1、The contents of a research article or thesis,What we will be doing,1 function,1. previous function: providing a brief preview to encourage the reader to continue reading the article Not considered an independent unit 2.changing situation:on-line publication databases - Science Citation Index,1 funct
2、ion,3. Abstract databases allow scientists to search and scan the scientific literature and then decide which research articles they want to read in detail.,1 function,Abstract now: 1. should have independent validity. 2. should serve as a standalone, self-contained description of the research artic
3、le,1 function,3. readers should be able to understand the key points and results of the research even if they never see the whole article. 4. Abstract is a representation of the research article.,1 function,Q1:Why does the unit on Abstracts come at the end of the lecture rather than at the beginning
4、? 1.you are in a better position to create an Abstract after you have finished writing the other sections of your paper. 2.The content of the Abstract is derived from the rest of the article, not the other way around.,1 function,Q1:Why does the unit on Abstracts come at the end of the lecture rather
5、 than at the beginning? 3. the Abstract does not contain material which is not already in the paper. 4.once you have decided what should go in the Abstract ,you can select material, from the relevant sections of the paper and adapt or modify them to meet the demands of an Abstract.,1 function,Q2:Doe
6、s every Abstract follow the same model? No. different titles.Abstract SummaryBackground, With no title at all.,Classifications of abstract,Descriptive Abstract,A descriptive abstract ( indicative abstract): the abstract indicating the topic and thesis (what the paper does about the topic) dealt with
7、 in a paper, making it easy for potential readers to decide whether to read the paper or not. Some descriptive abstracts describe the research paper in a macro way: briefly introduces the purpose, topic, method and results and conclusion of the research and doesnt provide specific information. Descr
8、iptive abstract is common in theoretical research paper as well as in empirical research paper.,Informative Abstract,An informative abstract: the abstract highlighting the objectives, the research methodology, analysis of the results, the major findings and the conclusion in a micro way by providing
9、 the key data. It covers all the main sections of the research paper and focuses primarily on one or two aspect of the study, usually but not always the method and the results.,Difference between descriptive and informative abstract,descriptive abstract,a descriptive abstract just describe a researc
10、h in a macro way by indicating the topic and thesis of the research without any details of the research, or briefly introduces the purpose, topic, method and results of the research paper and doesnt provide specific information,informative abstract,an informative abstract describes a research in a m
11、icro way by highlighting the objectives, methodology, results, major findings and conclusion with some key data with major quantitative or qualitative data.,Difference between descriptive and informative abstract,descriptive abstract,BriefSeldom serve as a substitute for a full paperDoes not include
12、 results and conclusion,informative abstract,More detailedDesigned to surrogate the paperInclude all the information that can be found from descriptive abstract,Informative Abstract,An informative abstract may be either a structured abstract or unstructured abstract based on the writing conventions
13、of a discipline. Structured abstract is written using such sub-headings as objectives, methods, results, and conclusions. Unstructured abstract is written without any sub-headings.,Abstract: Objectives : A hyperthermia system using a folded loop antenna applicator at 27 MHz for soft tissue treatment
14、 was investigated both theoretically and experimentally to evaluate its clinical value. Materials and methods: The electromagnetic analysis of a 27-MHz folded loop antenna for use in human tissue was based on a customized software tool and led to the design and development of the proposed hypertherm
15、ia system. The system was experimentally validated using specific absorption rate (SAR) distribution estimations through temperature distribution measurements of a muscle tissue phantom after electromagnetic exposure. Various scenarios for optimal antenna positioning were also performed. Results: Co
16、mparison of the theoretical and experimental analysis results shows satisfactory agreement. The SAR level of 50% reaches 8 cm depth in the tissue phantom. Thus, based on the maximum observed SAR values that were of the order of 100 W/kg, the antenna specified is suitable for deep tumor heating. Conc
17、lusions: Theoretical and experimental SAR distribution results as derived from this study are in agreement. The proposed folded loop antenna seems appropriate for use in hyperthermia treatment, achieving proper planning and local treatment of deeply seated affected areas and lesions.,This abstract i
18、s an example of structured abstract. It is structured with 4 sub-headings: objectives, materials and methods, results, conclusions. Highly generalized sentences are used to summarize each section of the research paper.,What we will be doing,2. Model building,Practice: Read the attached 2 sample mode
19、ls and try to find the difference.,two models of abstract,Model1（informative): similar to a summaryvery well structured.deals with all the main subsections of the research articlecan have subtitles such as Background/Method/Results/Conclusions.,Model2(descriptive): focuses primarily on one or two as
20、pect of the study, usually but not always the method and the results. more common,Q3:How do I know which model to choose? This decision is based on the type of research you have done and the Guide for Authors of the journal where you want to publish your research.,How do I know which model to choose
21、? The decision is normally determined by the journal rather than the author. If the choice is yours, generally, the more narrow and specified your research topic, the less likely you are to use the summary format.,3 Build a Model,3.1 sample analysisPractice: You are now ready to build a model of the
22、 Abstract by writing a short description of what the writer is doing in each sentence. you will need to build two models, to cover the two types of Abstracts.,model1:Sentence 1 The speed of sound in a fluid is determined by, and therefore an indicator of, the thermodynamic properties of that fluid.
23、the writer provides background factual information.,Q: how do I know what kind of background information to provide?A: usually the first sentence of the Introduction. The focus of an Abstract is likely on the methodology or the resultSo limit background information to one or two sentences,Sentence 2
24、 The aim of this study was to investigate the use of an ultrasonic cell to determine crude oil properties, in particular oil density. the writer combines the method, the general aim and the specific aim of the study in one sentence.,By combining the background information and the aim, method, or res
25、ult, the sentence can be shortened and serve more than one purpose. Example: in order to determine x we did y (aim +method),Sentences 3 and 4 An ultrasonic cell was constructed to measure the speed of sound and tested in a crude oil sample. 4 The speed of sound was measured at temperatures between 2
26、60 and 411 K at pressures up to 75 MPs. the writer summarises the methodology and provides details.,Q: how much detail should I give?A: depend on the focus of the studyIf the focus of the study is on methodology, details should be given.If not, details should be reserved for the results.,Sentence 5
27、The measurements were shown to lead to an accurate determination of the bubble point of the oil. the writer indicates the achievement of the study.,Emphasize new and important achievements is one of the central functions of the Abstract. Vocabulary: positive language, an accurate determination.,Sent
28、ence 6 This indicates that there is a possibility of obtaining fluid density from sound speed measurements and suggests that it is possible to measure sound absorption with an ultrasonic cell to determine oil viscosity. the writer presents the implications of the study.,model1,Model2:Sentence 1 This
29、 paper reports the use of a novel( not known before) water-soluble polymer blend as a coating to control drug release. the writer combines what the paper does (This paper reports), the method or materials used (water-soluble polymer blend), the contribution (novel) and the aim of the study (to contr
30、ol drug release).,Sentence 2 It was found that using a blend of methylcellulose and a water-soluble copolymer significantly slowed the release rate of ibuprofen compounds in vitro and allowed for a more consistent release rate of 10 20% per hour. the writer refers to the method in more detail and pr
31、ovides numerical details of the results.,Model 2,We can streamline the sentence types we have collected so that the model has five basic components.,Model 1 typically includes the first four components in approximately the order presented; each component tends to occur separately. occasionally inclu
32、de the fifth component, LIMITATIONS and/or FUTURE WORK.,Model 2 two or three of the components combined in a single sentence where possible. The components generally include RESULTS and/or ACHIEVEMENTS and frequently METHODOLOGY, but this depends on the research area and the level of specificity.,Mo
33、del2:A wider research focus may require BACKGROUND or AIM in the Abstract.the order of components: very flexible the only pattern : generally METHODOLOGY tends to come before RESULTS.,What we will be doing,Practice: Read the abstract section from your collected papers summarize and explain the use o
34、f tense in an abstract when describing gap/problemAim /purpose of the study (what the paper does)Methodology (experiment, algorithm/model)ResultsAchievementsapplication,3 Grammar and Writing Skills 3.1 Verb tense,The gap/problem is normally in the Present Simple tense examples:The main problem, howe
35、ver, is We examine why these models have difficulty with However, this assumption is not valid when,3 Grammar and Writing Skills 3.1 Verb tense,When referring to what the paper itself does or what is actually in the paper itself, use the Present Simple tense, for example:This paper presents a new me
36、thodology forIn this paper we apply This study reports an improved design for,3 Grammar and Writing Skills 3.1 Verb tense,When referring to your methodology, or what you did during the research period, it is common to use the Past Simple tense, for example: Two catalysts were examined in order to Sa
37、mples were prepared for electron microscopy using,3 Grammar and Writing Skills 3.1 Verb tense,methodology, especially when referring to calculations or equations which can be found in the paper .It is possible to use the Present Simple tenseNumerical examples are analysed in detail The accuracy is e
38、valuated by A detailed comparison is made between,3 Grammar and Writing Skills 3.1 Verb tense,Results: in either the Present Simple tense or simple past tense for example: We find that oxygen reduction may occur up to 20 microns from the interfaceNo dilation was observed This was consistent with,3 G
39、rammar and Writing Skills 3.1 Verb tense,Example:The experiments demonstrated there are two matrices the first part of the sentence : in the Past Simple tensethe finding/result itself or the implication of the result: in the Present Simple tense,The sentence may use two different tenses. if you beli
40、eve the finding or result is strong enough to be considered as a fact or truthuse present tense,3 Grammar and Writing Skills 3.1 Verb tense,Achievements can be expressed in 1. the Present Perfect tense, as in the Discussion/Conclusion: We have obtained accurate quantitative LIF measurements This inv
41、estigation has revealed that We have devised a strategy which allows,3 Grammar and Writing Skills 3.1 Verb tense,Achievements can be expressed in 2. the Past Simple tense (more commonly) for example: The Y-type was found to produce The hydrocarbons showed a marked increase in,3 Grammar and Writing S
42、kills 3.1 Verb tense,Achievements can be expressed in 3. the Present Simple tense: This process can successfully be combined with The framework described here is both simple and universal The value of our approach lies in,3 Grammar and Writing Skills 3.1 Verb tense,Applications are normally stated i
43、n the Present Simple tense: Example:This process is suitable for the production of This framework can be used to evaluate This approach can be applied to,3 Grammar and Writing Skills 3.2 length,The Abstract usually has a strict word limit. between 80 150 words written as a single paragraph. Even lon
44、ger Abstracts (150 250 words) are usually written as a single paragraph.,3 Grammar and Writing Skills 3.3 language,Style: written in a slightly less technical way than the article itself to attract a wider audience,What we will be doing,the use of sentences combing two or more functions,1 This paper
45、 reports the use of a novel water-soluble polymer blend as a coating to control drug release. combine what the paper does ,the method or materials used, the contribution and the aim of the study,the use of sentences combing two or more functions,1) A hyperthermia system using a folded loop antenna a
46、pplicator at 27 MHz for soft tissue treatment was investigated both theoretically and experimentally to evaluate its clinical value. To combine method, thesis and objectiveIn this paper，a new method based on is proposed/ introduced to.(objective),the use of sentences combing two or more functions,1)
47、 In this paper, we report on fs-laser microwelding of two transparent layers of polymethy1 methacrylate (PMMA) based on nonlinear absorption and localized heat accumulation at high repetition rates.To combine thesis and methodIn this paper, we report on based on.,the use of sentences combing two or
48、more functions,1) To enhance the performance, we introduce a global constraint of K-Repetition on OE-DTW and a flexible end point detection schemeTo combine thesis and objectiveIn this paper, we propose with the goal of.,the use of sentences combing two or more functions,1） Using the method of seeds
49、 and branch duplication, it is shown that for every tree of diameter d 7, there is an Hermitian matrix with as few as d distinct eigenvalues (a known lower bound). To combine methods and resultsUsing the method of , it is shown .,the use of sentences combing two or more functions,1) A shorter sonication with higher energy density plays a more effective role in restraining microbial activity than longer sonication with lower energy density.To combine comparison and conclusion,
