1、Past participle 过去分词 过去分词是非谓语动词的一种形式 ,表示完成和被动的动作。它在句子中可以充当状语、定语、表语、宾语补足语、主语补足语等成分。过去分词作状语可表时间 , 原因 , 让步 , 结果 , 方式 , 条件等。 这种过去分词状语相当于于一个时间、地点、原因、条件、让步等状语从句 , 过去分词作状语中句子的主语与分词所表示的动作构成动宾关系 , 即是该分词动作的承受者。注意： 作状语时 ,过去分词的逻辑主语与句子主语一致。过去分词作时间状语 ,可在过去分词前加上连词 when, while, until等来 强调时间概念。1. When it is heated ,
2、 ice will be changed into water. When heated , ice will be changed into water.2. When it is seen under a microscope, a fresh snowflake has a delicate six-pointed. Seen under a microscope, a fresh snowflake has a delicate six-pointed shape. 过去分词作原因状语1. Since/ As she was given advice by the famous det
3、ective, the young lady was no longer afraid. Given advice by the famous detective, the young lady was no longer afraid.2. Because it was done in a hurry, his homework was full of mistakes. Done in a hurry, his homework was full of mistakes.过去分词作让步状语过去分词作让步状语1.Though they had been warned of the storm
4、, the farmers were still working in the fields.2. Though warned of the storm, farmers were still working in the fields.the2.Although he was left alone at home， Sam did not feel afraid at all.Left alone at home, Sam did not feel afraid at all. 过去分词作条件或者假设状语 If they had been given more attention, the
5、cabbages could have grown better. Given more attention, the cabbages could have grown better.2. If I am compared with you, we still have a long way to go. Compared with you, we still have a long way to go.作 方式或 伴随 情况状语 The hunter left his house, followed by his dog. The hunter left his house, and he
6、 was followed by his dog.2. She sat by the window, lost in thought. She sat by the window, and she was lost in thought.lost 表示一种迷失心理状态用 过去分词作状语来改写句子。 As I was worried about the journey, I was unsettled for the first few days. _ , I was unsettled for the first few days.Worried about the journey2. If
7、he is given time, hell make a first-class tennis player. _ , hell make a first-class tennis player.3) As I was confused by the new surroundings, I was hit by the lack of fresh air. _, I was hit by the lack of fresh air.Given timeConfused by the new surroundings4) When he was questioned by the police
8、 about the fire, he became tense. _ _, he became tense. Questioned by the police about the fire过去分词作定语过去分词作定语与其所修饰的词之间存在着逻辑上的被动关系 ,且表示该动作已经完成。单个的过去分词作定语 ,通常置于被修饰的词的前面 ,而分词短语作定语 ,则须置于被修饰词的后面。Attention1. Last Sunday we went on an organized trip to the forest. 上星期我们组织了一次去森林的旅行。2. A letter posted today
9、will reach him the day after tomorrow. 今天发出的信后天就能收到。分词作 定语 可以转换成定语从句 :This is a picture painted by my father. (被动 ) =This is a picture which was painted by my father.The letter mailed last night will reach him tomorrow. (已完成 ) =The letter which was mailed last night will reach him tomorrow.过去分词短语有时亦
10、可用作非限制性定语，前后常有逗号。Some of them, born and brought up in country villages, had never seen a train.他们当中有一些人 , 生长在农村，从未见过火车。 过去分词作定语有前置和后置两种情况 :单个的过去分词作定语 , 通常放在被修饰的名词之前 , 表示被动和完成意义。1.前置定语A.被动意义：an honored guest 一位受尊敬的客人(受伤的工人 )are now being taken good care of in the hospital.B.完成意义a retired teacher 一位退休
11、的教师They are cleaning (落叶 ) in the yard.The injured workersthe fallen leaves2.后置定语 过去分词短语作定语时 , 通常放在被修饰的名词之后 , 它的作用相当于一个定语从句。Most of the artists invited to the party were from South Africa.(过去分词作后置定语表达被动 , 等于定语从句who were invited。 )The computer centre, opened last year, is very popular among the stude
12、nts in this school.(过去分词短语作定语放在所修饰的名词后 ,可以用非限制性定语从句 “which was opened last year”代替。 )如果被修饰的词是由 every/some/any/no + thing/body/one所构成的复合代词或指示代词 those等时，即使一个单一的分词作形容词用，也要放在被修饰词的后面。 例如： Is there anything unsolved? There is noting changed here since I left this town. 注意 : 另外 ,分词作状语时 ,如果其逻辑主语与整个句子的主语不一致时
13、 ,需要独立主格结构或 with 复合结构来替代。 (此时 ,也可把该分词看成介词的宾语补足语。 ) 过去分词做宾语补足语，如： He watched the TV set carried out of the room. Last year they had the house rebuilt. When you speak English, be sure to make yourself understood. 注：过去分词做宾语补足语表示动作完成结果，并有被动意义。 I once heard this song sung in Japanese. This song was once
14、sung in Japanese.I dont want the children taken out in such weather.The children were taken out in such weather. 以上句子可以变为被动结构，这时，宾语补足语就成了主语补足语，与谓语一起称为 “复合谓语 ”，如： We were kept waiting for quite a long time. She was never heard singing that song again. One of the glasses was found broken. 过去分词作主语补足语例
15、: The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back. 简析 : 很显然 ,划线部分的逻辑主语是 his hands,而不是句子的主语 The murderer,而 his hands 对于动词 tie来说 ,只能是被动承受。 Given more time, we would be able to do the work much better.Left alone at home, Sam did not feel afraid at all. Dont get you schedule changed, stay with us in this class.The problem discussed at the meeting yesterday was very difficult to solve.
