1、SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY学士学位论文THESIS OF BACHELOR论文题目: Plug-in 串联油电混合动力 发动机试验研究 学生姓名: 学生学号: 专 业: 指导教师: 学院(系): Plug-in 串联油电混合动力发动机试验研究Plug-in 串联油电混合动力发动机试验研究摘要能源短缺与环境问题已成为当今世界各国所面临的两大重要难题。随着我国经济持续发展,汽车保有量的不断上升,这两大问题凸显的尤为严重。作为汽车消耗能源,产生污染的核心部件内燃机,也面临着前所未有的挑战。如何减少能源消耗及环境污染,是内燃机研究领域的重大问题。改善内燃机的燃烧方式以及
2、合理汽车的动力总成形式是解决上述问题的有效途径,均质压燃(HCCI)燃烧方式和增程式动力结构是可以利用的具体手段。增程式汽车因其将内燃机来带动发电机,让发电机给电池充电,使用电能作为汽车动力,从而广受好评。它的出现克服了内燃机排放高的缺点,又以干净能源作为动力,更重要的是能使内燃机始终维持在最佳工况状态,从而达到了高效又节能的目的,因而使增程式汽车在面世时便受到了业内的欢迎。虽然它并不能代替电动汽车在未来的主导地位,但在如今尚未解决电池储存能量低、实用化及商业化难度大的情形下,增程式汽车是首当其冲的过渡车型。然而,增程式汽车在美国的发展已经相当成熟,却在中国迟迟未能得到很好的发展。面对汽油机与
3、柴油机各自的技术已日趋达到的极限,均质压燃(HCCI)燃烧技术以其低氮氧化物、低微粒排放和高热效率的优点而引起世界各国的广泛关注。然而,控制着火时刻和燃烧反应速率以及扩展运行工况范围等,始终是发动机实现HCCI燃烧的关键和难点。现在,上海交通大学、清华大学、天津大学、华中科技大学等国内著名大学正在积极地展开均质压燃HCCI燃烧技术的研究工作。正当人们始终难以扩展均质压燃 HCCI 燃烧运行工况范围的时候,增程式汽车能使内燃机始终维持最佳工况的优点,让均质压燃 HCCI 燃烧在增程式汽车上实现成为了可能,也让均质压燃 HCCI 燃烧的工况范围窄的缺点得到了弥补。基于这一思想,上海交通大学与上汽集
4、团合作负责了这次的试验研究Plug-in 串联油电混合动力 HCCI 汽油机的试验研究。本次试验的目的是在增程式汽车上实现均质压燃HCCI 燃烧技术。这次试验的成功,将会是两大新兴技术的融合与发展,帮助中国的汽车事业跃上一个新的台阶。本文作者所参与的试验研究为前期台架搭建、发动机磨合测试、发动机外特性测试和万有特性测试、以及发动机的改装和均质压燃 HCCI 燃烧控制等。而本次试验的重点,是均质压燃 HCCI 燃烧控制策略的研究。因此,本文所涉及的大部分内容将是关于均质压燃HCCI 燃烧。本文首先介绍了增程式汽车及均质压燃 HCCI 燃烧的概念及发展历程。其次,通过与传统点燃式(SI)发动机和传
5、统压燃式(CI)发动机的对比,说明了 HCCI 燃烧的燃烧方式及特点。然后重点地突出说明了汽油机 HCCI 燃烧的实现与控制方式进气加热、废气再循环(EGR) 、增大压缩比和使用负阀重叠技术,以及 HCCI 燃烧技术如今所面临的一系列控制及排放问题着火时刻难以控制、冷起动困难、HC 和 CO 排放高、运行工况范Plug-in 串联油电混合动力发动机试验研究围窄等。如此介绍,以求使本文能够清晰地表明当前世界均质压燃 HCCI 燃烧所使用的最新技术以及目前为止最新的成就。本次试验所使用的发动机是上汽荣威 350 所搭载的 NSE1.5 升 16 双顶置凸轮轴(DOHC )发动机。该款发动机是上汽自
6、主研发发动机的精心力作。试验所使用的 HCCI发动机控制系统大部分是由湖南长沙湘仪动力测试仪器有限公司生产。试验前,首先进行了发动机的磨合、外特性试验以及万有特性的测试。通过分析以进行发动机的各特性测试。然后改装进气管道,加装进气电加热装置,改塑料进气管道为不锈钢,使用 PID 控制进气加热,以使发动机在不考虑功率等其它因素的情况下,初步实现 HCCI 燃烧。然后,改变活塞形状,令压缩比由 10.5 增至 15.5,以求压燃稳定,提前着火时刻。最后,改变气门重叠角成为负值,得到负阀重叠,使发动机实现内部 EGR。后两种方式,都可以弥补进气加热的降低发动机功率、减少进气充量、燃烧范围小等缺点,从
7、而实现稳定的 HCCI 燃烧。本次试验研究由于时间及其他不可抗力的原因限制,在完成发动机进气加热系统的安装后,未能再有时间进行进气加热的 HCCI 燃烧研究,所以本人仅参与了本次试验研究前期的准备工作,如实验台架的搭建,发动机的磨合,外特性及万有特性测试,但是依然获得了极大的收获,对发动机的测试方法及流程有了较为深入的了解和实践,同时获得发动机特性数据,从而可以对发动机进行特性分析。本文的最后,通过分析了发动机外特性、万有特性等数据,以对该发动机进行燃烧特性等方面的了解。其中,尤以油耗量,缸内压力以及放热率为主要量。油耗量是决定发动机能量转换的效率;缸压表示了内燃机做功的大小;放热率则代表了发
8、动机的燃烧特性。通过曲轴转角与缸压和放热率同时分析,以取得更多特性的了解。本次测试试验,对于该发动机特性取得了如下结论:(这是汽油机固有的特性。建议删除)(1) 扭矩曲线呈现随转速提高而下降的趋势,只是在低速范围才有一段随转速下降而下降的情况;功率基本随转速的增大而增大,在极高转速下功率会有所下降;油耗率曲线一般随转速的提高而上升,在最低速端略有上翘。(2) 发动机缸压、放热率随转速及扭矩的增加而增加,同时,最大压升率及最大爆发压力也随之变大。并且,缸压与放热率基本在同时达到最大。(3) 放热率曲线呈单韦伯曲线。发动机累积放热率基本不随转速与扭矩的变化而变化。放热率较为稳定,持续时间基本一致,
9、说明燃烧稳定,燃烧特性好。该发动机在最大转速范围内运转基本稳定,各特性也符合理论情况。因此,可以使用本台发动机实现 HCCI 燃烧。在以后的试验中,将使用以上所述的三种方式以实现 HCCI燃烧。关键词:增程式,HCCI,控制Plug-in 串联油电混合动力发动机试验研究Plug-in Hybrid Engine Test SeriesABSTRACTNowadays, the energy shortages and the environmental problems have been the two major challenges the word is facing. With th
10、e increasingly rapid economic development and the raising quantity of vehicles in the world, these two issues become particularly severe. As the core component of the energy consumption which also produces pollution, the internal-combustion engine also try hard to fight against utilization of natura
11、l energy and pollution. Hence, the new technologies such as Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition emerge as the times require.Distance-added vehicle widely acclaimed because it uses electric power as driving force,and also charge the battery by generator powered by engine. It not only conquers the
12、 highly-polluting of the internal-combustion engine, but also utilizes clean energy as driving force, and the most important point is keep the engine at a sustainable best situation which made the vehicle warmly popularized when it emerged.As the fact that the gasoline engine and diesel engine techn
13、ology has almost reached their ceiling, distance-added vehicle and homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) with its low nitrogen oxide combustion technology, low particulate emissions and the high thermal efficiency raises widespread concerns around the world. However the control of ignition
14、and combustion reaction rate and extending the rage of operating conditions to achieve HCCI is always the crucial point and difficulty as well. Nowadays, some famous universities such as Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Tsinghua University, Tianjin University, and Huazhong University of Science are ac
15、tively engaged in the study of HCCI Combustion Technology.While it is still difficult to expand the scope of HCCI combustion operating conditions when the car can increase engine program has the advantages of maintaining the best conditions for HCCI combustion in the car realized by the program as p
16、ossible.Based on this idea, this study test Plug-in Hybrid Engine under the charge of Shanghai Jiaotong University and Shanghai Automotive Group is aiming at achieving the HCCI combustion technology in distance-added vehicle, which is an innovation, but also a pioneering work in the world. The succe
17、ss of this test will be a mark of integration and development of two emerging technologies.The author is participating in research for the early bench structures, engine testing, engine performance testing and a characteristic test, as well as engine conversion and homogeneous charge compression ign
18、ition HCCI control, etc. The focus of this test is the controlling of a homogeneous charge compression ignition HCCI. Therefore, this article covers most of the Plug-in 串联油电混合动力发动机试验研究contents of the will is about HCCI.The first part of this thesis describes the concept and evolution of the distance
19、-added vehicle and homogeneous charge compression ignition HCCI. Secondly, with the contrast between traditional SI engine and traditional compression-ignition (CI), the way of combustion HCCI and its characteristics is described. Then emphatically underlined the gasoline engine HCCI implementation
20、and control-air heating, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), increased compression ratio and use negative valve overlap technology, as well as HCCI technology now faced a series of control and discharge of ignition is difficult to control, cold starting, high emissions of HC and CO, narrow operating ra
21、nge. The thesis is written in this way in order to be able to make this article clearly indicates the HCCI technology currently used in the world and its latest achievements.This test is used by the engine is SAIC majestic 350 drove NSE1.5 + 16 double overhead camshaft (DOHC) engine. This engine is
22、SAIC developed engine of meticulous masterpiece. Test the use of HCCI engine control system is in Changsha of Hunan province xiangyi dynamic test instrument co., Ltd. production. Test before, start with the engine running, performance test, and test everything. By analysing the various engine for pe
23、rformance measurement. And then modified air intake pipe, equipped with electric heating device inlet, intake pipes are stainless steel, the PID control air heating, so the engine does not consider other factors such as power, preliminary implementation of HCCI. Then, change the piston shape, compre
24、ssion ratio from 10.5 to 15.5, for ignition stable, ignition advance. Finally, change the valve overlap become negative, negative valve overlap, so that the engine for internal EGR. The latter two methods, you can compensate for the reduced engine intake air heating power, reduce the intake charge,
25、burning range small shortcomings, enabling stable HCCI.Because of time constraints, after the completion of refitting the intake tube, there has been no more time for inlet heating of HCCI control. I feel deeply sorry about that. However, I participated in this experimental study of the early extern
26、al characteristics and universal character of the test, and have acquired a large number of engine performance data, so you can be characteristic of the engine. In the end of the thesis, the characteristics of the combustion of engine are evoked by analysis of universal characters and so on. Among t
27、hem, Consumption is to determine the efficiency of energy conversion engine; cylinder pressure indicates that the size of the internal combustion engine work; heat release rate represents the engine combustion characteristics. Through the crankshaft angle and cylinder pressure and heat release rate
28、analysis, at the same time to get more features. This test, for the engine performance made the following conclusions: (1) Full throttle, namely, full load, the engine oil consumption and speed linear relationship. (2) Engine speed and torque pressure increases, the maximum pressure rise rate and ma
29、ximum burst pressure also increases.(3) The heat release rate of single Engine follows Weber curves and the base does not vary with speed and torque. The heat release rate is relatively stable, duration are subject to essentially the same, the same quantity between basic instructions, combustion sta
30、bility. The engine at the maximum speed range running basic stability, all meet theory. Therefore, you can use this HCCI engine implementation. In later tests, three ways will be used to implement HCCI. Although I do not personally witness its success, but after the success of this test, the greater
31、 value of this kind of engine can sure be achieved in distance-added automobile!Plug-in 串联油电混合动力发动机试验研究Key words: Distance-added, HCCI, Control目录第一章 绪论 .11.1 引言 .11.2 新型动力汽车 增程式汽车 .11.2.1 电动汽车 .11.2.2 混合动力汽车 .21.2.3 增程式汽车 .31.3 新型燃烧技术 HCCI 燃烧 .41.4 本课题的研究意义及主要内容 .5第二章 HCCI 燃烧及其控制 .72.1 HCCI 燃烧 .72.1
32、.1 HCCI 燃烧方式 .72.1.2 HCCI 燃烧特点 .92.2 汽油机 HCCI 燃烧的控制 .102.2.1 改变燃料特性 .112.2.2 提高压缩比 .112.2.3 调节进气温度 .112.2.4 采用外部废气再循环(EGR) .122.2.5 采用内部废气再循环 .122.3 HCCI 燃烧控制所面临的问题 .132.3.1 难以精确控制 HCCI 发动机着火时刻 .132.3.2 HCCI 发动机冷起动困难 .132.3.3 HC 和 CO 排放高 .132.3.4 难以扩展运行工况范围 .142.4 本章小结 .14第三章 Plug-in 串联油电混合动力 HCCI 汽
33、油机试验研究平台及试验方法 .153.1 Plug-in 串联油电混合动力 HCCI 汽油机试验系统 .153.1.1 发动机 .163.1.2 进气系统 .173.1.3 HCCI 发动机控制系统 .183.2 试验方法 .203.2.1 磨合实验 .203.2.2 外特性试验 .203.2.3 万有特性试验 .213.2.4 进气加热 HCCI 燃烧试验 .21第四章 HCCI 汽油机的试验研究与结论 .224.1 外特性 测试 .224.2 万有特性测试 .23Plug-in 串联油电混合动力发动机试验研究4.2.1 缸内压力测试 .234.2.2 放热率测试 .264.3 试验结论 .
34、30第五章 全文总结与展望 .325.1 全文总结 .325.2 研究展望 .32参考文献 .34致谢 .35Plug-in 串联油电混合动力发动机试验研究第 1 页 共 35 页第一章 绪论1.1 引言能源是人类社会发展的重要基础资源。但由于世界能源资源产地与能源消费中心相距较远,特别是随着世界经济的发展、世界人口的剧增和人民生活水平的不断提高,世界能源需求量持续增大,由此导致对能源资源的争夺日趋激烈、环境污染加重和环保压力加大1。 。近些年来,全球的能源与环境问题得到了广泛的重视。世界各国纷纷出台各自政策,来保护人类居住的环境,同时对环境保护的要求也愈发严格。而作为传统能源的石油资源,也日
35、益紧缺,油价持续增长,能源安全形势逐渐恶化。国际能源机构的统计数据表明,2001 年全球 57%的石油消费在交通领域,预计到 2020 年交通用油占全球石油总消耗的 62%以上。作为内燃机主要燃料的石油作为一种不可再生的化石燃料,面临着日益短缺的严重问题。据推测,按照目前的汽车保有量计算,地球上可供开采的石油仅仅能够维持 40 到 50年。作为原油净进口国,我国的能源问题就更加严峻。据国务院发展研究中心估计,到2010 年我国石油消耗的 61%要依赖进口,而汽车的石油消耗将占国内石油总需求的 43%2。作为世界上最大的发展中国家,中国是一个能源生产和消费大国。能源生产量仅次于美国和俄罗斯,居世界第三位;基本能源消费占世界总消费量的 1/10,仅次于美国,居世界第二位。自 1993 年期,中国由能源净出口国变成了净进口国,能源总消费已大于总供给,能源需求的对外依存度迅速增大。煤炭、电力、石油和天然气等能源在中国都存在缺口,其中,石油需求量的大增