1、单击此处编辑母版标题样式单击此处编辑母版副标题样式* 1n主动与被动Active vs. Passiven Many people speak English. English is spoken by many people. n n A behavioral pattern vs. A psychological patternn What people have done to the world vs. What the world reflects of peoples behaviourActive vs. Passiven 一进房间他就闻到了一股浓烈的花香。n 一进房间一股浓烈的
2、花香扑鼻而来。nPsychological process of apperception vs. The role of the real world on apperceptionActive Voice vs. Passive Voicen Voice enables us to look at actions in a sentence from two perspectives, without any change to the fact.n(Quirk)eg. The butler murdered the master.The master was murdered by th
3、e butler.Active Voice vs. Passive Voicen Passive the opposite of Activen(J. Vendryes) Active voice emphasizes the action itself.Passive voice emphasizes the condition after the action is taken.Active Voice vs. Passive Voiceneg. My brother broke the teapot. n(active, dynamic)n The teapot was broken b
4、y my brother.n(passive, condition of the teapot)n The teapot was broken.n(passive, condition)n The teapot is broken.n(passive, stative)English vs. Chinesen English: 1) more variations of verb formsn 2) clear division between man and n naturen 3) distinction between being subjective n and objectiven
5、n Chinese: 1) few variations of verb formsn 2) unity of man and naturen 3) no clear distinction between being n subjective and objectiven Examples Analysis:n1. 老虎 被 他们 打死了。n 老虎 被 打死了。n 老虎打死了。Passive Voice: A Closer Lookn 1. Syntactic Passive:n passive voice in the form and structure as being passive
6、n 2. Notional Passiven passive voice not in the form and structure as being passive, but offering a passive notionn(Jesperson)Syntactic Passiven 1. 施动者方面的原因n 1）说不清施动者n eg. Tom was killed in World War 2.n 2）不必说出施动者n eg. China fought against Russia in the womens volleyball match and Russia was beaten.
7、n 3）不愿意说出施动者n eg. Some rude comments on the plan were made at the board meeting.Syntactic Passiven2. 受动者方面的原因n 1）心理上的原因n eg. Madame Currie will long be remembered as the discoverer of radium.n 2）信息结构上的原因n eg. Unfortunately, this message was not put across by the speaker.Syntactic Passiven3. 修辞的需要n s
8、ubject, cohesion, etc.n4. 文体的需要n science, journalism, business, etc. Notional Passiven 1. 由及物动词或系动词构成的谓语表示事物特征。n eg. The new book reads well.n The dish smells wonderful.n The rice is cooking.n The suggestion needs further n consideration.n 2. 由系动词 +介宾短语构成系表结构表示事物状态。n eg. The railway is under constru
9、ction.Translating Active Voice into Passive Voice (C E)n1. 无主句 n 10% - 40% Chinese sentences are without a subject.n eg. 装配和调试的时候应该把所有零件清洗干净。n When being assembled and adjusted, all parts should be cleaned. Translating Active Voice into Passive Voice (C E)n 2. 泛指人称句n Sometimes Chinese sentences take
10、 a generic person as the subject.n eg. 众所周知，改革开放二十年来经济发展取得了显著的成绩。n It is well known that marked success has been attained in economic development since China implemented the policy of reform and opening-up some 25 years ago.Translating Active Voice into Passive Voice (C E)n 3. 话题评说句n eg. 这个问题我们正在研究。
11、n This problem is being considered (by us).n eg. 这些工作中遇到的困难应当给以高度重视。n Great attention should be given to the difficulties in the work.n eg. 长江上已经建起了上百座大桥。n Over 100 bridges have been built across the Yangtze River. Translating Active Voice into Passive Voice (C E)n4. “由 ”字句n eg. 这个任务由小刘完成。n This tas
12、k will be completed by Xiao Liu.n eg. 所有被邀请出席会议的国家都由政府首脑代表。n All the countries that are invited to attend the meeting will be represented by the heads of their governments.Translating Active Voice into Passive Voice (C E)n5. “把 ”字句n eg. 你把她吓得哭了起来。n She was scared to tears (by you).n eg. 把我冷得直哆嗦。n I
13、was made shivering by the cold air.Examples Analysisn 我们两国人民贸易的交往可以 追溯 到很久以前。nTrade contacts between our two peoples can be traced back to long time ago. Examples Analysisn 团结统一，深深地 印在 中国人的民族意识中。nSolidarity and unity have been inscribed in the hearts of the Chinese people as part of their national i
14、dentity.Examples Analysisn 在美国的对华政策上，现在显然经济利益 放在 比较重要的位置上。nIn terms of the China policy of the US, obviously economic interest is now placed on a more important position.Examples Analysisn 品牌名称是能 看得见 、能 说出来 、能 写出来 的，而品牌标识是只能 看得见 而不能 说出来 的。nA brand name can be seen, spoken out and written out, wherea
15、s a brand logo can only be seen instead of being spoken out. Examples Analysisn 秦朝的时候， 修建 了交通要道， 统一 了文字和货币，并且把长城 连接 了起来。nDuring the Qin Dynasty, a road system was developed, writing and coinage were standardized and the Great Walls were joined into one.Examples Analysisn 对发展中国家 提供 经济援助，应当严格遵守受援国的主权，
16、不附带任何政治、经济条件。nEconomic assistance to the developing countries should be granted in strict observance of the sovereignty of the recipient countries with no political or economic conditions attached.Examples Analysisn 这两份文件都是 花了大工夫 的，我看都是比较成熟的。nMuch effort has been put into the drafting and in my opin
17、ion, both documents are well thought out.nBoth documents have been drafted with great efforts and seem quite well-done.Translating Passive Voice into Active Voice (E C)n1. 被动句正译（谓词）n2. 还原主语或调整句式n3. 动词译为名词n4.谓词后由 by引导的短语转化成由 “因为 ”、“由于 ”等引导的短语或从句Examples Analysis (It )nIt is hoped that 希望 nIt is repor
18、ted that 据报道 nIt is said that 据说 nIt is supposed that 据推测 nIt must be admitted that 必须承认 nIt must be pointed out that 必须指出 nIt will be seen from this that 由此可见 Examples Analysis (It )nIt is asserted that 有人主张 nIt is believed that 有人认为 /相信 nIt is generally considered that 大家认为 nIt is well known that
19、大家知道 （众所周知 ）It will be said that 有人会说 It was told that 有人曾经说 Examples AnalysisnImplementation of international human rights standards must be pursued with great efforts.n 贯彻人权标准的工作必须大力 进行 。Examples AnalysisnIn the past two centuries, China was repeatedly invaded by foreign powers.n 在过去的两百年中，中国曾不断 遭受 外国列强 侵略 。
