1、 , , , , ( ) , , ( ) , ( ) , , , ( ) , ( ) ( ) , , ( ) ( ) ( ) , 1 9 5 19 5 1 , , 30 ( ) ( ) , ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) , l ( ) 1 9 3 8 ( ) z s ( ) 1056 ( ) 1 9 58 ( ) 1 9 6 4 ( ) 19 7 5 ! ; 1 9 2 3 31 19 32 34 1 9 50 55 19 53( ) 19 62 63 19 7 3( ) 7 400 32 00 9 2 00 3400 5000 1 6000 , , 19 2 5 1 0 19 32
2、 1 6 , , , , , , 19 31 , , , 1 9 38 ( ) , ( ) : , , , , , , , ; , , , , , , ? ? , , , : ( ) , ( ) , ( ) , . , , ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 19 36 , 19 4 5 : , , , , , , , , , (M at h e m at i cs ) , , M he o at i cs , 2 3 , , 28 1 4 , 1 3 , , , , , , , , , J , , ( ) , , ( ) , ( ) , , ( ) , , , , , ( ( ) ( ) , (
3、 ) : , m ry , to p ol , ( ) , , , , : , M an i fo l d 1 9 38 m a o i f o l d v a r i t , m u l t i p l i e i t - . , 1 9 56 m a n i f o l d , 1 9 7 4 ( , ) i f o l d ( ) + p ( ) = Q ( ) c C (x) ( , , ( 0 , , , L a g ra n ge , , , / , , , , y = c ( ) s p ( ) (4 ) ( , (4 ) ( i ) , , + ( ) = e , ( ) p ( ) C ( ) ( ) s p ( ) + p ( ) ( ) s p ( ) 1 . , y y , + P ( )y = ( ) c, ) , ( b) , C ( c , ( ) s p ( , ) = ( ) , y , + P ( y = 0 , = G , ( c ) ( 1 ) ( 2 ) (3 ) , C , = , + c ( ( 4 ) , ( i ) 2 4
