1、2011-9-18 外国语学院Translation I 翻 译 ITeacher: L Wenpeng（吕文澎）Homework of Unit 2：Pt. A Recitation task:1) 我们 坚持在和平共处五项原则，特别是在相互尊重、平等互利、互不干涉内政的基础上，同世界各国建立和发展友好合作关系 。We will establish and develop friendly relations and cooperation with all countries in the world on the basis of the Five Principles of Peace
2、ful Coexistence, especially of the principles of mutual respect, equality and mutual benefit and non-interference in each others internal affairs. 2) 许多农民进城打工正呈现增长的趋势，这一问题在世界上大部分城市已引起普遍关注。There is a growing tendency these days for many people who live in rural areas to come into and work in city. Th
3、is problem has caused wide public concern in most cities all over the world.3) The majority of students believe that part-time jobs will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills, which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets.大部分学生相信业余工作会使他们有更多
4、机会发展人际交往能力，而这对他们未来找工作是非常有好处的。4) Students who attend a boarding school would cultivate their independence as apart from their parents. 学生离开父母上寄宿学校，能培养他们的独立性。Pt.B Translation practice:一、翻译下列句子，注意语序的特点。1. Dont cry because it is over, smile because it happened. 2. I owe it to you that I am still alive.3
5、. I warmly welcome those reforms and that success.4. He had to quit the position and went in exile, having been deprived of his power. 5. Those who gain fame most often gain it as a result of possessing a single talent or skill: singing, dancing, painting, or writing, etc.6. The gap left where a too
6、th was drawn a fortnight ago has lost its soreness.7. She had such a kindly, smiling, tender, gentle, generous heart of her own. 8. The assertion that it was difficult, if not impossible, for a people to enjoy its basic rights unless it was able to determine freely its political status and to ensure
7、 freely its economic, social and cultural development was now scarcely contested. 9. 读书时先读读目录是十分必要的。10. 从兰州坐火车到北京需要 23 个小时。11. 本学期开十门课。12. 博览群书而不思考，非明智之举。13. 能在这样的场合发表演讲，我感到非常荣幸。14. 提高现有耕地单位面积产量有潜力。15. 对于大自然的爱好，我是多方面的，我爱山，但更爱海。二、翻译下列句子，留意虚词。1. It is toleration of what you dislike that characterizes
8、the liberal attitudes.2. She was so excited that the words failed her.3. She served me with coffee of a kind.4. Only after I had heard his explanation did I understand what it was all about.5. If a man couldnt walk into a room and tell who was for him and who was against him, then he wasnt much of a
9、 politician. 6. Even if you go there it wont do any good.7. And yet he found time for just the two of us.8. I am never at a loss for a word; he is never at a loss for the word.9. 无事不登三宝殿。10. 寡言者智。11. 你好好想想吧。12. 宁为玉碎，不为瓦全。13. 我以为你会帮我们呢。14. 我突然想到该走了。15. 说完这话，他瞥了女孩一眼。三、翻译下列句子，注意英语的屈折变化。1. I thought you
10、 had left.2. It was ten years since he had retired. 3. No young man believes he shall ever die. It was a saying of my brothers and a fine one.4. If someone hurts you, betrays you, or breaks your heart, forgive them, for they have helped you learn about trust and the importance of being cautious to w
11、hom you open your heart.5. A friend and I were standing in line at the grocery store the other day, and I was telling her how lazy my children were. 6. Stop for a moment and you will find life must not be in such a hurry.7. Had it not been for you, I would be a prisoner.8. For while both joy and sor
12、row are fleeting, and often intertwined, love has the power to overcome both. 9. 去的尽管去了，来的尽管来着。10. 说出来，有谁相信呢？我已经四天没吃饭了。11. 我与父亲不相见已二年余了。12. 花虽多，但无奇花异草。13. 我爱母亲，特别是她勤劳的一生，很多事情是值得我永远回忆的。14. 祖国和平统一，乃千秋功业。15. 善欲人见，不是真善；恶恐人知，便是大恶。第二单元练习参考答案Reference versions for the translation practice in Unit 2:一、翻译下列句
13、子，注意语序的特点。1 不要因为结束而哭泣。微笑吧，为你曾经的拥有。2 我能活到现在，真得谢谢你。3 我对这些改革及其成功表示热烈欢迎。4 他被剥夺了权力之后，只好离职，流落他乡。5 成名的人，大多因有一技之长如唱歌、舞蹈、绘画、写作等，而获此声誉的。6 两周前拔牙后留下的那个豁口现在已经不痛了。7 她心地善良，为人乐观，性情温柔，待人和蔼，慷慨大方。8 如果一个民族不能自由地决定其政治地位，不能自由地保证其经济、社会和文化的发展，要享受其基本权利，即使不是不可能，也是不容易的。这一论断，几乎是无可置辩的了。9. It is very necessary to read the content
14、s first.10. It takes 23 hours to go to Beijing from Lanzhou by train.11. There are 10 courses (for us to learn) this term.12. Its not wise to read widely without deep thinking. 13. I find it a great honor to be asked to make a speech on such occasion.14. There is potential for increasing the yield p
15、er unit area on the existing cultivated land. 15. I love diverse aspects of Mother Nature, but I love the sea more than the mountain.二、翻译下列句子，留意虚词。1. 自由态度的标志是能容忍你所不喜欢的东西。2 她激动得说不出话来。3. 她给我喝的咖啡不太好。4. 听了他的解释，我才知道事情的来龙去脉。5. 要是一个人不能一上任就看出谁支持他，谁反对他，那他就不配搞政治。6. 去了也白去。7. 可他还抽出空来陪我。8. 我从来不愁找不到一个词来表达思想；而他则从来
16、不愁找不出最恰当的那个词来。9. I wouldnt come to you if I hadnt anything to ask of you.10. A still tongue makes a wise head.11. Just think it over.12. It is better to die when life is a disgrace.13. I took it for granted that you would give us a hand.14. It suddenly occurred to me that I had to leave. 15. With th
17、is, he cast a glance at the girl.三、翻译下列句子，注意英语的屈折变化。1. 我原以为你早走了呢。2. 那时，他退休十年了。3. 年轻人都不相信自己会死。这曾是兄长的至理名言。4. 有人伤了你，背叛了你，或让你心碎，原谅他们吧。是他们让你懂得什么是信任，以及对这样的人敞开心扉时，小心谨慎有多么的重要。5. 一天，我和一个朋友在杂货店前排队买东西，我在向她抱怨我的孩子们多么的懒惰。6. 稍顿一会儿会发现，原来生活不必如此匆忙。7. 要不是你，我现在正坐牢呢。8. 快乐和悲伤都是短暂的，并且常常是纠缠在一起的，爱则有力量超越这两者。9. Those that hav
18、e gone have gone for good, those to come keep coming.10. Believe it or not, Ive been starving for four days on end.11. It is more than two years since I last saw Father.12. I grow many flowers, but none of them are exotic or rare ones.13. I love my mother. Of her hardworking life, in particular, a g
19、reat many things will forever be cherished in my memory.14. The peaceful reunification of the motherland will be a great achievement to go down in history.15. To brag of the good you have doneWill never impress anyone.Personal scandals you try hard to hideWill soon be known far and wide.Chech of the
20、 homework for Unit 2：Pt. A Recitation task (back translation):We will establish and develop friendly relations and cooperation with all countries in the world on the basis of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, especially of the principles of mutual respect, equality and mutual benefit and
21、non-interference in each others internal affairs. Pt.B Translation practice:无事不登三宝殿。Chech your version：Pt. A Recitation task:我们 坚持在和平共处五项原则，特别是在相互尊重、平等互利、互不干涉内政的基础上， 同世界各国建立和发展友好合作关系 。We will establish and develop friendly relations and cooperation with all countries in the world on the basis of the
22、 Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, especially of the principles of mutual respect, equality and mutual benefit and non-interference in each others internal affairs. Pt.B Translation practice:无事不登三宝殿。 （无主句）1) I wouldnt come to you if I hadnt anything to ask of you. (domestication)2) One would
23、never go to a Buddhist temple for nothing. (foreignization)三宝殿: a Buddhist hall / temple （Implicitation 隐化， 具体笼统）（opp. Explicitation 显化，笼统具体 ）三宝: (佛教) 佛、法、僧（triratna, the dharma and the sangha/monks） 。佛：指大知大觉的人。法：指佛所说的教义。僧：指继承或宣扬教义的人。Contrastive Studies and Translation of English and Chinese英汉对比与翻译C
24、ontentsUnit 1 Approaching Translation第一单元 走进翻译Unit 2 Contrast and Translation of Language Types: Synthetic vs. Analytic第二单元 语言类型对比与翻译：综合语与分析语Unit 3 Contrast and Translation of Sentence Structures第三单元 英汉语句子结构对比与翻译Section 1 Compact vs. Diffusive第一节 聚集与流散Section 2 Complex vs. Simplex第二节 繁复与简短Unit 4 Con
25、trast and Translation of Sentence Forms: .Hypotactic vs. Paratactic第四单元 英汉语句子形式对比与翻译：形合与意合Unit 5 Contrast and Translation of Voices: Passive vs. Active第五单元 英汉语句子语态对比与翻译：被动与主动Unit 6 Contrast and Translation of Sentence Expressiveness第六单元 英汉语句子的表达倾向对比与翻译Section 1 Impersonal vs. Personal第一节 物称与人称Sectio
26、n 2 Abstract vs. Concrete第二节 抽象与具体Section 3 Static vs. Dynamic第三节 静态与动态Section 4 Indirect vs. Direct第四节 间接与直接Section 5 Substitutive vs. Reiterative第五节 替代与重复Unit 3 Contrast and Translation of Sentence Structures第三单元 英汉语句子结构对比与翻译Section 1 Compact vs. Diffusive第一节 聚集与流散单元导读：本单元主要从英汉语句子结构特点的对比角度出发， 即英语句
27、子结构偏重聚集、繁复， 而汉语句子偏重流散、简短，旨在了解和掌握这些差异，在英汉语翻译时充分考虑句子结构的相异性，从而使翻译达到两种语言的最佳转化，使目的语更自然、顺畅。Section 1 Compact vs. Diffusive第一节 聚集与流散一 、英语句子结构的特点二、汉语句子结构的特点三、英汉句子结构差异与翻译一 、英语句子结构的特点英语与汉语分属两个共性较少的语系，在语言的各个层面上都有较为显著的差异。这些差异给英汉互译带来了很多问题，在句子结构层面,这些问题是每个译者经常遇到的，因为一般来讲，文章都是积句而成。因此对英汉两种语言句子结构进行对比分析，总结这些差异的总体特点，寻求在
28、翻译中所引发问题的一般解决办法，是非常重要的。一 、英语句子结构的特点1英语句子结构基本类型2、 扩充 英语句子的基本方式3、英语句子总体特点1英语句子结构基本类型英语句子的主干由主语和谓语构成。主语通常由名词性短语充当,谓语由动词性短语构成。在这两个成分中，谓语不仅是句子结构的信息中心，而且还决定着句子的句型和其他变化。因此从谓语的角度，英语句子有以下四种基本句型。ASV句型B. SVC句型 C. SVO句型D. SVOi Od句型ASV句型谓语动词为完全不及物动词，单独作谓语。谓语动词可以接动词补语作补足成分。例如：1) No rules always hold good.没有永远有效的办
29、法。2) Friends must part.送君千里，终须一别。3) The tide rises and ebbs.潮起潮落。4) Knowledge and talent come only from practice.知识和才能只能从实践中来。5) Storms gather without warning in nature.天有不测风云。B. SVC句型 （主系表结构）谓语动词为连系动词或一些相当与连系动词的动词，需要主语补语作补充成分。1) Honesty is the best policy.诚实为上策。2) The milk turned sour牛奶变酸了。3) The r
30、umor has turned out to be true.谣言成真。C. SVO句型谓语动词为及物动词，只需要宾语或宾语从句即可构成完整句子。1) Bad workmen blame their tools.自己笨，怪刀钝。2) Bad luck befalls men overnight.人有旦夕祸福。3) She refused his proposal of marriage.他向她求婚了，她拒绝了。4) Fate treated me pretty roughly.命运待我极为不公。5) His cruel remarks cut me deeply.他绝情的话让我痛彻肺腑。D.
31、SVOi Od句型谓语动词为双重及物动词，需要接两个宾语, 通常人称宾语为间接宾语，物称宾语为直接宾语。1) I wish you every happiness.祝你幸福。2) Please pass me the salt.把盐递给我。3) He rendered my much help in time of need.他在我困难时给予我很大帮助。E. SVOC句型谓语动词为宾补性复杂及物动词，需接宾语补语结构作补足成分。1) The news made people in the village uneasy.这消息让村里人惴惴不安。2) We found it difficult t
32、o talk with him since he was in such a bad mood.他心情很糟，很难交谈。3) His remarks left all of us speechless.他的一席话令我们哑口无言。2、扩充英语句子的基本方式以上所列的是四种英语句子的基本类型。在我们的实际语言活动中的绝大多数句子结构大都是以此为主干，然后添加“旁支”与“树叶”而成。扩充英语句子的基本方式有以下三种：A. 增加修饰语B. 扩充句中的成分C. 使用并列连词或标点符号A. 增加修饰语主要是增加定语和状语。1) This is a pressing problem.这个问题很紧迫。2) He
33、 is studying eagerly.他如饥似渴地学习。3）A fire broke out last night in the barn.仓库昨晚着火了。B. 扩充句中的成分4) Whether he will come does not matter much. (主语由句子来充当)他来不来没什么关系。5) What is troubling me is that I do not have much experience. (主语和主语补语或表语由句子来充当，即主语从句和表语从句)我苦恼的是我经验不足。6) After years of harboring tens of thous
34、ands of illegal foreign workers, Taiwan is gradually opening its doors to legal laborers from Southeast Asia in an effort to relieve a chronic manpower shortage. （增加时间状语）7) Todays teachers know they have to make lessons fast-moving and entertaining for children raised on television and computer game
35、s.（宾语由句子来充当，即宾语从句）6) After years of harboring tens of thousands of illegal foreign workers, Taiwan is gradually opening its doors to legal laborers from Southeast Asia in an effort to relieve a chronic manpower shortage. （增加时间状语）过去的许多年里，台湾曾容留了成千上万的非法外来劳工。现在它正在逐渐打开门户，接纳从东南亚来的合法劳工，以努力缓解岛内劳动力短缺的问题。7) T
36、odays teachers know they have to make lessons fast-moving and entertaining for children raised on television and computer games.（宾语由句子来充当，即宾语从句）今天的老师懂得，他们给孩子们上课节奏要快，而且还要有趣，因为这些孩子是在看电视和玩电脑游戏的环境中长大的。C. 使用并列连词或标点符号8) He said he would come and he did come.他说要来，真的来了。9) Jane does not talk much, but she th
37、inks a lot.简不太说话，但想得很多。10) Whatever you may say, I will not believe you.你再说我也不信。3、英语句子总体特点英语为综合-分析性语言，它有形态变化，词序和虚词等语法手段来组织句子，句子词序相对灵活，但能达到活而不散(一串葡萄)的一个重要原因是，英语句子有着非常严谨的主谓结构。在句子形式的构成上，主语和谓语是必要条件，缺一不可(祈使句除外) 。主谓结构是英语句子的核心，其他所有成分都围绕着这个中心点展开，与之形成相应的语法和逻辑关系。另外，英语句中的词语或分句有丰富的连接手段和表达语法意义的严格规范句子成分之间或词语之间必须在
38、人称、性数和意义等方面保持协调一致的关系。形合因此在总体上，无论句子长短，扩展成分多寡、句子组合如何繁简不一，英语句子都呈现出“主次分明, 层次清楚，前呼后应, 严密规范”的特点，总体特点是聚集型（compactness 紧凑）。试看下列句子并思考其汉语译文的结构：1) He who is broad-minded will not care it. （主谓结构完整，连接词who引导的从句与 先行词he构成从属的句子关系，从句中的is 与其逻辑上的主语在数方面保持 一致。）谁要是胸怀开阔，谁就不会计较这一点的。2) The manufacturer had to pay more money
39、than they had anticipated, for they bought the cars from the company for $4,800.该制造商不得不付出比他们原来预料要多得多的钱，因为他们付出了四千八百美金从那个公司买下了那些汽车。(两个子句句子结构中主谓完整，两个子句用for 连接表示其逻辑关系，主次分明；不同的时态表示出事情发生的先后顺序。)3) He was delighted at the thought that he would go to the United States.( 以主谓结构为主干,从句作为旁支)想到要去美国,他很高兴。4) Torture
40、d by illness, he went mad.(分词结构为状语，过去分词短语表示与主语为被动关系，句子主干清晰明了。) 病痛的折磨都要让他疯了。5) A fully charged accumulator has an open circuit terminal voltage of about 6V蓄电池充满电时，终端的开路电压约为6伏。 6) There lies a vast lake near the forest. (There be 表存在，句子结构主谓完整 )森林旁有一个大湖。7) It is more difficult to deal with the self-est
41、eem of man as man, because we cannot argue out the matter with some non-human mind. (用先行词it充当形式主语, 主谓结构简单明了。)8) All the wisdom of the ages, all the stories that have delighted mankind for centuries, are easily available to all of us within the covers of books- but we must know how to avail ourselves
42、 of this treasure （avail oneself of sth 利用，趁机）and how to get the most of from it.(并列复合句。英语的主语有时也比较长 ，但因为有很清晰的语法连接词的指示作用，主谓结构还是很容易分辨出来，各子句之间也有相应的连接词表示从属或并列关系。各从句与修饰语之间语法结构紧凑。)9) It is more difficult to deal with the self-esteem of man as man, because we cannot argue out the matter with some non-human
43、 mind. (用先行词it充当形式主语, 主谓结构简单明了。)要正确对待这个个人类自身的自尊观念更为困难，因为我们无法同人类以外的意识把它辩论清楚。10) All the wisdom of the ages, all the stories that have delighted mankind for centuries, are easily available to all of us within the covers of books- but we must know how to avail ourselves of this treasure and how to get
44、the most of from it.(英语的主语有时也比较长，但因为有很清晰的语法连接词的指示作用，主谓结构还是很容易分辨出来，各子句之间也有相应的连接词表示从属或并列关系。各子句与修饰语之间语法结构紧凑。)书中藏有历代人的智慧和千百年来不断激励人类的史实、传说-人人皆可轻而易举地获得；但我们必须懂得如何利用这些宝藏，懂得如何从中获取教益。二、汉语句子结构的特点汉语的句子结构虽然与英语的句子结构有一些相同的类型，但从整体上说，因为汉语句子注重意合、注重意念，所以汉语的句子就不能像英语那样以谓语动词为中心来划分。如果以主谓结构为分类标准，汉语句型就要复杂得多，有些语法学家将汉语句子结构类型归
45、为几十种，有些归至多达上百种。在汉语中，可以充当主语和谓语的不仅词类多、形式丰富，而且还存在主语缺省的情况（无主句）。句子结构灵活多变。汉语句子不重视外在语法形式的彼此连接和制约，而是注重意义的传达，所以句子呈流散型（diffusiveness 扩散，散开）。a string of grapes(compact) a plate of pearls(diffusive)二、汉语句子结构的特点1 与英语相同的句子结构2与英语相异的句子结构1 与英语相同的句子结构汉语中有些句子结构与英语的有相同或相似性， 如：A部分主谓结构与英语的SV结构1）太阳升起来了。The sun has risen.2）
46、那束花枯萎了。That bunch of flowers withered. 3）人总是要死的，但死的意义有不同。All men must die, but death can vary in its significance.鉴于汉语中并不是以谓语动词为划分句子类型的，因此，汉语中的主谓结构的谓语并不一定是动词，形容词和名词也可以充当谓语。如：4）天快黑了，街上的行人渐渐少了。Its getting dark and there were fewer and fewer people in the streets.5）今天星期一。Today is Monday.B主谓宾结构与 SVO结构6）
47、同学们每周写一篇作文。The students write a composition once a week.7）妈妈当时在洗衣服。Mom was doing some washing then.C. 兼语式与SVOC兼语式是汉语单句中的一类，其特点是：谓语有两个动词，前一动词的宾语，又是后一动词的主语，前后两个动词的主语不同。8）虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit (自负，自大，自满) makes one lag behind.9）那场大火使所有的建筑物都成为废墟。The fire reduced a
48、ll the buildings to ruins.10）我有点害怕，我觉得心砰砰只跳。Im a bit afraid; I feel my hearting beating very fast.2与英语相异的句子结构由于两种语言的文化不同，形成了各自独具特点的句子类型和结构。申小龙（1989）根据汉语的表意功能和表达形式，将汉语句型大体分为以下九类：A话题句B施事句C关系句D呼叹句E. 祈使句F. 存现句G. 有无句H描写句I. 说明句A话题句如果说英语是注重主语意识的语言的话，那么汉语是注重话题意识的语言，因此话题句也就成了汉语最显著的特点之一。英语：主语突出性语言（subject-pro
49、minent language）汉语：主题/话题突出性语言（topic-prominent language）英语：主语突出性语言（subject-prominent language）I have already seen Miss Wang.Subject Predicate在英语中，主语和谓语是句子结构中最基本的语法单位，而且句子一般都具有主谓结构。这样的语言属于主语突出性语言（subject-prominent language）。汉语：主题/话题突出性语言（topic-prominent language）王小姐我见过了。topic(主题) comment（评论语/述题）汉语句子基本行文顺序为：话题语+评论语，汉语以主题和述题为句子结构的基本语法单位，主题-述题结构的句子是汉语中最普通的一类。这样的语言属于主题/话题突出性语言（topic-prominent language）。汉语句子基本行文顺序为：话题语+评论语（topic+comment），如：1）这一任务，你完全能胜任。2）家里事，妈妈说了算。3）这种力，是一般人看不
