1、Spinozas philosophies,Contents 1.Writings and works 2. Ethical philosophy 3. Substance, attributes and modes,Born 24 November 1632 Died 21 February 1677 (aged 44) The Hague, Dutch Republic Residence Netherlands Region Western Philosophy Main interests Ethics, Epistemology, Metaphysics Notable ideas
2、Pantheism, determinism, neutral monism, intellectual and religious freedom, separation of church and state, Criticism of Mosaic authorship of some books of the Hebrew Bible, political society derived from power, not contract Influenced,Writings and correspondence,1662.on the improvement of the under
3、standing(知性改进论) 1663.principles of cartesian philosophy (笛卡尔哲学原理) 1670.A theologico -political treatise( 神学政治论) 1677.The ethics（伦理学）,Ethical philosophy,Encapsulated at the start in his Treatise on the Improvement of the Understanding is the core of Spinozas ethical philosophy, what he held to be the
4、 true and final good. Spinoza held good and evil to be relative concepts, claiming that nothing is intrinsically good or bad except relative to a particularity. Things that had classically been seen as good or evil, Spinoza argued, were simply good or bad for humans. Spinoza believes in a determinis
5、tic universe in which “All things in nature proceed from certain definite necessity and with the utmost perfection.“ Nothing happens by chance in Spinozas world, and nothing is contingent.,Substance, attributes and modes,Spinoza argued that God exists and is abstract and impersonal Spinozas system i
6、mparted order and unity to the tradition of radical thought offering powerful weapons for prevailing against “received authority.“ He contended that everything that exists in Nature is one Reality (substance) and there is only one set of rules governing the whole of the reality which surrounds us an
7、d of which we are part. Substance that is the basis of the universe and of which all lesser “entities“ are actually modes or modifications, that all things are determined by Nature to exist and cause effects, and that the complex chain of cause and effect is understood only in part.,Thank you,If there are any errors , please point out.,
