1、,2011.4.8,景观都市主义,Landscape Urbanism,Background,产生背景,于1748年雕刻的Nolli 地图，展现了一个易达、 清晰、开放而复杂的罗马公共空间网络。,景观都市主义的起源可追溯至20 世纪70 年代末后现代主义对现代主义建筑规划的批判阶段。查尔斯詹克斯于1977 年宣称，伴随着美国工业经济的不断衰退，“现代主义建筑的死亡”标志着市场向消费者选择多样化方向的转变。,Landscape urbanism can be traced back to the origin of the end of the 70s in the 20th century,
2、the stage when the post-modernism criticized the modernism architectural planning. Charles Jencks declared in 1977, along with the continuing industrial economy recession in the US, “the death of modern architecture,“ marks the transition of the markets to the consumer diversified choice.,在这种背景之下，景观
3、逐渐替代建筑，成为新一轮城市发展过程中刺激发展的最基本要素，成为重新组织城市发展空间的最重要手段。,景观是一个媒介，是唯一有能力对当今社会的快速发展、城市转型过程中的问题的模型。,In this context, the landscape gradually replace buildings, turn into the basic elements that stimulate the development in a new round of urban development process, become the most important means of re-organiz
4、ation of urban development space.,Landscape is a medium, and its also the model which can cope with the problems in the rapid development of todays society and in the urban transition.,景观都市主义旨在颠覆现代主义的规划风格。也许，景观都市主义应该被视作城市的生存策略 ,Landscape urbanism aims at overturning the modernism planning style. May
5、be, landscape urbanism should be regarded as cities survival strategy. .,Representative figure,代表人物,景观都市主义一词，由现任哈佛大学设计研究生院风景园林系系主任Charles Waldheim提出， 他与他的同事Alex Krieger和Mohsen Mostafavi， 以及宾夕法尼亚大学的James Corner一同致力于该概念的成形。,Representative figure,Representative figure,Charles Waldheim,Affiliations: Joh
6、n E. Irving professor and chair of landscape architecture, Harvard Graduate School of Design, to the present Principal, Urban Agency, to the present,Education: Master of Architecture, Paul Cret Medal, Melhorn Award (Graduate), University of Pennsylvania School of Design, to 1989,职位: John E. Irving教授
7、， 哈佛设计研究生学院景观建筑主席， 目前现任都市机构负责人,学历 : 建筑学硕士 ,以克瑞奖章,梅尔霍恩授予（研究生学位），宾夕法尼亚州大学设计学院，至1989年,Representative figure,Charles Waldheim,Intellectual positions: Landscape fills a professional void left by planners. Landscape is more efficient than urbanism at creating formal effects, and is more appropriate to dec
8、entralized urbanization. Landscape Urbanism is a more challenging and appropriate alternative to “nostalgic urban consumption“ and “public therapy.“ Postmodernism is “layered, non-hierarchical, flexible, and strategic.“ Sprawl need not be considered normative, but it must be accepted as the reality.
9、 The city is not in a dialectical relationship with nature. The image of untamed pastoral nature as an ideal is unrealistic in modern times.,立场: 景观弥补了规划师所留下的专业性的空白 景观比城市化更有效地引起正规的影响, 并且更合适用来分散城市化。 景观都市主义是 “依赖性城市消耗”和“公众疗法”的一个更有挑战性和更加合适的替代 。 后现代主义是“分层的，不分等级的、灵活的、有战略意义的。” 城市杂乱无序拓展的地区不需要被认为是规范的 ，但是必须作为现
10、实接受它。. 城市不是在与自然的辨证关系之中。 在现代，不受影响的田园自然的形象犹如一个理想一般，是不切实际的。,Representative figure,Alex Krieger,Alex Krieger, FAIA has combined a career of teaching and practice, dedicating himself in both to understanding how to improve the quality of place and life in our major urban areas.,Mr. Krieger is a professor
11、 at the Harvard Graduate School of Design, where he has taught since 1977 and is also Interim Chair of the department in 2009-2010. He served as Chair of the Department of Urban Planning and Design, 1998-2004, as Director of the Urban Design Program, 1990-2001, and as Associate Chairman of the Depar
12、tment of Architecture, 1984-1989.He currently teaches the Urban Design Proseminar.,克瑞格先生是哈佛设计研究生学院的教授，自1977年在此授课，并在2009到2010年任为临时系主任。1998年至2004年，他作为城市规划与设计的系主任。1990至2001年，他作为城市设计计划的负责人。并自1984至1989年，作为建筑系的副主席。他目前在教授城市设计讨论课。,美国建筑师协会会员，阿历克斯克瑞格 把教学生涯和实践相结合，把他的一生奉献给理解如何改善场所质量和在我们城市中的生活质量这两者。,Representati
13、ve figure,Mohsen Mostafavi,Mohsen Mostafavi has been named dean of the College of Architecture, Art and Planning, Cornell University President Jeffrey Lehman announced today. Mostafavi, a U.S. citizen who studied at Londons Architectural Association School of Architecture (AA) and at the University
14、of Cambridge, has served as chairman (equivalent to dean) of the AA since 1995. His Cornell appointment will begin July 1, 2004.,Mohsen Mostafavi 现在被康奈尔大学 校长宣布任为建筑，艺术和设计学院的院长。Mostafavi，美国公民，曾就读于伦敦建筑联盟学院和剑桥大学，自1995年起他作为建筑联盟学院的主席（相当于院长）。他在科内尔大学的任期将从2004年7月1日开始。,Representative figure,James Corner,基本上我们
15、斗试图说明景观设计不是一个在所有事情完成后仅仅去种一些树这样一种职业。这是个很大的问题。好的景观设计师应具有能够综合整个项目的能力。,Basically were trying to say that landscape architects arent just the professionals that come in after everything has been built just to plant some trees . This is a big problem . Good landscape architects have the capacity to synthe
16、size a whole project.,Basic concept,基本概念,Basic concept,基本概念,Reflection 对经典景观理论的反思,迄今为止，包括景观都市主义在内的景观实践还处于城市区域的边缘地带或一些“剩余”场地。于是引发了景观都市主义对景观的作用、意义和方法等内容的反思。同时，反思也对现代景观生态规划的理论和方法进行了重新评价，强调了艺术性、社会功能、文化认同和身份认同等内容。,So far, including landscape urbanism landscape, including the practice of urban areas is st
17、ill in the periphery or some “residual“ venue. So the landscape led to the role of landscape urbanism, significance and methods of the content of reflection. Meanwhile, the reflection also landscape ecological theory and methods were re-evaluated, emphasizing the artistic, social function, cultural
18、identity and identity and so on.,Basic concept,基本概念,Description of the city truly 真实地描述城市,景观都市主义是以新的生态和技术为支撑的城市设计理念，反映了一种松散的城市状态，其中城市要素的相互作用是动态的。在城市的实践中，一切都是不确定的，试图控制整体是徒劳无益的。 Landscape Urbanism is a new concept that support urban design with the new ecology and technology, which reflects a loose ci
19、ty state in which the interaction between the city elements is dynamic. In the cities practice, everything is uncertain, and all the efforts to try to control the whole were to no purpose .它注重景观的社会功能，从而更加接近真实复杂的城市，并为缺乏人情味的规划提供了新的途径。在描述城市时，景观都市主义纳入了时间的因素，认为城市化过程中的资本积累、空间异化、全球化等都对空间形态的生成有着不可估量的作用。 It
20、focuses on the social function of the landscape, thus gets closer to the real complexity city, and provides a new way for the impersonal planning. In descriptions of the city, time factor was brought into the Landscape Urbanism, which consider in the urbanization capital accumulation , space dissimi
21、lation and globalization play an immeasurable role in the spatial form generation.城市空间类型是长时间演化的结果，更是某一事件优化的结果。变化中的经济活动应该作为建立城市形态范式的基础。景观都市主义从影响城市形态的分布和密度的系统着手探讨空间的品质，因此生成了一个跨越时间的工作表面，它是一种寻求变化、自由和妥协的城市设计理念。Urban space type is the result of long-term evolution, it is even more the result of an optimiz
22、ation of some event. economic activity in changes should serve as the basis for the establishment of a urban paradigm form. Landscape Urbanism research into the quality of space from the system which affects the urban form and density.As a result it leds to a time-across working surface which is a u
23、rban design concept that seeks Change, freedom and compromise.,Basic concept,基本概念,杰夫沃尔(Jeff Wall)认为,当代景观 landscape,应对方法Methods,Basic concept,基本概念,Landscape involves the urban structure 景观介入城市结构,景观不应过多地承担粉饰作用，而应介入城市结构。这是所有景观都市主义者的共同愿望，关乎景观的发展前景。 Landscape should not bear too much on cosmetic function
24、 , but should be involved in the urban fabric. This is all the common aspiration of landscape urbanism, which is related to the prospects of the landscape development.为此，景观都市主义者提出了一套分析技巧来图解城市的流动性，并提倡以过程为导向，从而达到弹性的、可塑的开发。 Therefore, landscape urbanism put forward a set of analytical skills to graphic
25、 urban mobility, and promotes the process oriented, thus reach elastic, plastic development.在当代，“公园” 在更广泛的意义上可以理解为一系列的环境状况，即“城市=公园”。事件的发生、社会活动的展开都将依赖这样一个系统，城市形态将得到根本性改变。 In modern times, “Park“ in a broader sense, can be interpreted as a range of environmental conditions, “City = Park.“ Events and t
26、he commencement of social activities will depend on such a system ,and the urban form would fundamentally changes.,Basic concept,基本概念,Landscape involves the urban structure 景观介入城市结构,库哈斯:“建筑不再是城市秩序的首要元素，逐渐地城市秩序由薄薄的水平植物平面所界定，景观成为首要元素。”,RemKoolhaas :“Architecture is no longer the primary element of urb
27、an order, gradually the level of urban order will be defined by the thin plants surface, and the landscape become the primary element.“,Basic concept,基本概念,Restore the social, cultural and aesthetic significance重拾社会、文化和美学意义,景观都市主义者则经常采用的蒙太奇手法并不像麦克哈格的规划那样把自然、文化完全分开，而是满怀希望地期待人工生态的未来。 Instead of complet
28、ely separate the natural and cultural , Landscape urbanism are often use the montage way. And they hopefully look forward to the future of artificial ecology .他们认为也许我们无法针对每个问题给出相应的答案，然而采用地图、照片、场地数据的拼贴，通过图像记录的方法进行场地分析会获得相对理想的解决方案。 They think that we cant give the corresponding answer to every questio
29、n, but we will obtain relatively ideal solution by the method of site analysis with maps, photos, site data, collage, images recorded.在社会和文化方面，重新塑造景观的潜力意味着使其成为可得到不同人群认同的，让意想不到的事情发生的场所。并提供了设计“不确定性的”方法。 In terms of the social and cultural, potential the of re-shape the landscape means to win consensus
30、 among different groups of people, and obtain the place which something unexpected happened. And provides the “uncertainty“ design approach.,Basic concept,基本概念,Conversion scale 转换尺度,景观都市主义的一个重要议题就是如何沟通不同的尺度?如何让设计在各种尺度都起作用，并向使用者提供关于城市的暗示。 Landscape Urbanism has an important issue that is how to commu
31、nicate with different scales? How to make design work in a variety of scales, and provide the user with the implication of the city .成果显示，凭借景观自身处理大尺度动态系统的能力，可以提供城市现实中不同等级、不同尺度之问比较的可能性。 The results show that by their capabilities of large-scale dynamic systems processing, landscape can provide the po
32、ssibility of comparison between different levels, different scales of urban reality.不同的设计实践都有与之相配的一系列方法，它使建筑的尺度跨越室内及室外；城市的尺度超越了规划层面；景观的尺度也不限于特定的场地，包含了多重的生态系统。 There are matching range of approaches for different design practice, which makes the scale of buildings across the indoor and outdoor; urban
33、 scale beyond the planning level; the landscape scale is not limited to a specific site, and it contains multiple ecosystems.,Basic concept,基本概念,Conversion scale 转换尺度,勒菲弗，他引入了“过渡尺度”的概念，作为调和“私密尺度”和“公共尺度”的工具。,Henri Lefebvre, He introduced the concept of “transition scale“, as a tool to reconcile “inti
34、mate scale“ and “public scale“.,Basic concept,基本概念,Different 景观都市主义的不同之处,景观取代建筑作为基本单元来应对干扰，获得缓冲。 Instead of architecture , landscape deal with the interference and get the buffer as the basic unit.借助三维手段进行视觉化的场地分析。 Using three-dimensional means for visual site analysis.生态系统的体验和机能性统一。 The unity of ec
35、osystem experience and functional. 不确定性和弹性以事件为引导的场地组织。 Uncertainty and flexibility The location organization guided by events. 转换尺度。 Conversion scale.城市基础设施景观化。 The landscape of urban infrastructure,Basic concept,基本概念,Range and involved subjects范围与涉及学科,Suitable scope,适用范围,Suitable scope,适用范围,不断萎缩的城市
36、中心区复兴 Urban Renaissance,树城(Tree City) 所体现的景观都市主义思想就是用植物代替建筑作为城市扩张的催化剂，通过自然植被的延伸在城市中创造出新的元素，从而彻底改变城市中心区的形象，吸引周围社区居民的积极参与，带动其他行业的发展，赢得人气和全新的发展。,加拿大多伦多的当斯维尔公园,Suitable scope,适用范围,快速发展背景中的新城开发 New City Development,在新城开发的过程中景观先行，用景观代替建筑、水电、管道设施等，作为城市建设的绿色基础设施，保护和利用原来场地上的一切景观要素，从而达到场地的景观再生。而生态手段和植物最终会替代建筑
37、作为快速发展的新城市开发新秩序的最基本元素。,深圳龙岗城市再生的景观都市主义策略,Different perspectives and cases,不同观点与案例,Different perspectives and case,不同观点与案例,Categories 景观都市主义研究内容大致可划归如下几类：,Different perspectives and case,不同观点与案例,在工业废弃地修复中最著名的案例是德国的杜伊斯堡风景公园，由彼德拉茨设计，旧的工业遗存变成了新的景观要素，从全新的视角诠释了景观的意义。被认为是景观都市主义理论初期运用的一个典范。,工业废弃地的修复-杜伊斯堡风景公
38、园Landschaftspark Duisburg Nord,The most famous case in the transformation of brown field is Landschaftspark Duisburg Nord which designed by Peter Latz. Remains of the old industrial landscape into a new element, from the new perspective it explains the significance of the landscape. It is considered
39、 the model of landscape urbanism theory in early.,Different perspectives and case,不同观点与案例,曾经有百年历史的A.G.Tyssen钢铁厂，于1985年关闭了，无数的老工业厂房和构筑物很快淹没于荒草之中。1989年，政府决定将工厂改造为公园。从1990年起，拉茨开始设计规划工作。经过努力，1994年公园部分建成开放。,公园面积：230hm位置：杜伊斯堡市北部,AGTyssen was the century-old steel plant closed in 1985. Many of the old indu
40、strial buildings and structures being submerged in the weeds. In 1989, the Government decided to transform the factory as a park. Since 1990, Peter Latz had begun design and planning work. After some effort, part of the park opened in 1994.,Different perspectives and case,不同观点与案例,这个项目的特点之一就是一生态的手段来处
41、理这个大型的工业废墟。 One of the features of this project is deal with this large industrial ruins by an ecological way.,Different perspectives and case,不同观点与案例,这里曾经是一个充满了喧嚣和蒸汽的钢铁之城，但从人类撤离的那一刻起，植物开始疯狂地生长，雨水积满了了凹地和露天蓄水池，水生植物也随着悄悄地落了根。鸟类和昆虫又返回了这片“不毛之地”。 There used to be full of the hustle and bustle of the city
42、 of steel and steam, but the moment the human evacuation, plants began to grow wild, rain flooded out the hollow and open-air tanks, aquatic plants also fell as quietly root . Birds and insects are returned to this “barren.“,Different perspectives and case,不同观点与案例,设计师在最大程度上保留了这个“不请自来”的生态环境，并几乎保留了所有的
43、构筑物并利用原有的废弃材料建造公园，并赋予其新的意义和用途。 Designers to retain the maximum extent of this “ uninvited“ and the ecological environment, and almost all the structures retained and construction waste materials using the original park, and give it new meaning and purpose.,Different perspectives and case,不同观点与案例,原有的
44、巨大的蓄气池被用作潜水俱乐部的训练基地。,The original huge gas storage tank is used as a training base for Diving Club.,Different perspectives and case,不同观点与案例,料仓成了儿童小型游乐园和小花园,Hopper be used into the small amusement park and small childrens garden,Different perspectives and case,不同观点与案例,利用高大的混凝土设计的钢滑梯和攀岩墙。 Design steel
45、 slides and climbing wall by concrete.,Different perspectives and case,不同观点与案例,原来用作运输的水渠，改造后成为利用植物对地面雨水收集并进行生态净化的地方，同时也形成了亲水景点。,Originally used as a transport canal, after the transformation of plants into the ground by rainwater harvesting and ecological clean place, but also the formation of the h
46、ydrophilic spots.,Different perspectives and case,不同观点与案例,风车与蓝色天桥是新添的景观元素，打破了原本沉闷的色彩和对大型构筑物体量上的呼应，是“工业废址“和”景观公园“之间的过渡和联系。 Windmills and blue bridge is the landscape elements added, breaking the originally depressing color and size of large structures of echo, is “ brown field “ and “landscape park“
47、transition between and contact.,Different perspectives and case,不同观点与案例,自然过程作为设计形式-瓜的亚纳滨河公园 Guadalupe River Park,景观都市主义强调要分尊重场地的自然演变过程，以场地的演变肌理为蓝本，作为启发设计师构图时的基本形式，更进一步，将这一思想融合到场地的生态演变中去。乔治哈格里夫斯的瓜的亚纳滨河公园规划设计最为典型。,Landscape Urbanism stressed the need to respect the venue of the natural evolution of su
48、b-processes to the evolution of texture space is modeled as a composition inspired by the designer when the basic form, and further, this idea will be integrated into the site to the ecological evolution. And the Guadalupe River Park is the model.,Different perspectives and case,不同观点与案例,在该案例中，哈格里夫斯从
49、阿拉斯加河流的河道肌理中获得灵感，设计出的地形与河道冲刷后的纹理极为相似，为了达到设计的精确度，甚至做了一个巨大的试验模型，设定相应的水流速不断冲刷，研究场地地形的形成肌理，最终的实施方案仿佛是大自然的杰作。,瓜的亚纳滨河公园模型 Model of Guadalupe River Park,In this case, Hargreaves get inspired by texture of Alaska rivers, design terrain and river erosion, the texture is very similar, in order to achieve design accuracy, and even made a huge test model, set continue to be the appropriate water flow, erosion, formation of the topographical texture, the final implementation of the program is like a masterpiece of nature.,
