1、1An i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e e x i s t i n g s i t u a t i o na n d t r e n d s i n b u i l d i n ge n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y ma n a g e me n t i n Ch i n aAb s t r a c tAc c ording t o t he C hi nes e S t a t e C ounci l s Buil d i ng Ener gy Ef f i c i e ncyMa nagem e nt Or dinance
2、 , a l a r ge- s c a l e i nves t i gat i o n of e ner gy e f f i c i e ncy ( EE ) i nbui l d i ngs i n c onte m p ora r y C hi na ha s bee n c a r r i e d out i n 22 provinci a l c a pit a l s a ndm a j or c i t i e s i n C hi na. The a i m o f t his proje c t i s t o provide r e l i a ble i nform
3、a t i o n f ordra wi ng up t he De c i s i on o n r e i nforc i ng buil ding e ner gy e f f i c i e ncy b y t he Mi nis t r yof C ons t r uct i on o f C hi na. The s urveyed orga niz a t i ons i ncl ude gover nm e ntdepar t m e nts , r e s e a r c h i nst i t uti ons, proper t y deve l oper s , des
4、i gn i nst i t uti ons,c ons t r uct i on c om panie s , c ons t r uct i on c onsult a ncy s e r vic e s c om panie s , f a c i l i t ym a nagem e nt depar t m e nts , f i nanci a l i nst i t uti ons a nd t hose whic h r e l a t e t o t he bus i nes sof bui l d i ng e ner gy e f f i c i e ncy. I n a
5、 ddit i o n, r e pre s e nta t i ves of t he m e dia a nd r e s i d e ntswe r e a l s o i nvolved. A det a i l e d a na l ysi s of t he r e s ult s of t he i nves t i gat i o n c onc e r ninga s pec t s of t he c urr e nt s i t uat i o n a nd t r e nds i n buil ding e ner gy c ons um p t i o n, e ne
6、r gye f f i c i e ncy s t r a t e gy a nd t he i m ple m e nta t i o n of e ne r gy e f f i c i e ncy m e a s ure s ha s bee nc onduct e d. The i nves t i gat i on s uppli e s e s s e nti a l i nform a t i on t o f orm ula t e t he m a r kete nt r a nce poli c y f or ne w buil dings a nd t he r e f
7、urbis hm e nt poli c y f or e xis t i ng buil dingst o e ncoura ge t he devel opme nt of e ner gy e f f i c i e nt t e c hnolo gy.K e yword sK K K : Ener gy e f f i c i e ncy ( E E) ; Buil d i ng; S ur vey; P oli c y; Le gis l a t i on;Re f orm ; C hi na1I n t r o d u c t i o nF ut ure t r e nds i n
8、 C hi na s e ner gy w i l l ha ve c ons i der a ble c onse quence s f or bothC hi na a nd t he gl o bal e nvir onme nt.Al t houghC hi na s c a r bon e m i s s i ons a r e l ow on a per c a pit a bas i s , C hi na has bee na l r e a dy r a nked t he worl d s s e c ond l a r ges t produce r of c a r b
9、on,behind o nl y t he US A.C hi na s buil dings s e c t or c urr e ntl y a c c ounts f or 23%of C hi na s t o t a l e ne r gy use a ndt his i s proje c t e d t o i ncr e a s e t o one- t hi r d by 2010.C hi na ha s s e t a t a r get f or a 50%r e duct i o n of e ne r gy c onsum pti on f or bui l d i
10、 ngs. Ener gy poli c y pla ys a n i m port a nt r olei n C hi na s s ust a i nable devel opme nt . I m proving e ner gy e f f i c i e ncy i n buil dings i s oneof t he m ost c ost - e f f e c t i ve m e a s ure s f or r e duci ng C O2 e m i s s i on, whic h i s r e c ognis e d2a s oneof t he m a i n
11、 c a use s of global wa r m i ng.The c l i m a t e i n C hi na i s ver y diver s e . Ac c ording t o t he nat i onal S t a ndar d ofC l i m a t i c Re gio nal i z a t i o n f or Ar c hit e c t ure GB 50178-93, C hi na i s divided i nto t hef oll o wi ng zones bas e d on c l i m a t e c har a c t e r
12、 i s t i c s : ve r y c old, c old, hot s um m e r a ndc old wi nte r , hot s um m e r a nd wa r m wi nte r , a nd m oder a t e . Ai r c ondit i o ning a ndhe a t i ng r e quir e m e nts f or dif f e r e nt z ones a r e a s f oll o ws : i n t he ve r y c old z one, t hem a j or r e quir e m e nt i s
13、 he a t i ng, a nd f e w r e s i d e nti a l bui l d i ngs a r e e qui p ped wi t h a i rc ondit i o ning. I n t he c old zone, t he pri m a r y r e quir e m e nt i s hea t i ng, f oll o we d by a i rc ondit i o ning. I n t he hot s um m e r a nd c old wi nte r zone, both a i r c ondit i o ning a nd
14、he a t i ng a r e ne e ded. I n t he hot s um m e r a nd wa r m wi nte r z one, t he m a j or r e qui r e m e nti s a i r c ondit i o ning a nd f e w r e s i d e nti a l bui l d i ngs r e qui r e hea t i ng. I n s om e par t s of t hem oder a t e zone, hea t i ng i s nee ded; i n other par t s , bot
15、h hea t i ng a nd a i r c ondit i o ning a r ene e ded. The a vai l a bil i t y of he a t i ng a nd a i r c ondit i o ning depends o n s e ver a l f a c t ors ,i ncl uding t he degre e o f e c onom i c devel opme nt i n a n a r e a , t he a vai l a bil i t y of e ner gys uppli e s a nd t he r e quir
16、 e m e nts f or e nvir onme nta l prote c t i onThe C hi nes e gover nm e nt ha s f ocuse d on e ner gy e f f i c i e ncy i n buil dings s i nce t he1980s, a nd nume r ous s t a ndar ds, buil ding c odes , i nce nti ve poli c i e s a nd a dm i nis t r a t i ver ule s ha ve bee n i s s ued. F or e xa
17、 m p l e , t he Ener gy De s i gn C odef or He a t e dRe s i d e nti a l Buil d i ngs J GJ 26-86 , Ener gy De s i gn C ode f or He a t e d Ne wRe s i d e nti a l Buil d i ngs J GJ 26-95 a nd Te c hnic a l S pec i f i c a t i on f or Ener gyC ons e r vat i o n Re novat i on of Exis t i ng He a t e d
18、Re s i d e nti a l Buil d i ngs J GJ 129-2000 a r e f or t he Ve r y C old a nd C old zones . The De s i gn S t a ndar d f or Ener gy Ef f i c i e ncy ofRe s i d e nti a l Buil d i ngs i n t he Hot S um m e r a nd C old Wi nte r z one J GJ 134-2001 a nd De s i gn S t a ndar d f or Ener gy Ef f i c i
19、 e ncy o f Re s i d e nti a l Buil d i ngs i n t he Hot S um m e ra nd Wa r m Wi nte r z one J GJ 75-2003 a r e f or non-c e ntr a l hea t i ng a r e a s . Ac c ording t ot he C hi nes e gover nm e nt t i m e t a ble , s t a ndar ds f or t he e ne r gy e f f i c i e nt des i gn f orr e s i denti a l
20、 buil dings i n a l l c l i m a t e z ones s hould ha ve t a ken e f f e c t b y t he e nd o f 2003I n order t o e nhance t he e ne r gy e f f i c i e ncy s t r a t e gie s i m ple m e nta t i o n, on behal fof t he S t a t e C ounci l , The Mi nis t r y of C ons t r uct i o n i s dra wi ng up t he
21、De c i s i on o nr e i nfo r c i ng bui l d i ng e ne r gy e f f i c i e ncy , whic h a i m s t o e s t a bli s h a buil ding e ner gye f f i c i e ncy l e gis l a t i on s yst e m , pri nci p a l l y usi ng a poli c y of e c onom i c i nce nti ves i norder t o s t i m ula t e t he r e f orm i n bui
22、 l d i ng e ne r gy e f f i c i e ncy. To f ulf i l l t his t a s k, al a r ge- s c a l e i nves t i gat i on ha s bee n c a r r i e d out f ocusi ng on t he a wa r e nes s ,under s t a nding a nd degr e e of s upport f or t he r e f orm of e ne r gy3e f f i c i e ncy i n bui l d i ngs.2 . Me t h o
23、d o l o g yThe s urvey m e t hod has bee n a ppli e d i n t his i nves t i gat i on.The ques t i o nnai r es urvey i s a c om m on m e t hod, whic h ha s bee n us e d b y m a ny r e s e a r c her s worl d wi d e . Adet a i l e d des c r i p t i o n o f t he s urvey m e t hod use d i n t his work i s
24、 a s f oll o ws .2 . 1 . O b j e c t sO O O a nd s u b j e c t s o f t he i n v e s t i g a t i o nThe s urvey i nto t he e xis t i ng s i t uat i o n a nd t r e nds of buil ding e ne r gy e f f i c i e ncym a nagem e nt i n C hi na wa s c a r r i e d out f r om S e pte m ber 2005t o F e brua r y 20
25、06a nda i m e d t o s upply r e a l i s t i c i nform a t i on f or providing a r e l i a ble wa r r a nty f or dra wi ng upbui l d i ng e ner gy m a nagem e nt r e gula t i ons. Exte nsi ve dis c uss i o nsha ve bee n c onduct e d wi t h e xper t s i n t he c ountr y i n order t o des i gn t he s u
26、r veyque s t i o nnai r e . About22,000c opie s of t he s ur vey ques t i o nnai r e ha ve bee n dis t r i bute dt o a bout22 provinci a l c a pit a l s a nd t he m a j or c i t i e s t hroughoutt he c ountr y. The s urveys ubje c t s a r e m a i nly gover nm e nt a dm i nis t r a t i ve depar t m e
27、 nts , r e s e a r c h i nst i t uti ons,proper t y devel oper s , des i gn i nst i t uti ons, c onst r uct i o n c om panie s , c onst r uct i o nc ons ult a ncy s e r vic e c om panie s , f a c i l i t y m a nagem e nt depar t m e nts , f i nanceorganiz a t i ons, t he m e dia a nd r e s i dents .
28、 The i nform a t i onder i ved f r om t he i nves t i gat i on bec om e s a n i m port a nt r e f e r e nce f or t he dra wi ngup o f t he De c i s i on on r e i nfo r c i ng bui l d i ng e ner gy e f f i c i e ncy . The t opic s of t hei nves t i gat i on a r e divided i nto one ge ner a l par t a
29、nd e i ght s pec i f i c par t s . The ge ner a lpar t i s t o i nves t i gat e t he e xis t i ng s i t uat i o n of e ner gy e f f i c i e ncy m a nagem e nt, t hedeve l opme nt t e ndency a nd t he c ost o f bui l d i ng e ner gye f f i c i e ncy. The s pec i f i c par t s i ncl ude:P a r t 1 : Ne
30、 w buil ding m a r ket e ntr a nce per m i s s i o n;P a r t 2 : P r om oti on, l i m i t a t i on a nd r e s t r i c t i on;P a r t 3: S t a t i s t i c of bui l d i ng e ne r gy c onsum pti on;P a r t 4 : Ener gy e f f i c i e ncy l a bel l i ng a nd c e r t i f i c a t i o n;P a r t 5 : Ener gy e
31、 f f i c i e ncy m a nagem e nt a nd r e f urbis hm e nt f or publi c buil dings;P a r t 6 : Ener gy e f f i c i e ncy m a nagem e nt a nd r e f urbis hm e nt f or r e s i d e nti a lbui l d i ngs;P a r t 7: Appli c a t i o n of r e ne wa ble e ner gy;P a r t 8 : I nce nti ve poli c y f or e ner gy
32、e f f i c i e ncy.4The s ubje c t s c om e f r om 11 gr oups, t hey a r e :No.1:Gover nm e nt depar t m e nts ;No.2:P r oper t y deve l oper s ;No.3:De s i gn a nd c onst r uct i o n c om panie s ;No.4:Ener gy s e r vic e c om panie s ;No.5:C l i e nts of publi c buil dings;No.6:P r oper t y s e r v
33、ic e c om panie s ;No.7:He a t i ng s uppli e r s ;No.8:Ma nufa c t ure r s of c onst r uct i o n m a t e r i a l s a nd product s ;No.9:F i nanci a l i nst i t uti ons;No.10:Re s i d e nts ;No.11:The Me dia .The 11 s ubje c t s we r e r e quir e d t o a ns we r t he que s t i ons i n t he gener a l
34、 par t but didnot nec e s s a r i l y have t o a nswe r a l l t he ques t i o ns i n t he s pec i f i c par t s . The 11 t ypes ofque s t i o nnai r e we r e des i gned f or t he dif f e r e nt s ubje c t s .3 . An a l y s i s o f s a m p l e sThe 22,000c opie s of t he que s t i o nnai r e have bee
35、 n dis t r i bute d, a nd a bout13,125va l i d c opie s have bee n r e t urned, a r e s ponse r a t e of 59.7%. Am ong t hes e val i dc om ple t e d ques t i o nnai r e s , 10,236c opie s we r e f r om r e s i dents a nd 2889 c opie sf r om i nst i t uti ons.3 . 1 . Re s i de n t s u bj e c t s a mp
36、 l e sThe r e s i d e nt que s t i o nnai r e i ncl udes f our c r i t e r i a : owner s hip of proper t y,bui l d i ng t ype, bui l d i ng a ge a nd a ve r a ge f a m i l y i ncom e . F r om t he i nves t i gat i o n wec a n s e e t hat t he owner s hip of proper t y a c c ounts f or 67.8%; t he m
37、ult i - f l o or buil dingsa c c ountf or 61.8%; t he bui l d i ngs a ge d l e s s t han 10 ye a r s old a c c ountf or 62.9%;a nd house holds wi t h m onthly a ve r a ge f a m i l y i ncom e l e s s t han 5000Yuan a c c ountf or 61.8%. Thes e f i gure s m a t c h t he r e a l s i t uat i on i n C h
38、i na . I n gener a l , t he va l i dc om ple t e d que s t i onnai r e s f r om r e s i dent s ubje c t s r e f l e c t t he gener a l s i t uat i o n i nC hi nes e s oci e t y. I t r e pre s e nts t he s oci e t y s m a i nst r e a m .53 . 2 . I n s t i t u t i o n s i n c l u d e d i n t he s a mp
39、 l eThe i nst i t uti ons i ncl uded i n t he s a m ple we r e c l a s s i f i e d a c c ording t o t hre ec r i t e r i a , na m e l y t he a dm i nis t r a t i ve c har a c t e r i s t i c s of t hei r c i t i e s , t hei r c l i m a t e z one,a nd whet her or not t hey we r e bui l d i ng owner s
40、 .F r om t he i nves t i gat i on we c a n s e e t hat t he s urveyed c i t i e s a r e m a i nly provinci a lc a pit a l s a nd Munic i p a l i t i e s ( a Munic i pal i t y i s a s pec i f i c a dm i nis t r a t i ve c i t y whic h i sgover ned dir e c t l y b y t he c e nt r a l gover nm e nt. Th
41、er e a r e f our s uc h c i t i e s : Be i j i ng,Ta i nji n, S ha nghai a nd C hongqing), whic h a c c ount f or 90%of t he whole s urveyedc i t i e s . The buil ding e ne r gy c onsum pti on i n provi nci a l c a pit a l s i s m ore r e m a r kablet han t hat i n other c i t i e s , whic h r e f l
42、 e c t t he c ountr y s r e a l s i t uat i o n.The s urveyed c i t i e s a r e m ost l y l oca t e d i n t he ve r y c old, c old, hot s um m e r a ndc old wi nte r z ones . The proport i on o f t he c i t i e s i n t he hot s um m e r a nd wa r m wi nte ra nd m i l d zones a r e l ow a nd t his i
43、s bec a use t he gover nm e nt f ocuse s o n t he c old a r e a sa t t he m om e nt. Am ong t he s a m ple d i nst i t uti ons, t he e ner gy s e r vic e c om panie sm a ke up t he l owe s t proport i on o f 0.6%bec a use t he buil ding e ner gy e f f i c i e ncys e r vic e s yst e m i s not ye t f
44、u l l y m a t ure . The proport i on of des i gn i nst i t uti o ns,c ons t r uct i on a nd c ons ult a ncy c om panie s i s 38%, whic h i s t he l a r ges t group. Thes e c ond l a r ges t gr oup, wi t h 14.3%, i s m a de up of m a nufa c t ure r s of buil dingm a t e r i a l s a nd e qui p m e nt.
45、 Thes e t wo i nst i t uti ons a r e t he pra c t i c a l e xe c uti ve bodie sf or t he i m ple m e nta t i o n o f bui l d i ng e ner gy e f f i c i e ncy. The proport i o n of c l i e nts o fpubli c buil ding i s 9.0%, whic h i s par t i c ula r l y s e l e c t e d t o r e f l e c t publi c buil
46、dinge ne r gy m a nagem e nt a nd r e novat i o n. The proport i o ns o f t hes e i nst i t uti on s ubje c ts a m ple s r e f l e c t t he r e a l s i t uat i on i n C hi na4 . Re s u l t a n a l y s i sThe s urveys we r e c a r r i e d out wi t hin f our gr oups: c onsum e r s , produce r s ,s e r
47、 vic e s a nd c ons ult a ncy s uper vis i ons. The c ons um e r s i ncl ude r e s i dents a nd c l i e ntsof publi c buil dings. The produc e r s i ncl ude proper t y deve l o per s a nd m a nufa c t ure r s .The s e r vic e s i ncl ude des i gn c onst r uct i o n a nd c ons t r uct i on c onsult a
48、 ncy c om panie s ,e ne r gy s e r vic e c om panie s , f a c i l i t y m a nagem e nt s e r vic e s , e ner gy r e s ourc e s e r vic e sc om panie s a nd f i nance i nst i t uti ons. The c ons ult a ncy s uper vis i ons i ncl udegover nm e nt depar t m e nts a nd t he m e dia .64 . 1 Co ns ume r s
49、 o f e ne r g y e f f i c i e nt pr o d u c t s4 . 1 . 1 Th e de g r e e o f a c c e pt a bi l i t y o f e ne r g y e f f i c i e ntpr o d u c t sThe i nves t i gat i on s hows t he degr e e of a c c e pta bil i t y of e ner gy e f f i c i e nt product sf r om t he s urvey. F r om t he i nves t i gat i on we c a n s e e t hat t he a c c e pta bil i t y degr e e o fe ne r gy e f f i c i e nt buil ding product s does not r e m a i n high a nd t he r e e xis t s a r e gionaldif f e r e nce . The f e e
