1、Chapter two Arthrology,Department of Anatomy Yunyang medical college,目的和要求1了解骨连结的分类。 2掌握关节的基本结构和辅助结构。 3了解关节的运动及分类。 4掌握脊柱的组成、椎骨间的连结、脊柱的整体观及其运动。 5了解肋与脊柱及胸骨的连结。掌握骨性胸廓的组成、胸廓上、下口的围成。6了解颅骨连结的主要形式，掌握颞下颌关节的组成及运动。,Section 1 The general description,The bones are connected together by means of fibrous connecti
2、ve tissue,cartilaginous 软骨 or osseous 骨tissues at different parts of their surfaces,and such a connection are called the joint or articulation.The joints are functional junctions between bones,they can be classified into two main types according to their junction form viz., Continuous joints 直接连结and
3、 Discontinuous joints 间接连结.,Up,一、Continuous joints直接连结 （一）Fibrous joints纤维连结Bones are united by fibrous connective tissue.Syndesmosis 韧带连结 Suture 缝,Up,（二）Cartilaginous joints软骨连结Bones are united by cartilage.,Synchondrosis 透明软骨结合Symphysis 纤维软骨联合,（三）Synosteosis 骨性结合,二、Discontinuous joints间接连结 Articul
4、ation or Synovial joints,（一）Basic structures1. Articular surface关节面: covered by articular cartilage.2. Articular capsule关节囊 Fibrous membrane Synovial membrane 3. Articular cavity关节腔: containing a trace of synovial fluid; subatmospheric pressure in it .,Up,(二)Accessory structures 1. Ligaments韧带: extr
5、a- and intracapsular ligaments 2. Articular disc关节盘 and articular labrum关节唇 3. Synovial fold滑膜襞 and synovial bursa滑膜囊,Up,(三）Movements of joints关节运动,1. Translation移动 2. Flexion and extension屈和伸 3. Adduction and abduction收和展 4. Rotation旋转 Medial and lateral rotation旋内和旋外 Pronation and supination旋前和旋后
6、Inversion and eversion足内翻和足外翻 5. Circumduction环转,Up,(四) Classification of synovial joints 关节的分类(自学）,Uniaxial joints单轴关节 Biaxial joints 双轴关节 Multiaxial joints多轴关节,Up,关节学的研究和应用,1.关节病的诊断和治疗,2.人造关节和假肢的研制和开发,3.智能机器人的开发和研制,Section 2 The joint of the axial bones 中轴骨连结,一、Articulations of Bones of Trunk 躯干骨的
7、连结,Up,The 24 pieces of vertebrae, the sacrum, and the coccyx articulate one by one to form a longitudinal axis of the trunkthe vertebral column.,Up,(一) vertebral column 脊柱,Joints of the vertebral bodies 椎体间的连结,Intervertebral discs椎间盘between bodies of adjacent vertebrae, composed of: Nucleus pulposus
8、髓核, an inner soft, pulpy, highly elastic structure. Annulus fibrosus纤维环 an outer fibrous ring consisting of fibrocartilage.,Up,Hemination of nucleus pulposus 髓核脱出,Up,Anterior longitudinal ligament 前纵韧带,Maintains stability of the intervertebral disc and prevents hyperextension of the vertebral column
9、. Posterior longitudinal ligament后纵韧带Prevents hyperflexion of the vertebral column and posterior protrusion of the discs.,Up,Joints of the vertebral arches 椎弓间的连结,Ligamenta flava黄韧带 elastic ligament, unite laminae of adjacent vertebrae, and complete the posterior wall of vertebral canal; tend to pre
10、vent hyperflexion of the vertebral column.,Up,Interspinal ligament棘间韧带 Supraspinal ligament棘上韧带 Ligamentum nuchae项韧带 Intertansverse ligament横突间韧带 Zygapophysial joint关节突关节,Up,Atlantooccipital joint寰枕关节,Between superior articulating surfaces of atlas and occipital condyles Supported by membrances and
11、ligaments that join occipital bone and atlas Action nodding of head, lateral tilting of head,Up,Atlantoaxial joint寰枢关节,Three synovial joints between atlas and axis Supported by ligaments Action allow atlas (and head) to pivot on the axis and vertebral column,Up,The whole view of the vertebral column
12、,Normal Curves of vertebral column,Cervical curvature颈曲 Thoracic curvature胸曲 Lumbar curvature腰曲 Sacral curvature骶曲,Up,Up,Movement of the vertebral column,flexion extension lateral flexion Rotation circumduction,Up,Spina bifida cystica 脊柱裂,Up,(二) Thoracic cage 胸廓,Composition:It is formed by 12 thorac
13、ic vertebrae, 12 pairs of ribs with their costal cartilages,the sternum and the connections between them.,Up,JointsCostovertebral joints肋椎关节 Joints of costal head肋头关节 Costotransverse joints肋横突关节,Up,Sternocostal joints胸肋关节 Sternocostal synchondrosis of first rib Sternocostal joints Interchondral join
14、ts: between costal cartilages 8, 9, and 10 to form the costal arch肋弓,Up,It is roughly cone-shape, narrow above and broad below, flattened from before-backwards.It has two oppenings and four walls.Inlet of thorax 胸廓上口 Outlet of thorax 胸廓下口 Infrasternal angle胸骨下角 Intercostal spaces肋间隙,Up,The whole vie
15、w of the thoracic cage,Function: protects the organs in the thoracic cavity and upper abdominal cavity; plays a vital role in the process of breathing.,Inspiration,Expiration,Up,二、Joints of skull 颅骨的连结,Continuous joints: sutures, synchondrosis or synosteosis,Up,Temporomandibular joint 颞下颌关节,Aticular surfaces Capsule: thin and lax in front and behind; strengthened by the lateral ligament. Articular disc Movement,Up,Summary,Thank you!,End,Up,
