无理性的；荒谬的 n. 无理数17. unscrupulo
14、us 无道德的 18. nonstaple n.副产品 adj.副的，非主要的 19: unbalance 20. illegalize 使成为非法,1.2 Suffixation,53,Why is the classification of suffixes different from the classification of prefixes?Prefixes primarily effect a semantic modification of the base, while suffixes have only a small semantic role, their prima
15、ry function being to change the grammatical function of the base, i.e. the change of the word class with a slight modification of meaning. Therefore, we shall treat suffixes on a grammatical basis as noun suffixes, adjective suffixes , etc. in contrast to the treatment of prefixes on a semantic basi
16、s.,1.2 Suffixation,54,We treat suffixes on grammatical basis as Noun suffixes名词后缀 Adjective suffixes形容词后缀 Adverb suffixes副词后缀 Verb suffixes动词后缀,1.2 Suffixation,55,What are denominal suffixes and deverbal suffixes? Denominal noun suffixes 加在名词上的名词后缀Suffixes which are added to noun bases to produce no
17、uns are called . Deverbal noun suffixes加在动词上的名词后缀suffixes which are added to verb bases to produce nouns are called .,De-nominal Noun suffixes (1),ster,Involved in,De-nominal Noun suffixes(2),eer,Skilled in；engaged in,De-nominal Noun suffixes (3),ful,De-verbal Noun suffixes (1),ant,Occupation and pa
18、rticipation;,De-verbal Noun suffixes (2),ing,De-adjective Noun suffixes (1),ness,De-adjective Noun suffixes (2),ity,De-adjective Noun suffixes (2),ity,Noun and adjective suffixes,Some suffixes, when added to bases related to human beings or nationality names, yield words that can be used both as nou
19、ns and adjectives. -ese: Chinese; Lebanese; officialese -an, -ian: Australian, Cambodian -ist: racist, socialist -ite: Chomskyite, Thatcherite,Noun suffixes,Noun suffixes,Adjective suffixes,De-nominal adjective suffixes De-verbal adjective suffixes,De-nominal Adjective suffixes (1),like,De-nominal A
20、djective suffixes (2),less,De-nominal Adjective suffixes (3),y,De-verbal Adjective suffixes (1),able (ible),De-verbal Adjective suffixes (2),ful,Adjective Suffixes,Adjective Suffixes,Adjective Suffixes,Adverb suffixes (1),ly,Adverb suffixes (2),ward (s),Adverb Suffixes,Verb suffixes (1),-ify,make, e
21、ndow with,Verb suffixes (2),ize,involving or related to,Verb suffixes (4),ate,Give or make or become,Exercises:填入适当的后缀形式,82,1)-able, ible: dispens_, convert_, toler_, revers_ 2)-ant, -ent: assist_, resist_, consist_, persist_ 3) ar, er, or:calculat_, li_, subscrib_, surviv_ 4)ary, ery:confection_, a
22、dverse_, tribut_, monast_ 5)ious, ous, eous, uous:caprice_任性, contempt_, moment_, spontan_,Keys:,83,1) dispensable, convertible, tolerable, reversible 2) assistant, resistent, consistent, persistent 3) calculator, liar, subscriber订户, survivor 4) confectionery 糖果店, adversary敌手, tributary支流, monastery
23、修道院 5) capricious反复无常的, contemptuous轻蔑的, momentous重大的, spontaneous,将下列词变成动词, 选词填空, 完成句子.,84,hard, horror, modern, memory, false, apology, deep, glory, sterile, length, intense, beauty, fat, sympathy 1.He_for interrupting her. 2.She tried to_ her room with posters and plants. 3.A study has been order
24、ed into the feasibility of _the airports main runway by two hundred meters. 4.However much they _with her, they all felt it was her fault. 5.Soya is excellent food to _cattle. 6. She laughed and that seemed to _her voice. 7.Forty thousand pound had been spent on _the station. 8._the bottles by immer
25、sing them in boiling water for 15 minutes.,Keys：,85,1. apologized 2. beautify 3. lengthening 4. Sympathized 5. fatten 6. deepen 7 . modernize 8. Sterilizeharden (harden ones heart), horrify( a horrifying sight), memorize (memorize the words), falsify(falsify records 伪造记录）, glorify（glorify the heros
26、deeds), intensify (intensify the difference),2. Compounding 复合法,86,Definition of compounding and compounds(复合词) The formation of new words by joining two or more bases. Word forms in compounding are called compounds, which are a “lexical unit consisting of more than one base and functioning both gra
27、mmatically and semantically as a single word.”Three written forms of compounds: silkworm honey-bee tear gas,Characteristics of compounds,87,(The difference between compounds and noun phrases复合词和自由词组之间的区别) -Phonetic features: The word stress usually occurs on the first element. In case of two stresse
28、s, the compound has the primary and secondary stress. But there are some exceptions. -Semantic features: Semantic unity: Every compound should express a single idea just as one word. -Grammatical features: Playing a single grammatical role in a sentence -Orthographical features: In most cases, compo
29、unds are written either “solid” or “hyphenated”, thus easy to recognize.,Formation of Compounds,88,Noun compounds Adjective compounds Verb compounds Through conversion: nickname; first-name Through backformation: lip-reading to lip-read chain-smoker to chain-smoke,Formation of Compounds,89,Noun comp
30、ounds(1) n+n: moon walk, end product (2) n+v: toothache, frostbite(3) v+n: crybaby, tell-tale(4) a+n: deadline, blueprint(5) n+v-ing: brainwashing, air-conditioning(6) v-ing+n: cleaning lady, wading bird(7) n+v-er: stockhoder, crime reporter(8) adv+v: outbreak, downfall(9) v+adv: sit-in, have-not(10
31、) v-ing+adv: going-over, carryings-on(11) adv+v-ing: up-bringing,Formation of Compounds,90,2. Adjective compounds n+v-ing: law-abiding, record-breaking a+v-ing: easing-going, high-sounding n+a: warweary, thread-bare a+a: deaf-mute, bitter-sweet n+v-ed: custom-built, town-bred a(adv)+v-ed: far-fetche
32、d, hard-won n(a)+n-ed: short-sighted, lion-hearted num+n: ten-storey, four-leg num+n-ed: one-eyed, two-legged adv+v-ing: forth-coming, out-going v-ed+adv: worn-out, washed-up,Formation of Compounds,91,Verb compounds-Through conversion nickname to nickname honeymoon to honeymoon moonlight to moonligh
33、t first-name to first-name -Through backformation lip-reading to lip-read bottle-feeding to bottle-feed mass-production to mass-produce,3. Conversion 转化法,92,Definition of conversion The formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class, i.e. by turning words of one part of spe
34、ech to those of another part of speech in traditional terms.New words are new only in a grammatical sense, since words are made do not change in morphological structure but in function, this process is also known as functional shift.,3. Conversion,93,Why is conversion called zero-derivation? Convers
35、ion is generally considered to be a derivational process whereby an item is adapted or converted to a new word class without the addition of an affix.Three kinds of conversion Conversion to Nouns Conversion to Verbs Conversion to Adjectives Words produced by conversion are primarily nouns, adjective
36、s and verbs, among which the conversion between nouns and verbs are the most productive.,3. Conversion,94,E.g : “round”He was knocked out in the first round. Round the number off . They gathered round the house. The moon was bright and round. People came from all the country round.,3. Conversion,95,
37、3.1 Conversion to nounsDe-verbal De-adjectival Miscellaneous conversion,3.1 Conversion to nouns,96,1) Deverbal （由动词转化而来的名词）Almost all monomorphemic (单语素结构的)verbs can be used as nouns， which are semantically related to the original verbs in various ways . State (of mind or sensation) (doubt; want; de
38、sire) Event or activity( search; laugh) Result of the action (catch捕获物; find发现物) Doer of the action( help; cheat, bore) Tool or instrument to do the action with (cover; wrap包裹物) Place of the action (pass关口; walk人行道),3.1 Conversion to nouns,97,2). de-adjectival 由形容词转化成的名词,Full conversion完全转化 A noun f
39、ully converted from an adjective has all the characteristics of nouns. It can take an indefinite article or (e)s to indicate singular or plural number. e.g two natives, the natives language; a returned native,Partial conversion 部分转化 Nouns partially converted from adjectives do not possess all the qu
40、alities a noun does. They must be used together with definite articles as nouns while retaining some of the adjective features. The gradable adjectives can keep their comparative or superlative degrees. Words in this category generally denote a group of the kind.,3.1 Conversion to nouns,98,3)Miscell
41、aneous conversion(其他类型的转换）Nouns converted from other classes as conjunctions, modals, finite verbs, prepositions, etc. Ins and outs在野党和执政党； 来龙去脉 Ifs and buts借口，托词 Hows and whys情况和原因,3.2 Conversion to verbs,99,The use of the verb converted is both economical and vivid.Three kinds of conversion to ver
42、bs Denominal: to pocket the money; to nurse the baby De-adjectival: The photograph yellowed with age. Miscellaneous conversion: The students tut-tut the idea.,3.3 Conversion to adjectives,100,It occurs mostly between nouns and adjectives. Eg: job opportunity, a gold ringIn some cases, conversion is
43、accompanied by certain non-affixal changes（无词缀的变化） which affect pronunciation or spelling or stress distribution.When nouns are converted to verbs当名词转化成动词时： Voiceless to voiced consonant eg:use Initial to end stress eg:permit,101,4 Blending 拼缀法DefinitionClassificationFeatures of blends Definition Th
44、e formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. 拼缀法是将两个词的某一部分合并或者在一个词上加上另外一个词的一部分而构成新词的方法。,102,4 Blending 拼缀法Point out how the following words are made. Smog Sci-fi Airtel Medicare skylab,103,smog （smoke + fog） fog intensified by smoke sci-fi (science
45、+ fiction)of, relating to, or being science fiction airtel (air + hotel)hotel situated at or close to an airport medicare (medical + care)a government program of medical care, esp. for the aged skylab (sky + laboratory)United States space station; in orbit from 1973 to 1979,104,Five types of blendin
46、g according to their morphological structures,Head + tail:The first part of the first word + the last part of the second one: Head + head: the first part of the first word + the first part of the second one Head + word: the first part of the first word + whole form of the second one Word + tail: who
47、le form of the first word + the last part of the second one Word + head: whole form of the first word + first part of the second one,camcorder camera + recorder 便携式摄像放像一体机;可携式摄像机 brunch breakfast +lunch autocide automobile + suicide 撞车自杀 Chinglish Chinese + English edutainment education+entertainmen
48、t 寓教于乐的出版品 autome automobile + home 流动住宅车,Head + tail,Head +head,psywar psychological + warfare 心理战 sitcom situation + comedy 连续剧；情景喜剧 telecon telecommunications +conference远程电信会议,Head + word,infoport information + port信息港 telestar telecommunications +star 电视卫星 paratroops parachute + troops空降部队 heli
49、port helicopter +port 直升飞机场 motown motor + town 汽车城 medicaid medical+aid公共医疗补助制 Guestimate Guess + estimate 瞎猜，瞎估计,word + tail,netizen net +citizen 网民 tourmobile tour + automobile 游览车 lunarnaut lunar + astronaut 登月宇航员 newscast news +broadcast 新闻广播 Videophone video + telephone 电视电话,Word + head,masscultmass +culture (通过商业化的广播、电视节目等传播的)大众文化 lasercomplaser + computer原是英国Monotype（蒙纳）公司近年发明的一种激光电脑的商标名。泛指激光与电脑结合使用的“排版机”。,
