1、句子成分与结构,英语的词性：名词(nouns) n.代词(pronoun) pron. 实词 数词(numeral) num.形容词(adjective) adj. 或a.副词(adverb) adv.动词(verb) v冠词(article) art 虚词 介词(preposition) prep.连词(conjunction) conj.助词(auxiliary) aux.,一、介绍与其重要性,句子是写作的基本单位，只有写好句子才有可能写好文章。英语的句子成分有八种：,主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、 状语、同位语, 主语补足语和宾语补足语。,学会判断句子成分对以后学习难句奠定了基础。 英语
2、句子的构成也有其特定的规律，掌握了句子 的基本句型、常见句式和词语的习惯搭配， 就能写出完整、正确的句子。,英语的句子成分：,一） 主语：是一个句子所叙述的主题， Walls have ears. He will take you to the hospital. Three plus four equals seven. To see is to believe. Smoking is not allowed in public places. Whether or not they will come depends on the weather.二）谓语由_担任。助动词或情态动词加其他动
3、 词的适当形式也构成谓语动词。说明主语所做的动作或状态.动词有着各种时态的变化Action speaks louder than words. The chance may never come again. Mary has been working at the dress shop since 1994.,动词/动词短语,名词,代词,数词,to do不定式,doing动名词,句子,（三）宾语 表示动作的对象，是动作的承受者。宾语一般放在_之后。_词后也会跟宾语。,She covered her face with her hands.We havent seen her for a lo
4、ng time. Do you mind opening the window? Give me four please. He wants to dream a nice dream. We need know what others are doing. We should care more about our friends.,动词/动词短语,介词,名词 n,代词 pron,动名词,代词和数词,to do不定式,句子,介词+名词,宾语种类：,（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）You lend me your dictionary.My mother bought my brother
5、a computer.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾语补足语）They elected him their monitor. I find the homework difficult to finish.,（四）表语 它的位置在_之后。是用来说明主语的_,_, _的.,My father is a professor. Whos that? Its me. Everything here is expensive. The match became very exciting. The story of my life may be of help to others. Three times f
6、ive is fifteen. His plan is to seek work in the city. My first idea was that you should hide your feelings.,系动词、连系动词,性质,特征,状态,名词 n,代词 pron,形容词 adj,adj,介词短语,数词,to do不定式,句子,常见的系动词有: be(am,is,are,were,was), look,seem,feel,smell,taste,sound, keep,stay,become,get,grow,come,go,.,The cake tastes nice. The
7、water feels cold. These stories sound interesting.,（五） 定语 是修饰_词.单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的名词之_；短语和从句作定语时则放在它所修饰的名词之_。,They are woman workers. Toms father didnt write home until yesterday. Mary is a beautiful girl The play has three acts. This is her first trip to Europe. China is a developing country. I have n
8、othing to eat. Those who want to go to Tibet are to sign their names here.,名,前,后,名词,名词所有格,形容词 adj,数词,形容词 /序数词 /to do 不定式,现在分词 doing,to do 不定式,从句,(六）状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态的特征状语表示地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、伴随情况等。,The best fish swim near the bottom. I left the village five years ago. I arrived late becau
9、se of the traffic jam .Well send a car to fetch you. The fish can eat a person in two minutes , leaving only bonesThe students came into the classroom, singing and dancing.If he goes, so will I . Though he is a child, he knows a lot.,地点状语,时间状语,原因状语,目的状语,结果状语,伴随状语,条件状语,让步状语,七）宾语补足语。英语有些及物动词，除了要有宾语之外，
10、还要加上宾语补足语，才能使句子的意义完整。,They elected me captain of the team. We try to make our country strong. We found everything in good order there. I should advise you to get the chance. I saw him going upstairs. They found the house broken in.,名词,形容词,介词短语,to do 不定式,现在分词 doing,done 过去分词,宾语和宾语补足语一起构成动词的复合结构,(八）主语
11、补足语 如果上述结构变成被动语态，原宾语成为主语，原宾语补足语相应地变为主语补足语,I was elected captain of the team.Our country will be made strong.,与宾语补足语一样,同位语：,当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，一个句子成分（1）用来说明和解释另一个句子成分（），这个句子成分（）就叫做另一個句子成分（2）的同位语。 We students should study hard. (students是we的同位语，都是指同一批学生） We all are students. (all是we的同位语，都指同样的我们）,I m
12、et my best friend Tom at the station yesterday., 主语, 谓 语, 定语, 宾 语, 同位语, 状 语,一) 挑出下列句中的宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework. People all over the world speak English. How many new words did you learn last class? The old man sitting at the gate said that he was ill.,一个完整的句子做宾语， 那么这个句子叫宾语从句。,(二) 挑出下列句中
13、的表语 - The old man was feeling very tired. - The leaves have turned yellow. - Soon They all became interested in the subject. - My dream is that I can be admitted into a key university.,一个完整的句子做表语， 那么这个句子叫表语从句。,(三) 挑出下列句中的定语 1. What is your last name? 2. I am afraid some people forgot to clean the fl
14、oor. 3. The man in the gym was trying to sleep. 4.Gym is a place where you can exercise and have fun.,一个完整的句子做表语， 那么这个句子叫表语从句。,(四) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 He asked her to take the boy out of school. She found it difficult to do the work. They call me Lily sometimes. I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.,(五) 挑出下列句中的状语
15、 There was a big smile on her face. Every night he heard the noise upstairs. The man on the motorbike was traveling too fast. He began to learn English when he was eleven.,一个完整的句子做状语， 那么这个句子叫状语从句。,试一试：,(一). 指出下列句中主语的中心词 . The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. There is a
16、n old man coming here. The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult.,(二). 选出句中谓语的中心词. I dont like the picture on the wall. A. dont B. like C. picture D. wall The days get longer and longer when summer comes.A. get B. longer
17、 C. days D. summer Do you usually go to school by bus?A. Do B. usually C. go D. There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon. A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast? A. Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast, Tom didnt do his homework ye
18、sterday.A. Tom B. didnt C. do D. his homework What I want to tell you is this. A. want B. to tell C. you D. is We had better send for a doctor. A. We B. had C. send D. doctor He is interested in music. A. is B. interested C. in D. music Whom did you give my book to? A. give B. did C. whom D. book,三)
19、 挑出下列句中的宾语） My brother hasnt done his homework. People all over the world speak English. You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. How many new words did you learn last class? Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?, The old man sitting at the gate said he was
20、 ill. They made him monitor of the class. Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left. You will find it useful after you leave school. They didnt know who “Father Christmas“ really is.,(四) 挑出下列句中的表语. The old man was feeling very tired. Why is he worried about Jim? The leaves have t
21、urned yellow. Soon They all became interested in the subject. She was the first to learn about it.,(五) 挑出下列句中的定语 . They use Mr. Mrs. with the family name What is your given name? On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. The man downstairs was tryin
22、g to sleep. I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!,(六) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语. She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. He asked her to take the boy out of school. She found it difficult to do the work. They call me Lily sometimes. I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.,(七) 挑出下列
23、句中的状语. There was a big smile on her face. Every night he heard the noise upstairs. He began to learn English when he was eleven. The man on the motorbike was traveling to fast. With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off., She loves the library because she loves books. I am afraid that
24、if youve lost it, you must pay for it. The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.,(八) 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语 Please tell us a story. My father bought a new bike for me last week. Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term. Here is a pen. Give it to Tom. Did he leave any message for me? 直宾
25、指物间宾指人,英语句子的类型,简单句并列句复合句,只有一个主谓结构,有两个或两个以上主谓结构,一个主句加一个或几个从句,二.五种简单基本句型,主语+谓语+宾语 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语,动词,系动词,不及物动词,及物动词,主语+系+表语,主语+谓语,Nobody went. She became a doctor. The car caught fire. I will write you a long letter. I will let him go.,1）Our city is at the crossing of some important rai
26、lways.主语 系动词 表语2）The city will become rich.主语 系动词 表语 在这类结构中最常用的系动词是：“变化”类：_.“感官”类: _.“持续”类：_. 其他：（似乎）_ _ (证明是)_,get/ become/ turn/grow/go,taste/ smell/ feel/look/sound,stay/ keep/remain,seem appear,turn out/ prove(to be),1主语 + 系动词 + 表语,Exercises,你的故事听起来很有趣。 _. 把鱼放在冰箱里，否则它会变坏的。 _. 这种炎热的天气将会保持几天。 _. 这
27、个计划证明是可行的。 _.,Your story sounded very interesting.,Put the fish into fridge, or they will go bad.,The hot day will remain/stay/ keep a few days.,The plan turned out/proved （to be) practical.,2主语 + 谓语,1）Building has started.主语 谓语 2）The train leaves at 7:40.主语 谓语搭配：The teacher teaches well.The child w
28、alks very slowly.搭配：The girl looked at the picture.The children ran to the forest.,动词副词,动词介词,Exercise,我每天起的很早，走到小花园，坐在凳子上。 小鸟在树上欢快的歌唱，鱼儿在池塘里自由的嬉戏，我玩得也高兴. _.,Every day I get up early, walk to the park and sit on the bench.,The birds sings happily in the tree, the fish plays freely in the pool and I a
29、lso enjoys myself.,3主语 + 谓语 + 宾语,1）The boss employed five more workers.主语 谓语 宾 2）My brother takes care of the vegetable garden. 3）Few students like taking exams. 4）He forgot to close the door. 5）I hope I can speak English fluently.,Exercise,他因为车子开得太快而违反了交通规则。_. 他拿出一瓶啤酒，很快将其喝光。_. 他许诺给我一个礼物。_.,He drov
30、e so fast that he broke the traffic rules.,He took out a beer and drank it up quickly.,He promised to give me a gift.,可接双宾语的常见动词有：ask, answer, give, offer, send, bring, pass, tell, show, teach, buy, promise,顺便问一下，她把钱付给你了吗？_. 下学期谁教你们生物？_. Mr. White告诉我为什么他要出国。_.,By the way, has she paid you money?,Who
31、 will teach you biology?,Mr. White told me why he went abroad.,4主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语,1）He has fetched us some new textbooks.主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语 2）Grandma cooked us a nice meal.主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语3）The man told the girl that he wants to test her the subject.4）The boy asked me if I could speak Chinese.,5主语 +
32、 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语,1）The villagers didnt allow them to do this.主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语2）I will keep the box in the shade. 3）We found him a very good pupil. 4）She let me stay in the company.,Exercise,他总是把他的卧室收拾得干干净净。 _. 我建议他多读点书。 _.他修了机器。 _. 我们选他当班长。 _.,He always keeps his room clean,I suggest him reading more
33、books.,He had his machine repaired.,We made him monitor.,分析下列句子基本结构,1.Our school is not far from my home. 2. It is a great pleasure to talk with you. 3. All of us considered him honest. 4.My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes. 5. He broke a piece of glass. 6.He made it clear that he would
34、leave the city.,7. I love you more than her, child. 8. Trees turn green when spring comes. 9. They pushed the door open. 10.Grammer told me an interesting story last night. 11. He wrote carefully some letters to his friends. 12. All the students think highly of his teaching. 13.We need a place twice
35、 larger than this one. 14. He asked us to sing an English song. 15.At last he got home ,tired and hungry.,并列句,用分号或并列连词把两个或几个简单句连接起来的句子。,用分号： We fished all day; we didnt catch a thing.,用并列连词（如and、but、so、yet等） We fished all day, but we didnt catch a thing.,Exercise: 请用合适的并列连词把每组句子合并为一个并列句。,He was tire
36、d, so he went to bed.,1. He was tired. He went to bed.,2. The child didnt go out. He was afraid of the dog.,3. He made a promise. He didnt keep it.,He made a promise, but He didnt keep it.,The child didnt go out, because he was afraid of the dog.,由一个主句和一个或者一个以上从句所 构成的句子,中间用从属连词连接。 主句是一个完整的句子,它可以独立存在
37、。 从句是一个不完整的句子,它必须和一个 主句连用，不能独立存在。 复合句 = 主句 +从属连词+从句,复合句,复合句是在简单句的基础上，通过从属连词将两个或两个以上简单句连接在一起而构成。从属连词所引导的从句起形容词、名词、副词的作用。复合句主要包含以下类型从句： 1. 主语从句 2. 宾语从句3. 表语从句 4. 定语从句5. 状语从句 6. 同位语从句,指出下列各从句的类型,I believe that everything is going on well. She was reading a novel when I came in. She is the girl who sings best in my class.,宾语从句,状语从句,定语从句,Practice,
