1、西方经济学 必修课 3.0 Western EconomicsThis course we mainly learn macroeconomics and microeconomics.Macroeconomics is a branch of economics dealing with the performance, structure, behavior, and decision-making of the entire economy. This includes a national, regional, or global economy.Measures of nationa
2、l income and output: to estimate total economic activity in a country or region, including gross domestic product (GDP), gross national product (GNP), and net national income (NNI)-The expenditure approach. It focuses on finding the total output of a nation by finding the total amount of money spent
3、. C = household consumption, I = gross private domestic investment, G = government consumption and gross investment, X = gross exports of goods and services, M = gross imports of goods and services-The income approach. It equates the total output of a nation to the total factor income received by pe
4、ople of the nation.National income = Compensation of employees + Net interest + Rental Economic growth and Financial market stabilityInterest rate interventionsA central bank controls certain types of short-term interest rates. Lowering the interest is to encourage economic growth and is often used
5、to alleviate times of low economic growth. On the other hand, raising the interest rate is often used in times of high economic growth as a contra-cyclical device to keep the economy from overheating and avoid market bubbles.double-entry bookkeeping system 复式记账法A double-entry bookkeeping system is a
6、 set of rules for recording financial information in a financial accounting system in which every transaction or event changes at least two different nominal ledger accounts. each transaction was entered twice, with one side of the transaction being called a debit and the other a credit.一个复式簿记系统是一套规
7、则，记录财务信息的财务会计制度中，每个交易或事件的变化至少有两个不同的名义总帐科目。每笔交易被输入两次，用一侧被称为一个借方和其他信用交易。Accounting Equation 记账的等式Assets = liabilities + equity 资产等于负债加上所有者权益Balance Sheet is like “snapshot of a companys financial condition“A balance sheet is a summary of the financial balances of a company. Assets, liabilities and own
8、ership equity are listed as of a specific date, such as the end of its financial year. 资产负债表像是公司的财务状况的快照资产负债表是公司的财务结余的总结。被列为特定日期的资产，负债和所有者权益，如在其财政年度结束。管理学 专业课 3.0 ManagementManagement is a course which we learn what is management and The function of management.Management is to assign and coordinate
9、all resources that can be transferred, in order to realize the goal that cant be realized by single individual.The function of management including: planning, organizing, leading, controlling, inspiriting, making decision and innovation.The planning is to make the goal and make a plan to reach goal
10、.The top managers have responsibility to make total goal and strategy. Middle managers and first-line managers make the plan to supporting the total strategy .The managers must make a plan to control and harmonize the resource which they responsible.The organizing is to make sure in the plan who fin
11、ishes and how to manage and harmonize these tasks .The manager must organize the workgroups and members, in order to let the information, the resource and the task can change. The organizing art and the management of human Resources are very important for the function of organize.Organization: Two o
12、r more persons form the unit in order to reach the same goal. The leading is the lead encourages and guide members in order to contribute for the goal. The manager needs the ability to lead members to achieve the goal.The controlling is according to the organizations plan, supervision and inspection
13、 activities and their results, and according to the situation adjust the action or plan, make sure the plan and the actual match, achieve the goal.The Inspiriting is to create a variety of conditions, to meet the needs of employees, let them work effectively and actively, to achieve goals.Motive The
14、ory,Hierarchy of Needs ：Physical Needs，Safety Needs, love and belonging Needs, Esteem Needs and Self Actualization needs.The making decision is to recognize and solve the problem. Decision is the essence of management. Other functions of management can not be doing without decision .For example in i
15、nformation achieve, what kind of information to achieve, by what kind of way, where and when to obtain and so on, needs the manager to make decision. The innovation is Change the current situation.一、管理：是一个分配和协调所有可被调动的资源以实现个体不能实现的目标的过程。管理的职能：计划，组织，领导，控制，激励，协调。二、计划：制定目标，确立实现目标的行动。高层管理者负责制定总目标和总战略。中层和基
16、层的管理者制定计划，支持总战略。管理者必须制定计划去控制和协调他们所负责的资源。三、组织：是明确任务由谁完成，如何处理和谐调这些任务的过程。管理者必须组织工作团体和成员，使得在组织中信息、资源和任务能加以改变。组织的艺术和人力资源的管理对组织职能非常重要。组织：两个或两个以上的人组成的实现同一目标的单元。四、领导 Leadership 领导鼓励并且引导员工为了为组织的目标作贡献。管理者需要具备领导成员实现组织目标能力。五、控制 Controlling 控制是组织以经营计划的表现来监督连续情况和战略计划。六、激励：创造各种条件，满足员工需求，激发他们工作的动机，实现组织的宗旨。马斯洛的需要层次论
17、：生理需要，安全需要，社会需要，尊重的需要，自我实现的需要。七、决策：识别，解决问题，改进机会的过程。决定是管理的实质。 管理的其他作用离不开决定。例如在信息获取过程中，获得的什么样的信息，由什么样的方式，何时何地获得等等，需要管理者做出决策。八、创新：改变现在的处境。国际结算 专业课 3.0 International SettlementInternational settlement is also called financial payments, it is financial activities conducted among different countries in wh
18、ich either payments are effected or funds are transferred form one county to another for the purpose of settling accounts, debits.bills of exchange is an unconditional order in writing. It is an Unconditional Order to Pay.出票人（drawer）付款人（payer）收款人（payee）promissory notes is an unconditional promise in
19、 writing.出票人（Maker /Payer） ，收款人（Payee）checks A check is a bill of exchange drawn on a banker payable on demand.Collection documentary collection 跟单托收：Documents against Payment & Documents against Acceptance 付款交单&承兑交单Letter of Credit L/C 或 LOC 信用证A letter of credit is a document issued by a financial
20、 institution, assuring payment to a seller of goods and services. It used in trade finance, which usually provides an irrevocable payment undertaking International trade geography 国际贸易地理是研究各国各地区不同市场的基本条件和特点，他们在国际贸易中所占的地位，以及各个市场上不同的商品结构，供求，交换，运销状况。讲了世界主要运河，世界主要海峡。比如，苏伊士运河北起地中海的 port said，南接陶菲克 taufik
21、，沟通了红海和地中海。把大西洋和印度洋连接起来。这样，从东亚运送的到欧洲的货物，就不需要绕过非洲的好望角，绕很长的路程。过了印度，直接从苏伊士运河到达地中海，然后沿路北上就可。这样不仅仅缩短了航程，节省了时间和运费，更可以减少油耗，进行环保.International trade geography studies the basic trade conditions and characteristics of different countries and regions.It introduces main straits and main canals in the world.For
22、 example, the Suez Canal starts from Port Said of Mediterranean in the North and ends at Taufik in the South, connecting Red Sea and Mediterranean, Linking the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean. Thus, the cargo from East Asia to Europe neednt detour the Cape of Good Hope of South Africa, which is
23、a long distance. After arriving in India, the cargo reaches Mediterranean via Suez Canal directly, and then goes northward along the way. This not only shortens the sailing voyage, save time and cost, but also decreases the oil cost, protecting our environment. 国际贸易理论国际贸易理论的发展大致经过了古典，新古典，新贸易理论以及新兴古典
24、贸易理论四大阶段。The development of International trade theory went through four phases: classical trade theory, neoclassical trade theory, new trade theory and new developing trade theory.其中,起奠基作用的古典贸易理论是在批判重商主义的基础上发展起来。主要包括亚当.斯密的绝对优势理论和 大卫李嘉图的比较优势理论。古典贸易理论从劳动生产率的角度说明了国际贸易产生的原因，结构和利益分配。The basic and most i
25、mportant oneclassical trade theory was developed on criticizing Mercantilism, which includes Adam Smiths absolute advantage theory and David Ricardos comparative advantage theory. Classical trade theory states the cause, structure and benefit distribution of international trade from the view of labo
26、r productivity.重商主义：重商主义认为，财富的唯一形式是金银，金银的多少是衡量一个国家富裕程度的唯一尺度，而获得金银的主要渠道就是国家贸易。通过奖出限入求得顺差，使金银流入，国家就会富裕。Mercantilism holds the view: the only form of wealth is gold and silver. The quantity of gold and silver is the only way to measure a countrys wealth. And the main way to get gold and silver is inter
27、national trade.绝对优势理论：亚当斯密在生产分工理论的基础上提出了国际贸易的绝对优势理论。在国富论中，斯密指出国际贸易的基础，在于各国商品之间存在劳动生产率和生产成本的绝对差异，而这种差异来源于自然禀赋和后天的生产条件。亚当斯密认为在国际分工中，每个国家应该专门生产自己具有绝对优势的产品，并用其中一部分交换其具有绝对劣势的产品，这样就会使各国的资源得到最有效率的利用，更好的促进分工和交换，使每个国家都获得最大利益。Absolute advantage theory: Adam Smith put forward the absolute advantage theory on t
28、he basis of division of labor theory. He thought the base of international trade is absolute difference of labor productivity and production cost for goods from various countries. Every country should produce the goods with absolute advantage and do business for exchange the goods with absolute disa
29、dvantage, which will make full use of every countrys resources. This will promote division of labor and exchange better and each country can gain the greatest benefits.比较优势理论：鉴 于 绝 对 优 势 理 论 的 局 限 性 ， 大 卫 李 嘉 图 (David Ricardo)认 为 国 际 贸 易 分 工 的 基 础 不 限 于 绝 对成 本 差 异 ， 即 使 一 国 在 所 有 产 品 的 生 产 中 劳 动 生 产
30、 率 都 处 于 全 面 优 势 或 全 面 劣 势 的 地 位 ， 只 要 有 利 或 不 利 的 程 度 有所 不 同 ， 该 国 就 可 以 通 过 生 产 劳 动 生 产 率 差 异 较 小 的 产 品 参 加 国 际 贸 易 ， 从 而 获 得 比 较 利 益 。 比 较 优 势 理 论 遵 循“两 优 取 其 重 ， 两 劣 取 其 轻 ”的 原 则 ， 认 为 国 家 间 技 术 水 平 的 相 对 差 异 产 生 了 比 较 成 本 的 差 异 ， 构 成 国 际 贸 易 的原 因 ， 并 决 定 着 国 际 贸 易 的 模 式 。Comparative advantage t
31、heory: Considering the limitation of absolute advantage theory, David Ricardo put forward this theory. He thought the trade division is not limited to absolute cost differences. Even if the labor productivity of the products in one country is in good or bad position, so long as the degree of advanta
32、ges and disadvantages are different, this country should do international trade by producing the labor productivity with less difference. This will get more benefits.国际贸易实务国际贸易实务课程完整的讲述了与外国人做贸易的流程。1. 在得知一个可以进行贸易的对象公司后，要进行询盘发盘和接受。2. 然后签订合同。这个过程就涉及到商品的名称，包装和数量的表示，一定要准确。合同中必须明确规定是按照什么贸易条款和适用哪个法律。这里涉及到各
33、种各样的贸易术语，比如 FOB,CIF,CFR，这些术语说明了买房和卖方的责任义务。3. 合同签订后，卖方要备货，报关报检，并确定保险事宜，然后联系承运人。运输方式有很多种，海洋，铁路，航空，要按照不同的货物标的和具体情况选择，最普遍的是集装箱运输。分为 cy-cy, cy-sd。集装箱有 20,40gp,40hc,45gp 和 reefer 等箱型。4. 等货物运到后，买方付款赎单，拿着海运单可以提货。海运单有正本提单和海运提单两种类型，还可以做电放提单。收付汇方式有汇付，托收和信用证付款。等买方把货提走，所有款项都交齐，这笔贸易就进行完成了。We studied the detailed
34、process of doing business with foreign companies in this course.1. After learning about a suitable company which can be done business with, we need to do inquiry, offer and acceptance. This is a negotiation process. 2. Then we sign the contract. During this process, we need to define the name of com
35、modity, package and quantity accurately. And we must state clearly what trade term and which legislation we use in this business. There are different kinds of trade terms, such as FOB (free on board), CIF (cost insurance and freight), and CFR (cost and freight). These terms explain the responsibilit
36、ies and duties of shipper and consignee.3. After signing the contract, the seller needs to prepare for the cargo, do custom clearance and inspection. Before connecting with carrier, the shipper or consignee needs to confirm insurance. There are many transport ways. Such as shipping, rail, and air. W
37、e choose the ways according to the cargo and particular case. The normal and basic way is container transport. It can realize cy to cy and cy to sd. The normal types of containers are 20 feet, 40gp and reefer. 4. After the cargo arrives at the destination, consignee pays and gets bills. Then he take
38、s delivery with the bills. There are two types of bills. Original bill and seaway bill. The Consignee also can request to do telex release. The payment ways consist of remittance, collection and letter of credit.After the buyer pays for all the fees and picks up the cargo, this business is finished.
