1、现在分词用法归纳modified by lex,一、现在分词的结构二、现在分词的结构含义三、现在分词的句法功能四、独立主格结构五、现在分词的主动表被动含义,知识提纲,一、现在分词的结构,否定式 ：在现在分词的前面直接加not,1.现在分词的主动式的一般式和完成式。一般式用来指和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的行为；完成式（having + 过去分词）用来指在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。如：Being a student, he was interested in books. Having studied in university for 3 years, he knows the w
2、ay very well.,二、现在分词的结构含义,2.现在分词的被动式的一般式和完成式。当句子的主语是分词动作的承受者时，分词用被动语式；如果强调分词的动作先于谓语的动作，就用分词完成式被动形式。如：The question being discussed is important. Having been criticized by the teacher, Li Ming gave up smoking. 【注】：being done 不能作状语having been done 不能作定语,分词不管充当什么成分，都和所修饰的名词或者代词或者句子的主语形成主谓关系。 1.作定语 分词短语作
3、定语时，分词短语放在被修饰的名词之后；单个分词作定语时，放在被修饰的名词之前。相当于定语从句。如： The man standing by the windows is our teacher. （standing 和所修饰的man形成主谓关系） In the following years he worked even harder.,三、现在分词的句法功能, who is standing by the windows, In the years that followed,【注】分词作前置定语(不同含义）1.下列由动词变成形容词化的分词表达不同的含义。V-ing表示他人他物令人感到怎么样
4、。V-ed本身自己感到怎么样。interesting , interested ;exciting, excited; annoying, annoyed; amazing, amazed; amusing, amused ;astonishing, astonished; boring, bored; confusing, confused; disappointing, disappointed; encouraging, encouraged; embarrassing, embarrassed ; frightening, frightened; inspiring, inspired
5、 He had a _ (terrifying, terrified) look in his eyes. The boy answered in a _ (frightening, frightened) voice.,terrified,frightened,His son was . The old man felt unhappy.His son was , so he regretted not having prepared much for the test. 2.有些形容词化的分词表到不同的含义。V-ing表示动作正在进行。V-ed表示动作已完成，不表被动。rising/ris
6、en, falling/fallen, developing /developed , changing/ changed, fading /faded, boiled/ boiling ,drowning/ drownedChina is a developing country. (发展中的)America is a developed country. （发达的）,disappointing,disappointed,boiling water boiled water fading flowers faded flowers a drowning man a drowned man f
7、alling leaves fallen leaves a retired worker an escaped prisoner returned students,正在沸腾的,已经沸腾过的,正在凋谢的,已经凋谢的,快要淹死的,已经淹死的,正在飘落的树叶,落 叶,退休工人,逃犯,归国留学生,分词作定语相当于定语从句 (1).The boy sitting under that tree is my brother. The boy who is sitting under that tree is my brother.I know the people building the house
8、there. I know the people who are building the house there,The building completed last month is a bankThe building that was completed last month is a bankThe house being built over there is a shop. 被动,正在建The house that is being built over there is a shop.The house built over there is a shop. （被动、已建好）
9、The house that is built over there is a shop.,2 作表语。如： The news is inspiring. 3.作宾语补足语。如： We saw the teacher making the experiment. 注意：在see，hear，watch，fell，observe，have，notice等动词后，既可以用现在分词构成复合宾语，也可以用不定式构成复合宾语，但两者的含义是有区别的，用现在分词，表示动作正在发生（即处于发生的过程中，还没有结束），用不定式表示动作发生了（即动作全过程结束了）。如： I saw the girl gettin
10、g on the bus. I saw the girl get into the car and drive off.,【注】：“have + 宾语 + 现在分词”表示主体使客体处于某状态或干什么事；“have + 宾语 + 过去分词”表示动作是别人做的或与主体意志无关。如：He had his clothes washed. （他叫别人洗了衣服。）We had the fire burning all day. （我们使火燃烧了一整天。）,1.语态 时态 含义：（主动与被动， 一般时与完成时， 时间状语， 原因状语， 方式/伴随状语 ，条件状语， 结果状语，让步状语） 2.主语一致性： 分
11、词语态与主句主语一致 3.避免重复连词 4.否定词位置 5.有些动词是被动结构主动含义 6.有些动词分词作为插入语 7.Being done不做状语,4.作状语,主语一致性 动词的现在分词和过去分词形式都可以引导一个分词短语作句子的状语。一般来说，不管用现在分词还是过去分词作状语，分词的逻辑主语都应当与句子的实际主语保持一致。如： 1.Hearing the news, his tears rolled down his face. When he heard the news, his tears rolled down his face.2.Watered in time, he coul
12、d grow the flower better than before. Watering the flower in time, he could grow the flower better than before. Watered in time, the flower could grow better than before.,错,错,A.作时间状语： _ (wander) through the square, I caught sight of a snake-charmer. While I was wandering through the square, I caught
13、 sight of a snake-charmer.B.作原因状语： _(know) her address, we could get in touch with her. Because we knew her address, we could get in touch with her.,Wandering,Knowing,C.方式/伴随状语; She watched the film, _ (weep ) and _ (sigh). She watched the film, while she wept and sighedD.作条件状语： _ (play) all day, yo
14、u will waste your valuable time. If you play all day, you will waste your valuable time.,weeping,sighing,Playing,E.作结果状语：(意料中的结果) The hunters fired, _(shoot) one of the wolves. 区别: 不定式表示意外的结果 He hurried to the station, only _ (find) the train had left. F.作让步状语： _ (rain) heavily, it cleared up very s
15、oon. Though it rained heavily, it cleared up very soon.,shooting,to find,Raining,1、某些表示内在品质和性能的不及物动词的非进行体形式，如：lock(锁)， open(开), clean（弄干净, move（移动）, wash（洗）, sell（卖）, write（写）, weigh（称重）, measure（量）, read（读）, shut（关）, break（打碎）, ride（骑）, wear（穿）, add up（加起来）等等, 句中往往用物作主语，且与一个行为方式状语（常用作行为方式状语的副词有：wel
16、l, easily, long, fast, smoothly, rough等等）连或用于否定，表示某物展示出的该动作的某一特性，该特性促使动作得以实现或难以实现。例如： Glass breaks easily. 玻璃易打碎。 My pen writes smoothly. 我的钢笔好写。 This kind of car sells very well. 这种车销路很好。 The material wont wear. 这种材料不经久耐用。,四、用主动表达被动含义的动词,2、某些表状态的联系动词，如 look, smell, taste, feel, sound等等，它通常以形容词作表语，一
17、般不跟副词，不与to be连用。 Cotton feels soft. 棉花摸起来很柔软。 He looks blue. 他显得神情沮丧。 This dish tastes delicious. 这道菜味道鲜美。 His conclusion sounded reasonable. 他的结论听起来很合理。,有些动词看似被动用主动在用法上的体现,_ delicious, the soup was sold out sooner or later.A. To smell B. Smelled C. Smelt D. Smelling_such heavy pollution already, it
18、 may now be too late to clean up the river. A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered,D,A,被动结构主动含义(括号中是对应的主动结词）be seated (sit) , be dressed (wear),be devoted to (devote sth. to )be involved in ， be addicted to be absorbed in ，be faced with (face/face up to) be convinced (believe) ， be
19、 occupied with be determined to ， be intended for based on (depending on)be located in (lie in /stand in)be informed of (know),对比 1.The film was made based on a true old story. The film was made depending on a true old story. 2. Devoted to his research, he almost forgot everything.Devoting himself t
20、o his research, he almost forgot everything.3.The woman kept her eyes fixed on her baby for quite some time. The woman kept her eyes looking at her baby for quite some time.,分词作插入语 但是也有分词的逻辑主语与句子的实际主语不一致的情况，如：,分词作插入语的结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。例如： generally speaking一般说来， talking of （speaking of） 说道 stric
21、tly speaking 严格的说 ， judging from 从判断 all things considered 从整体来看 ， considering- 考虑到- taking all things into consideration 全面看来 provided that-/ supposing that- 如果- 例如：Judging from his face, he must be ill. 从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。 _the past, our life is becoming much better. Comparing with B. Be compared with
22、C. To compare with D. Compared With,D,有些动词含义不同，同一动词两种语态,1.Considering his age, he is not fit for the job.Considered the best detective, he was sent to track down the assassin2. Judging from past performances, he is not likely to do very well in his exams.Judged unpractical, the plan was abandoned.,下
23、面考考你，看你是否已经掌握了这一点。1._from his accent, he must be from Australia. A.Judging B.Judged 2._innocent,he was set free. A.Judging B.Judged 3._the state of mind she was in, shed better stay at home. A.Considering B.Considered 4._most useful, English is studied by millions of people in the world. A.Consideri
24、ng B.Considered 5._to be the symbol of the nation, the Great Wall has been well preserved. A.Considering B.Considered,A,B,A,B,B,动词三种形态比较,_ (catch) the early bus, he got up early. _ (catch) the early bus, and you cannot miss the meeting. _ (catch) the early bus, you cannot miss the meeting.,To catch,
25、Catch,Catching,从句与主句主语不一致时使用 独立结构,名词(代词) +现在分词、过去分词； 名词(代词)+形容词； 名词(代词)+副词； 名词(代词)+不定式； 名词(代词) +介词短语构成。,The letter having been written, he took it to the post,When the letter had been written, he took it to the post,No one being against it, we will adopt the proposal,Since no one is against it, we w
26、ill adopt the proposal,1. _ no bus, we had to walk home. A. There was B. There being C. Because there being D.There were 2. _, Ill go there with you tomorrow afternoon. A. Time permits B. If time permitted C. Time permitting D. Times permitting 3._, we all went home happily. A. Goodbye was said B. G
27、oodbye had been said C. Goodbye said D. When goodbye said 4. _, we all went swimming in high spirits. A. It being fine weather B. Its being fine weather C. It was fine weather D. It being a fine weather 5._, I had to buy a new one. A. My dictionary losing B. My dictionary having been lost C. My dict
28、ionary had been lost D. Because my dictionary lost,高考连接,6. _ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year. A. As B. For C. With D. Through 7. With a lot of work _, I have to sit up tonight. A. do B. doing C. done D. to do 8. He stood there silently, his lips_. A. trembling B. tre
29、mbled C. were trembling D. were trembling 9. _, her suggestion is of greater value than yours. A. All things considering B. All things considered C. All things were considered D. With all things were considered,I. Multiple choice: 1. _ the distance was too long and the time was short, we decided not
30、 to drive to Florida. A. Discovering B. To discover C. To have discovered D. Discovered 2. -Hi, Mary. Would you like to go to the concert this evening? -Sorry, Tom. _ tomorrows lessons, I have no time to goout with you. A. Not preparing B. Not having prepared C. Not to prepare D. Being not prepared3
31、. The building _ will be completed in a month. It will be our lab building. A. to paint B. being painted C. to have painted D. painting,4. She reached the top of the hill and stopped _ on a big rock by the side of the path. A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest 5. The English exam is not d
32、ifficult, is it? _. Even Tom _ to the top students failed in it.A. Yes; belongs B. No; belongedC. Yes; belonging D. No; belonging,6. .-What do you suppose made her worried? -_a gold ring. A. Lose B. Lost C. Losing D. Because of losing 7. Do you feel like _ out? No. Id rather we _ a taxi. A. to drive
33、; take B. to drive; took C. driving; take D. driving; took 8. At the end of 2004, there were around 6,000 foreign printing companies in China, _ up around 4 percentof national total. A. made B. to make C. making D. having made,10. - Lucy doesnt seem to be what she was. - No_ so much in the war has m
34、ade her more thoughtful. Seen B. Her seeing C. Having seen D. To have seen 11. Is there any possibility of the film_ in Paris International Festival? Not in the least, because audience generally thinklittle of it. A. trying out B. tried out C. to try out D. being tried out12.When she returned home,
35、she found the roomlighting and _A. entered B. entering C. to enter D. enter,13. How did you get in touch with Mrs. Green? Well, it seems to me that youve forgotten _hertelephone number the other day. A. to tell B. to have told C. telling D. being told 14. _several times, the young scientist still ke
36、pt on making his experiments. A. Having been failed B. Having failed C. Though failed D. Because of failure .,14. -What terrible weather! I simply cant get the car -Why not try _ the engine with some hot water? A. starting; filling B. start; filling C. started; to fill D. to start; fill 15. Thats th
37、e best way you thought of_ into the dangerous areas A. stopping people getting B. to stop people getting C. to keep people getting D. prevent people from getting 16. _on the top of the mountain is an ancient tower _back to 2 hundred years ago. A. Standing; dating B. To stand; to date C. Having stood
38、; dating D. Stand; dated,1. The Olympic Games, in 776 B.C, did not include women players until 1912.A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be first playing,4. The boy lay on his back, with his teeth ,his right hand , and his glaring eyes straight upward.A. set, raising, looked
39、B. set, raised, lookingC. setting, raised, looked D. to set, raising, looking,_from space, our earth, with water 70% of its surface, appears as a “blue planet”.A. Seeing, covering B. Having seen, coveredC. To see, covered D. Seen, covering,6. My brother left the work half , for you can find many boo
40、ks scattered on the floor.A. done, lying B. doing, lain C. do , lay D. did, lie,8. Having been served lunch . A. the problem was discussed by the members of the club B. the members of the club discussed the problem C. it was discussed by the members of the club D. a discussion of the problem was mad
41、e by the members,9. He has lots of books, that he is still young.A. considering B. considered C. being considered D. our considering,10. “ more attention, my pronunciation will be improved greatly.”, and “_more time, I will improve my pronunciation greatly”.A. Given, Giving B. Given, Given C. Giving
42、, Giving D. Giving, Given,11. Cleaning women in big cities usually get _ by the hour.A. pay B. paying C. paid D. to pay,_is know to all, China will be an and powerful country in 20 or 30 year time.A. That, advancing B. This advanced C. As, advanced D. It, advancing,14. Jack didnt get his bicycle soo
43、n enough at Jacks, for John had a lot of bicycles _at the time.A. to be repaired, to repair B. repaired, to repairC. to repair, to be repaired D. to repair, repaired,15. She felt rather that she should drive the car at such a speed.A. frightening, frightening B. frightened, frightened C. frightening
44、, frightened D. frightened, frightening,16. The first textbook _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. have written B. to be written C. being written D. written 17. There was a terrible noise _ the sudden burst of light. followed B. following C. to be followed D. b
45、eing followed 18. _, liquids can be changed into gases. A. Heating B. To be heated C. Heated D. Heat 19. The secretary worked late into the night, _a long speech for the president. A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. was preparing 20. _ a reply, he decided to write again. A. Not receiving B. R
46、eceiving not C. Not having received D. Having not received,21. He wrote a letter to his sister, _ that he would not come back. A. saying B. to tell C. and telling D. told 22. We must keep them _ of what is going on here.A. informing B. informed C. to inform D. being informed 23. _ to leave the work
47、_, they kept at it, _ up until 2 oclock. A.Not wanting, unfinished, stayed; B. Not to want, unfinishing, stayed C. Not wanting, unfinished, staying;D.Not to wanting, unfinishing, staying,25.It isnt _ that he failed to pass the exam. A. surprise B. surprising C. surprised D. to surprise 26.Climbing mountains is _, so we all felt _. A. tiring, tired B. tired, tiring C. tiring, tiring D. tired, tired 28. Mary, you must get your room _ today after school. cleaned B. Cleaning C. to clean D. to be cleaned,
